Persistent exit-site infection in peritoneal dialysis – An unrecognized window to abdominal viscera

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-514
Author(s):  
Ana Teresa Domingos ◽  
Anabela Malho Guedes ◽  
Filipa Brito Mendes ◽  
Joana Vidinha ◽  
Idalecio Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Peritoneal Catheter ◽  
Neoplastic Tissue ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Untreatable Pain ◽  
Tomography Scan

Exit-site (ES) infection is a common complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD). Pseudomonas spp. is particularly difficult to treat, and catheter removal should be considered in persistent infections. The authors present a chronic ES infection resistant to directed antibiotic therapy in which catheter salvage was not possible. Removal was very difficult due to the presence of white sponge-like tissue with petrous consistency surrounding the catheter, all the way into the peritoneum. Histology revealed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma infiltrates. Abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a solid pancreatic (tail) lesion, nodular images on the greater epiploon, an adnexal lesion and a hepatic solid lesion, consistent with metastasis. The patient was referred for palliative care but maintained PD until untreatable pain and deterioration of general status aroused. Somewhere along the course of a chronic ES infection, the peritoneal catheter (and inflammation) was the metastatic path of an unknown pancreatic cancer, with neoplastic tissue reaching the skin. Catheter removal was crucial for diagnosis.

scholarly journals Peritonitis and catheter exit-site infection in patients on peritoneal dialysis at home

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Freire Abud ◽  
Luciana Kusumota ◽  
Manoel Antônio dos Santos ◽  
Flávia Fernanda Luchetti Rodrigues ◽  
Marta Maria Coelho Damasceno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Peritoneal Catheter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Length Of Treatment ◽  
At Home

Objective: to analyze the complications related to peritonitis and catheter exit-site infections, in patients on peritoneal dialysis at home.Method: quantitative and cross-sectional study, carried out with 90 patients on peritoneal dialysis at home, in a municipality in the Northeast region of Brazil. For data collection, it was used two structured scripts and consultation on medical records. Descriptive analysis and comparison tests among independent groups were used, considering p<0.05 as level of statistical significance.Results: by comparing the frequency of peritonitis and the length of treatment, it was found that patients over two years of peritoneal dialysis were more likely to develop peritonitis (X²=6.39; p=0.01). The number of episodes of peritoneal catheter exit-site infection showed association with the length of treatment (U=224,000; p=0.015).Conclusion: peritonitis and catheter exit-site infection are associated with the length of treatment.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas exit site infections in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 1498-1501
Author(s):  
H R Kazmi ◽  
F D Raffone ◽  
A S Kliger ◽  
F O Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Retrospective View ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oral Ciprofloxacin

The purpose of this study is to examine the natural history of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exit site infections in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients treated with oral ciprofloxacin and local exit site care. A retrospective view was undertaken of 18 episodes of P. aeruginosa exit site infections developing in 17 patients maintained on CAPD during 1989 and 1990. Standardized therapy for the exit site infection consisted of oral ciprofloxacin (500 mg twice daily) and local exit site care with antiseptic agents. Fifteen (83%) of 18 of the pseudomonas exit site infections resolved with therapy. Three episodes (17%) required catheter removal to successfully eradicate the infection. Four of the 15 patients whose exit site infections resolved developed P. aeruginosa peritonitis 2 to 9 months after the clinical resolution of the exit site infection. The majority of pseudomonas exit site infections in CAPD patients can be successfully treated with oral ciprofloxacin and local care. Approximately 17% of the patients in this study required catheter removal to successfully eradicate the infection and an additional 22% of the patients developed pseudomonas peritonitis several months after the resolution of the exit site infection.

scholarly journals COVID 19 Pneumonia and a Rare Form of Fungal Peritonitis in a Patient Survivor on Peritoneal Dialysis

PRILOZI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Pavlina Dzekova-Vidimliski ◽  
Vlatko Karanfilovski ◽  
Galina Severova ◽  
Lada Trajceska ◽  
Irena Rambabova-Bushljetik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Peritoneal Catheter ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Fungal Peritonitis ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Sudden Appearance

