ZHÂHIRAH AL-MAZJI AL-LUGHAWÎ FÎ MUJTAMA’ DZAWÎ AL-USHÛL AL-‘ARABIYAH FÎ INDONESIA: KUNHAHÂ WA MABNÂHÂ WA DALÂLATUHÂ

This article aims to discuss the phenomenon of code blending in society of Arab descent in Indonesia. By using ethnographic research methods, samples of data collected through direct personal interviews was analyzed. The results of the data analysis show that the phenomenon of code blending is rife in their conversations, something that is clearly visible in the mixing of Arabic with Indonesian. So that, they replace nouns with verbs, plural words with singular words, standard words with non-standard, and use the inflection Arabic for Indonesian and vice versa, so that the form and structure of the two languages are changed. This study also shows that this phenomenon is caused by a lack of mastery of Arabic and Indonesian by speakers, continuous communication in this way between families, because parents pass on Arabic and Indonesian vocabulary to their children and do not pass on their forms and structure of the sentence, or there is always the occurrence language contact in various situations such as schools and workplaces.

Zhawahir al-Azdawajiyyah al-Lughawiyyah fi Ittishalat Jamaáh al-Árb fi Indunisiyya (Dirasah al-Halah bi Malang Jawa al-Syarqiyyah)

This research aims to describe and classify the language used by Arab Embong Community in their daily life. Language and society always influence each other. The development of language is also along with the development of society. Therefore the study of sociolinguistics as a scientific discipline in which studying language in relation to society is always interesting. The problem in this study is the language used by Embong Arab Community which is an immigrant Arab Community in Malang. This was a field research with a qualitative descriptive method which was investigated using the Diglossia theory. The methods of data collection were observation and interview. The results of this research indicated that the Embong Arab community used three languages, namely Fusha and Amiyah Arabic, Indonesian and Javanese. The three languages were used interchangeably according to the purpose of communication. Fusha Arabic, as the official and unifying language among Arabs, was rarely spoken. They preferred to choose Amiyah Arabic to communicate as a non-standard language variety. However, their Amiyah language was different from the Yemeni Arabs in general. This was due to their long-standing interactions with the local population. The unique thing was that even though they were of Arab descent, due to their high level of interactions with the local population, they often used non-formal Indonesian and Javanese Ngoko in their daily lives. So there were two varieties of diglossia in Embong Arab Community, namely high level language consisting of Fusha Arabic and formal Indonesian and low level language consisting of Amiyah Arabic, non-formal Indonesian and Javanese Ngoko).

Age- and Sex-Related Changes in Labial Dimensions of Sudanese Youngs of Arab Descent: A Three-Dimensional Cross-Sectional Study

Proper evaluation of facial features during growth and development requires the knowledge of anthropometric reference values validated for ethnicity, sex and age. In order to provide information concerning the normal sex-related size of the lips during childhood and young adulthood in Sudanese people of Arab descent, the three-dimensional coordinates of nine labial soft tissue landmarks were obtained by a laser scanner in 332 male and 386 female healthy Northern Sudanese subjects aged 3–30 years. Six labial linear distances, the vermilion height to mouth width ratio, vermilion areas and lip volumes were calculated and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance (p < 0.01). All labial dimensions significantly increased with age. Significant effects of sex were found for four measurements only, with very small effect size; nonetheless, lips and their parts grew faster in females than in males at almost all ages. Philtrum width was the first linear distance that attained adult values. The vermilion height to mouth width ratio was nearly constant across the age groups. Data collected in this study contribute to information about ethnic-specific lip morphology during growth and development. As orolabial features change over time with their own pattern, the relevant age-related trends should be properly considered for clinical treatment planning.

Genetic susceptibility of opioid receptor genes polymorphism to drug addiction: A candidate-gene association study

Background Like other complex diseases including drug addiction, genetic factors can interfere with the disease. In this study, three opioid genes (OPRM1, OPRD1, and OPRK1) were examined for an association with drug addiction among Jordanian males. Methods The study involved 498 addicts, in addition to 496 healthy controls and all from Arab descent. Results The findings in this study showed that rs1799971 of the OPRM1 gene was in association with drug addiction for both alleles and genotypes with P-values = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively. In addition, a significant association between the dominant model (A/A vs G/A-G/G) of rs1799971 (OPRM1) and drug addiction (P-value = 0.003, OR = 1.59 (1.17–2.15)) was detected. Moreover, a genetic haplotype (AGGGCGACCCC) of theOPRM1 gene revealed a significant association with drug addiction (P-value = 0.01, OR = 1.56 (1.15–2.12)). We also found that the age of addicts, smoking, and marital status with genetic variants within OPRM1, OPRD1, and OPRK1 genes may be implicated in drug addiction risk. Conclusion We propose that rs1799971 of the OPRM1gene is a genetic risk factor for drug addiction among Jordanian males.

