Finnish Firefighters’ Barriers to Volunteering

Although the need for emergency service volunteers is increasing internationally, it is challenging to attract and retain firefighters, who are highly trained and from whom sustained and potentially heavy time investment is required. To recruit and retain fire service volunteers, it is important to understand the barriers these volunteers face, and how these barriers relate to their attitudes and behavioral intentions. We surveyed 762 volunteer firefighters throughout Finland on these issues. Lack of time, conflict with work/school, and other work-related challenges were the most frequently reported barriers, and they were also rated as some of the most severe barriers. The number and severity of barriers were positively related to the volunteers’ absence and turnover intentions, and conflicts with family commitments. A higher number of reported barriers was also negatively related to volunteer satisfaction. No differences in barriers were found between rural and urban areas, or between gender and age groups. We discuss the findings in regard to relevant literature from other countries and conclude with practical implications.

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Profil Epidemiologique De La Leishmaniose Cutanee Dans La Region Du Gharb- Maroc De 2006 À 2014

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2016.v12n3p243 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 243

Author(s):

Aziz El Aasri ◽

Alaoui Zakaria ◽

Khadija El Kharrim ◽

Driss Belghyti ◽

Yassine Aqachmar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Children And Young People ◽

North West ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

The North ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Leishmaniose Cutanée

Between 2006 and 2014, 439 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis were recorded in the region of Gharb Chrarda Beni Hssen in the north-west of Morocco. With an annual incidence of 49.1 cases per year and a sex-ratio (M / F) of 0.71. The disease has affected all age groups. The most stricken population is children and young people between the ages of 6 months and 30 years with more than 60.26 % of cases. Therefore, Cutaneous leishmaniasis almost hits the rural and urban areas but with an uneven impact. It is higher in rural areas where they are registered with a percentage of 56.7% of cases in contrast to a percentage of 43.3% in urban areas.

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Regional variations of fertility in Iraq and factors affecting it

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932000010968 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 175-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. L. Kohli

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Vital Statistics ◽

Northern Region ◽

High Fertility ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Never Married ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

And Migration

SummaryA study of the differentials in fertility of Iraq's Mohafadhas, and the association of fertility with various socio-cultural factors, is handicapped for want of the reliable vital statistics from which measures of fertility can be satisfactorily derived. The alternative method, using a simple measure of fertility, the child–woman ratio, which requires only a knowledge of the population in age groups is therefore used. Since this measure is computed from census statistics, it is affected by differences in enumeration errors and in mortality and migration. An attempt has been made in this paper to keep these factors constant by using a modified child–woman ratio for comparing fertility levels.The analysis showed that fertility rates vary from region to region, between Mohafadhas within a region and between rural and urban areas. One important broad geographic variation was that the Northern region was the area of high fertility. For the Mohafadhas, significant differences were noted in only six of the sixteen Mohafadhas of Iraq. Rural–urban difference was minimal, with few exceptions, and it was not always in the same direction. The intra-rural variations in the fertility ratio were far more important than intra-urban differences.Correlation analysis showed that the average age at marriage, the proportion never married and the sex ratio in the reproductive ages were the important factors in explaining fertility differences between Mohafad has. There was virtually no correlation between fertility and urbanization or literacy.

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Statistical evaluation of unemployment problems in Ukraine

Economics. Finances. Law ◽

10.37634/efp.2019.12.3 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 14-18

Author(s):

Ihor TARLOPOV ◽

Vlada OLEKSIIENKO

Keyword(s):

Unemployment Rate ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Modern Society ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Age Group ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Active Population ◽