Abstract Peritoneal dialysis (PD) related peritonitis is usually caused by bacteria, but viruses and fungi could also affect the peritoneal membrane and cause cloudy effluent with negative bacterial cultures. We present a case of a PD patient who survived fungal peritonitis caused by Geotrichum klebahnii (March 2015) and COVID-19 pneumonia (April 2021) with peritonitis probably caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The fungal peritonitis followed one episode of exit-site infection and two episodes of bacterial peritonitis treated with a wide-spectrum antibiotic. The patient’s PD catheter was removed immediately upon the diagnosis of fungal peritonitis, and an antifungal treatment was continued for 3 weeks after catheter removal. The new peritoneal catheter was reinserted 8 weeks after complete resolution of peritonitis, and the patient continued treatment with PD. The patient developed severe Covid-19 pneumonia with a sudden appearance of cloudy peritoneal effluent. There was no bacterial or fungal growth on the effluent culture. A PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 in peritoneal effluent was not performed. The peritoneal effluent became transparent with the resolution of the severe symptoms of Covid-19 pneumonia.

Clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis due to non-tuberculosis mycobacterium – A single centre experience spanning 20 years

2021 ◽  
pp. 089686082110424
Author(s):  
Winston Wing-Shing Fung ◽  
Kai-Ming Chow ◽  
Philip Kam-Tao Li ◽  
Cheuk-Chun Szeto
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Mycobacterium Fortuitum ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Mycobacterium Chelonae ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are difficult to diagnose, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and clinical course remains unclear. We determined the prevalence and clinical course of peritonitis caused by these organisms through our kidney registry over 20-year period. Method: We reviewed all patients with NTM peritonitis identified in our tertiary centre between July 2000 and July 2020. The demographic characteristics, microbiological and clinical outcomes were examined. Result: Among 27 patients identified, 20 patients presented with abdominal pain and all had cloudy peritoneal fluid. Twenty-one cases had concomitant exit site infection and 14 cases had prior antibiotic use. The majority of the cases are caused by Mycobacterium chelonae (37%) and Mycobacterium fortuitum (29.7%), with most being resistant to fluoroquinolones (59.3%) and cefoxitin (73.1%). They are all sensitive to amikacin otherwise. None of the cases achieve primary response at day 10 and 20 cases resulted in Tenckhoff catheter removal. Only two of them were able to resume PD. Eight patients died in our cohort. The presence of exit site infection, the use of prior antibiotics and topical disinfectants did not associate with a poorer outcome. Conclusion: NTM peritonitis remains difficult to treat and often with a delay in diagnosis. Refractory peritonitis with negative culture and a poor response to standard antibiotics should raise a possibility of NTM infection and prompt catheter removal and an expert with experience treating NTM infections should be consulted.

Determinants of Catheter Loss following Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Peritonitis

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Yu Yang ◽  
Tzen-Wen Chen ◽  
Yao-Ping Lin ◽  
Chih-Ching Lin ◽  
Yee-Yung Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Albumin Level ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Single Organism

Background Few patients are able to resume peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy after an episode of peritonitis that requires catheter removal. PD catheter loss is therefore regarded as an important index of patient morbidity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate factors influencing catheter loss in patients suffering from continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) peritonitis. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 579 episodes of CAPD peritonitis from 1999 to 2006 in a tertiary-care referral hospital. Demographic, biochemical, and microbiological characteristics were recorded. Episodes resulting in PD catheter removal ( n = 68; 12%) were compared by both univariate and multivariate analyses with those in which PD catheters were preserved. Results The incidence of PD catheter loss increased as the number of organisms cultured increased ( p = 0.001). Also, PD catheter removal was more likely to occur after peritonitis episodes with low serum albumin level ( p = 0.004), those with long duration of PD effluent leukocyte count remaining above 100/μL ( p < 0.001), those with concomitant tunnel infection ( p < 0.001), those with concomitant exit-site infection ( p = 0.005), and those with presence of catastrophic intra-abdominal visceral events ( p < 0.001). Duration on PD preceding the peritonitis episode was of borderline significance ( p = 0.080). On the contrary, initial PD effluent leukocyte count and serum level of C-reactive protein were not predictive of PD catheter loss. Micro-organisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family were the major pathogens responsible for PD catheter loss following polymicrobial peritonitis. Furthermore, we found that there was no association between polymicrobial peritonitis and the catastrophic intra-abdominal visceral event, although both resulted in a greater incidence of PD catheter loss. Among the single-organism group in our population, the microbiological determinants of PD catheter loss included fungi ( p < 0.001), anaerobes ( p = 0.018), and Pseudomonas sp (borderline significance: p = 0.095). Conclusion PD catheter loss as a consequence of peritonitis is related primarily to hypoalbuminemia, longer duration of PD effluent leukocyte count remaining above 100/μL, the etiologic source of the infection, and the organism causing the infection. Peritonitis associated with concomitant tunnel or exit-site infections and abdominal catastrophes were more likely to proceed to PD catheter loss. The microbiological determinants of PD catheter loss in the present study included polymicrobial infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae as well as monomicrobial pseudomonal, anaerobic, and fungal infections.