The Analysis Of Stenberg's Triangle Love Theory On Early Adult Couples Of Ba'lawi Arab Descent Who Experienced Arranged Marriages

This study aims to determine the distribution of types of love based on Stenberg's Triangle Love Theory in primary adult of Ba'alawi Arab descent couples in Jakarta who experienced an arranged marriage. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with descriptive statistical analysis. The measuring instrument used is the Triangular of Love Scale (TLS) to measure the type of love and the Arranged Marriage Questionnaire (AMQ) to see attitudes in selecting a partner for marriage. Respondents in this study were 154 people, with the sample characteristics being early adults aged 21-40 years, experiencing arranged marriages, married with a marriage age range of 0-10 years, and the last education was at least high school, and lived in Jakarta. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of the type of love that respondents have is more dominant in non-love (53.9%), consummate love (22.1%), and empty love (11%). In this study, it is understandable that respondents prefer to marry in a way that tends not in an arranged marriage (56.5%).

Personal Name and Lineage: Patronym of Arab Descent in Indonesia

Research on patronym recently focuses only on the names of European and Russian communities. The patronyms that appear are limited to the names of the boys who use his father’s name. Arab descent in Indonesia has a more complex patronymic tradition used for male and female, featuring not only the father’s name but also the grandfather’s name as a patron. To fill the gap, this study aimed to explore the forms and patterns of patronyms in the personal names of Arab descent, especially viewed from gender differences by utilizing the onomastic framework. The dataset was taken from the Pasar Kliwon Subdistrict population data which was retrieved from the Population and Civil Registration Agency of Surakarta City. The biological father’s name is juxtaposed to find out and validate the existence of a patronym in the child’s name. The results showed that of 4,756 Arab descent names, 1,114 people (637 males and 477 females) were found who have personal names containing the names of fathers. Only 150 people (92 males and 58 females) have the name of grandfathers in their names. The names of the father and/or grandfather are generally present after the first name and before the surname. Besides being used to claim community membership, patronyms are also intended to show the lineage and the expression of emotional ties between family members. Patronym among Arab descent in Indonesia presents evidence of how the naming system influences robust patrilineal systems and endogamous marriages.

Egalitarianism in the Mabadi Al-Irsyad: An Analytical Study on the Concept of Al-Musawah

Islamic teachings place all human beings physiologically and sociologically in the same status even though they have different backgrounds. This article analyzes the concept of al-musawah (equality) in Mabadi (basic principles) of Al-Irsyad, an Islamic social organization in Indonesia, most of whose members are of Arab descent. This study has an urgency to find a common thread between the inclusion of the concept of al-musawah in Mabadi and the circumstances behind it, as well as its relevance to plural life among Indonesian Arab descendants at present. This study was conducted using documentary and historical analysis methods. From this research it was found that the concept of al-musawah was included in Mabadi Al-Irsyad based on social settings, there was an assumption regarding differences in social stratification in Arab community originating from Hadramaut. Al-Irsyad formulated the concept of egalitarianism in Mabadi, which until now is still maintained. It is believed that the concept of al-musawah is compatible with the concept of humanism in Islam.

Homer’s the Odyssey and Taskin-e-Shirazi’s Falaknaz Nameh: A Comparative Study of the Role of Women

The book Falak Naz Nameh is among the love-epic couplets and one of the lyrical works of the Persian Literature in the thirteenth century AH which shares some similar epical features with European romance and was said by a poet of Arab descent named Yaqub ibn Masud with the pen name of Taskin-e-Shirazi. The present inquiry has a comparative look at the aforementioned book and the epic written by Homer (the blind Greek poet) and compares and contrasts women in both epic books. Through a profound view, the similarities and differences of the two foregoing poets with regard to women were investigated and scrutinized. In both stories, the presence and participation of women are among the main focuses and some or all part of the epics are based on their roles and activities; moreover, the logical and reasonable procedure of the story are taken by them. Therefore, the topic of woman and the part she plays are among significant features in both epopees, for women are the causes of the establishment and continuation of what happens in the two stories.