Rural And Urban

The article investigates and analyzes the unemployment rate in Ukraine for a certain period (2000-2018). The general state of the unemployment market of Ukraine is considered. We compared the number of unemployed in rural and urban areas, and identified the causes and methods of overcoming and reducing unemployment. The unemployment rate of Ukraine was compared with the developed countries of the world, namely with Japan, Great Britain, USA and Poland. a comparison of the number of unemployed in rural and urban areas. Labor market and unemployment surveys were conducted. Analyzes the economically active population of Ukraine (2000 - 2018). Different age groups are considered, their economic activity for January - June 2019, it is recognized what age groups prevail in the unemployment market, why they proposed methods of increasing their economic activity. We attributed the economically active population to eight age groups: the first age group - 15-24 years, the second age group - 25 - 29 years, the third age group - 30-34 years, the fourth age group - 35-39 years, the fifth age group - 40-49 years old, sixth age group 50-59 years old, seventh age group 60-69 years old, and the last age group - people 70+ The number of unemployed in rural and urban areas by age group for January - June 2019 is compared, the prevailing and least economically active age group is determined. Based on our research and data analysis, we will be able to offer methods of solving the unemployment problem. Based on the results of the study conducted in this article, we will be able to provide recommendations on how to reduce unemployment among Ukrainians. Unemployment is one of the most pressing problems of modern society, an integral part of a market economy. Based on the data analyzed, the unemployment rate will increase and adversely affect the efficiency of Ukraine's economic activity, if the issue related to overcoming this phenomenon is not resolved. That is why to overcome this phenomenon we need to apply the developed methods.

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Oral hygiene status and its association with oral hygiene practices among school going children of rural and urban areas in Kamrup district, Assam

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 2245

Author(s):

Sulekha Doley ◽

Manvi Srivastava

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Age Groups ◽

P Value ◽

Mean Values ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Bonferroni Test

Background: Oral hygiene, a state in which the surfaces of all the teeth are plaque free, is highly important in the promotion of oral health and also for good health in general. The aim of the present study was to assess the oral hygiene status among 13-14 years old school children in rural and urban areas in Kamrup Metropolitian (M) district, Assam.Methods: A total 1501 school children in the age group of 13-14 years were included in the study and oral hygiene status was assessed using oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) given by Greene and Vermilion 1964. The children were asked to fill in the basic information in the proforma by themselves. The following statistical tests were used unpaired t test, Chi square test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, post-hoc Bonferroni test to compare the oral hygiene status among the different age groups, gender and location.Results: The OHI-S values were found to be more among the males (2.72±1.50) as compared to the females (2.31±1.48) and the difference was highly significant (0.0001). The rural population and urban population constituted 50% of the total study sample each. Mean values of OHI-S index were more among rural children as compared to children residing in urban areas. The mean values showed that the p value was highly significant.Conclusions: Oral hygiene status was found to be poorer among rural school children compared to urban school children. Oral hygiene worsened as age advanced and found to be poorer in males than females.

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Impact of Pesticide Exposure among Rural and Urban Female Population. An Overview

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18189907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (18) ◽

pp. 9907

Author(s):

Bouchra Dahiri ◽

José Martín-Reina ◽

Pilar Carbonero-Aguilar ◽

José Raúl Aguilera-Velázquez ◽

Juan Bautista ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Occupational Exposure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Pesticide Exposure ◽

Female Population ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Work Related ◽

Adverse Health Outcomes ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Many Sources

Pesticides are substances that have become widely used in agriculture and the human exposure to these substances may cause adverse health outcomes. Non-occupational exposure to them can come from many sources, such as food or water. For occupational exposure, many studies have been conducted in men, as they have been mostly in charge of work related to these substances. Nonetheless, the information available concerning the exposure in women is very scarce. In addition, an important differentiation between rural and urban areas has been established, rural areas being known as the most exposed ones due to plantation fields. However, the application of higher concentrations of herbicides in small urban areas is taking a lot of importance currently as well. Regardless of gender, the conditions of exposure, and the environment, the exposure to these pesticides can have different effects on health from early life stages, resulting in different outcomes ranging from neurodevelopmental effects in newborns to different types of cancers. In this review, we discussed the toxicity of the most commonly used pesticides and the main impact on the health of the general population, focusing mainly on the effect in women from both rural and urban areas, and the different stages of development, from pregnancy or lactation to the outcomes of these exposures for their children.