scholarly journals Burkholderia cepacia: An Outbreak in the Peritoneal Dialysis Unit

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Gleeson ◽  
Eoin Mulroy ◽  
Elizabeth Bryce ◽  
Sally Fox ◽  
Susan L. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Burkholderia Cepacia ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Dialysis Unit ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Burkholderia cepacia is a ubiquitous, opportunistic, environmental gram-negative bacillus which most commonly affects cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients. Rarely, it can cause peritoneal dialysis (PD) exit-site infection (ESI). Information relating to predisposing factors, clinical course, and treatment options for B. cepacia ESIs is limited. Although reports of B. cepacia healthcare-associated infections exist, outbreaks in PD units have not previously been reported. A recent outbreak of B. cepacia ESI in our PD unit provided a unique opportunity to study B. cepacia ESIs and to outline an approach to investigating such an outbreak. After unexpectedly identifying B. cepacia as the cause of PD catheter ESIs in 3 patients over an 11-week period, we began systematically screening our PD population for B. cepacia exit-site colonization. A further 6 patients were found to be affected, 3 with asymptomatic colonization and 3 with symptomatic B. cepacia ESI. Four of the 6 developed tunnel infections requiring multiple courses of antibiotic treatment, and 3 patients required catheter removal; 2 patients with symptomatic ESIs without tunnel involvement responded to oral and topical antibiotics. Further investigation implicated 4% chlorhexidine aqueous bodywash used by all patients as the probable source of the outbreak. This is the first reported outbreak of B. cepacia ESIs. We noted an association between diabetes mellitus and refractory/more extensive infection. Our experience suggests that isolated ESIs can be treated successfully with oral antibiotics whereas tunnel infections generally require catheter removal.

Comparison of Topical Chlorhexidine and Mupirocin for the Prevention of Exit-Site Infection in Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Htay Htay ◽  
David W. Johnson ◽  
Sin Yan Wu ◽  
Elizabeth Ley Oei ◽  
Marjorie Wai Yin Foo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Singapore General Hospital

Objective Prevention of exit-site infection (ESI) is of paramount importance to peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of chlorhexidine in the prevention of ESI in incident PD patients compared with mupirocin. Methods This retrospective, pre-test/post-test observational study included all incident PD patients at Singapore General Hospital from 2012 to 2015. Patients received daily topical exit-site application of either mupirocin (2012 – 2013) or chlorhexidine (2014 – 2015) in addition to routine exit-site cleaning with 10% povidone-iodine. The primary outcome was ESI rate during the 2 time periods. Secondary outcomes were peritonitis rate, times to first ESI and peritonitis, hospitalization rate, and infection-related catheter removal. Event rates were analyzed using Poisson regression, and infection-free survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression survival analyses. Results The study included 162 patients in the mupirocin period (follow-up 141.5 patient-years) and 175 patients in the chlorhexidine period (follow-up 136.9 patient-years). Compared with mupirocin-treated patients, chlorhexidine-treated patients experienced more frequent ESIs (0.22 vs 0.12 episodes/patient-year, p = 0.048), although this was no longer statistically significant following multivariable analysis (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98 – 3.26, p = 0.06). No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups with respect to time to first ESI ( p = 0.10), peritonitis rate ( p = 0.95), time to first peritonitis ( p = 0.60), hospitalization rate ( p = 0.21) or catheter removal rate (0.03 vs 0.04/patient-year, p = 0.56). Conclusions Topical exit-site application of chlorhexidine cream was associated with a borderline significant, higher rate of ESI in incident PD patients compared with mupirocin cream.