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The Geography of a rapid rise in mortality in England and Wales, 2014-15

10.31235/osf.io/9g378 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Alan Green

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Population Level ◽

The Elderly ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Human Longevity ◽

Political Climate ◽

England And Wales ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban

Since at least the early 1900s almost all affluent nations in the world have continually experienced improvements in human longevity. These were driven by falling mortality rates across all age groups, but initially mostly amongst the young. Using ONS mid-year population and deaths estimates for Local Authorities for England and Wales, we show that these improvements have recently reversed. There have been especially high increases in mortality rates within the elderly, a group which we choose to focus our analyses on. In England and Wales, we estimate that there were 39,074 more deaths in the year to July 2015 as compared to the year to July 2014 (32,208 of these additional deaths were of individuals aged 80+). Exploring changes in mortality rates by 5 year age band and sex, we demonstrate that these increases have been felt everywhere geographically; in poor and affluent areas, in rural and urban areas. We explore some possible explanations for the increases and find that few individual factors on their own appear able to explain the patterns we observe. The implications of our findings are profound given what has come before them, combined with the current political climate of austerity. The size, scale and lack of spatial pattern in these changes in 2015 (particularly in comparison to previous years) suggests that something wider is occurring at the population level than simply a one-off event. Are the elderly today merely the 'canaries in a coal mine'?

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Research on the Development Problems and Countermeasures of China's E-commerce Platforms——Taking Taobao as an Example

BCP Business & Management ◽

10.54691/bcpbm.v14i.138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 139-145

Author(s):

Haoyuan Liu ◽

Rui Xiao

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Rating System ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Job Opportunities ◽

Electronic Transactions ◽

Literature Reviews ◽

Descriptive Survey ◽

Development Gap

As the Chinese e-commerce market appears as a leading trend that helps to reduce cost of both consumers and sellers during transactions, decrease the development gap between rural and urban areas, and create job opportunities which lead to increment of employment rate, Taobao becomes one of the largest e- commerce platforms in China for it caters to the needs of small and medium sellers, leaving other similar platforms behind. However, as the retail sales and the number of users skyrockets each year, the obstacles that e-commerce platforms face also become more obvious. Therefore, this research attempts to narrow down things that hinder e-commerce platforms from further expanding and provide viable solutions that e-commerce platforms could try to employ. To collect information about the challenges faced by e-commerce users and the possible solutions, the research focuses on relevant literature reviews and data before and in 2021. The main concerns for the development of e-commerce platforms, specifically for Taobao, are the rating system, fraud transaction, and the logistic services. According to relevant literature, providing a descriptive survey for the rating system, setting up inspection departments, and establishing its own logistic company or creating a ranking system for logistic companies that cooperate with Taobao are all possible solutions that Taobao can refer to. This research tries to identify concerns that e-commerce users generally have for e-commerce platforms that still lack improvement. Through the combination of related articles and creative ideas, it offers hypothetically effective solutions to the challenges that are identified. The research intends to help the Chinese e-commerce market to evolve into the next level and make electronic transactions more pleasant for platform users.

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Measles antibody levels in children of rural and urban areas of Nigeria following vaccination campaign

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800066887 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

pp. 85-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. O. Eghafona ◽

L. E. Odama ◽

S. O. Emejuaiwe ◽

E. N. Obineche ◽

D. S. Tafida

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Age Groups ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Measles Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Campaigns ◽

Antibody Levels

SUMMARYThis study compares the presence and level of measles haemagglutination inhibiting antibody in the sera of primary school children in selected rural and urban areas of Kaduna State, Nigeria following a vaccination campaign. The results, analysed by Mann-Whitney statistical test at α=0·05, showed significantly higher levels of haemagglutination inhibiting antibody in all the age groups in urban areas when compared with rural areas. The implications of these findings on measles vaccination campaigns are discussed.

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