Failure of Peritoneal Catheter CUFF Shaving to Eradicate Infection

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Piraino Judy ◽  
Bernardini Andrew Peitzman ◽  
Michael Sorkin
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Peritoneal Catheter ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Catheter Survival ◽  
Catheter Infection

Often the catheter is lost when exitsite infections fail to resolve with antibiotic therapy. Excision of the external cuff has been proposed as an alternative to catheter removal. Prospectively we recorded the results of 22 cuff-shaving procedures and all subsequent CAPD-related infections. After the cuff shaving we encountered six dialysate leaks, which resulted in catheter removal. In 10 other patients, four developed peritonitis, four tunnel infection and two recurrent exit..site infection with the same micro-organism that caused the original exit site infection. Cuff shaving did not decrease the exit-site infection and peritonitis rates. Median catheter survival time after the cuff shaving was 1.5 months (range from 0 to 23 months). In conclusion, cuff shaving often fails to eradicate catheter infection. We need to develop alternative methods for treating and preventing exit-site infections.

Lower Malfunction Rate with Self-Locating Catheters

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 209-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Minguela ◽  
Manuel Lanuza ◽  
Ramón Ruiz De Gauna ◽  
Raquél Rodado ◽  
Soledad Alegría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
T Test ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
Catheter Survival ◽  
Tenckhoff Catheter ◽  
Kaplan Meier

Objective We analyzed malfunction rates (obstruction, omental wrapping, displacement) and catheter survival for self-locating catheters as compared with other Tenckhoff catheter designs. Patients and Methods We conducted our survey at two centers, prospectively studying all self-locating catheters implanted from May 1997 to October 2000 and used for peritoneal dialysis (PD). Tenckhoff catheters of other designs used previously in our units were used as the control group. We analyzed removal causes and catheter survival. Results We studied 173 catheters (105 self-locating catheters, 53 straight catheters, and 15 coiled catheters) implanted in 139 patients (43% of them women) with a mean age of 53 ± 14 years. The analysis of catheter removal showed that 3 of 105 self-locating catheters, 3 of 15 coiled catheters, and 17 of 53 straight catheters were removed owing to malfunction (c 2: p = 0.0000). Kaplan–Meier curves showed that the bulk of removals for malfunction occurred within the first 3 months after PD start. The group of self-locating catheters showed better survival (log-rank: p = 0.0009). Other causes for catheter removal included peritonitis ( n = 22), exit-site infection alone ( n = 4), and end of PD treatment ( n = 66). No significant differences were seen in the annual peritonitis rate (straight-tip: 0.955 ± 2.315 episodes annually; coiled-tip: 0.651 ± 0.864 episodes annually; self-locating: 0.720 ± 1.417 episodes annually; t-test: p > 0.400). No gut or bladder perforations were observed. Conclusion In our survey, self-locating catheters were associated with better survival and fewer removals for malfunction than were Tenckhoff catheters of other designs.

scholarly journals Repeat exit site infection in peritoneal dialysis patient with polycythemia vera – a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Gołembiewska ◽  
Kazimierz Ciechanowski
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Polycythemia Vera ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Renal Amyloidosis ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Exit Site Infection ◽  
First Case

Abstract Background Infectious complications of peritoneal dialysis (PD) remain a common cause of catheter loss and discontinuation of PD. Exit site infection (ESI) constitutes a significant risk factor for PD-related peritonitis and determination of predisposing states is relevant. We here present a case of repeat ESI due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a PD patient with skin changes in the course of polycythemia vera (PV). Case presentation A 73-year-old PD patient with chronic kidney disease secondary to renal amyloidosis and ankylosing spondylitis, presented to the nephrology unit with signs of ESI. In 2006 he was diagnosed with PV and since then has was successfully treated with hydroxyurea; however, he reported recurrent episodes of developing skin nodules in the course of the disease. Exit site swab yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the infection developed in the ulcerated PV nodule that appeared in exit site 2 weeks earlier. Patient was treated with intraperitoneal amikacin and oral ciprofloxacin, however, due to neurological complications, the treatment had to be interrupted and finally catheter was removed. Similar episode of ESI with Pseudomonas aeruginosa developed in the patient two years earlier and also required catheter removal. Conclusion This is the first case report demonstrating the development of ESI on the polycythemia vera skin lesion in this area. Skin manifestations of PV might be a predisposing factor to ESI in PD patients.

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