Environmental footprint of small-scale, historical mining and metallurgy in the Swedish boreal forest landscape: The Moshyttan blast furnace as microcosm

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Myrstener ◽  
Harald Biester ◽  
Christian Bigler ◽  
William Lidberg ◽  
Carsten Meyer-Jacob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Lake Water Quality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Iron Blast Furnace

The history of mining and smelting and the associated pollution have been documented using lake sediments for decades, but the broader ecological implications are not well studied. We analyzed sediment profiles covering the past ~10,000 years from three lakes associated with an iron blast furnace in central Sweden, as an example of the many small-scale furnaces with historical roots in the medieval period. With a focus on long-term lake-water quality, we analyzed multiple proxies including geochemistry, pollen and charcoal, diatom composition and inferred pH, biogenic silica (bSi), visible near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS)-inferred lake-water total organic carbon (LW-TOC), and VNIRS-inferred sediment chlorophyll (sed-Chl). All three lakes had stable conditions during the middle Holocene (~5000 BCE to 1110 CE) typical of oligo-dystrophic lakes: pH 5.4–5.6, LW-TOC 15–18 mg L−1. The most important diatom taxa include, for example, Aulacoseira scalaris, Brachysira neoexilis, and Frustulia saxonica. From ~1150 CE, decreases in LW-TOC, bSi, and sed-Chl in all three lakes coincide with a suite of proxies indicating disturbance associated with local, small-scale agriculture, and the more widespread use of the landscape in the past (e.g. forest grazing, charcoal production). Most important was a decline in LW-TOC by 30–50% in the three lakes prior to the 20th century. In addition, the one lake (Fickeln) downstream of the smelter and main areas of cultivation experienced a shift in diatom composition (mainly increasing Asterionella formosa) and a 0.6 pH increase coinciding with increasing cereal pollen and signs of blast furnace activity. The pH did not change in the other two lakes in response to disturbance; however, these lakes show a slight increase (0.3–0.5 pH units) because of modern liming. LW-TOC has returned to background levels in the downstream lake and remains lower in the other two.

Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Titiwangsa Lake Water Quality Using Chemometrics Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.14) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Hafizan Juahir ◽  
Adiana Ghazali ◽  
Azimah Ismail ◽  
Mahadzirah Mohamad ◽  
Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lake Water Quality ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Time Period

Titiwangsa Lake is a renowned recreational lake in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The present study was purposely to define the current status of Titiwangsa Lake water quality and propose a water quality monitoring program to conserve and sustain the health of this lake. Samples were collected in January 2017 during the day and night-time periods. Spatial classification using hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA) has clustered the sampling stations into low, medium and high contaminated areas. Temporal classification of discriminant analysis (DA) forward stepwise mode has highlighted DO, chlorophyll-a and E-coli are the significant variables. They showed a lower range of data during the day-time period compared to night-time period. DA backward stepwise model showed  significant variables of total suspended solid (TSS) and total phosphate (TP) were higher in concentration during the day-time period as compared to night-time period. The significant of varimax factors (VFs) in the principal component analysis (PCA) might contribute by the landscaping, small-scale domestic wastewater, urban stormwater and land erosion. In a nutshell, based on HACA classification, samples can be collected at only three stations represent each cluster during the next water quality monitoring activities as this could reduce the time and cost of sampling and sample analysis. 

An Approach to Responsive Housing Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Maged Kamal Mohammad Attia
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Space System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Urban Pattern ◽  
Contemporary Development

Between traditional and contemporary there are two contradictory visions. The first adopts originality and returning to the traditional, while the second advocates modernity and liberation from the old. The present paper discusses how to benefit from the present facilities without losing features of the past when developing new neighbour-hoods. Al-Dira', a traditional quarter in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia, is elected as a case study within which the housing unit and the urban pattern are analysed. Visual documentation, surveying, mapping, and interviews constitute essential tools to get an insight on the traditional planning and design process. On the other side, Al-Rabwa, a typical contemporary officially planned district, is investigated. It is concluded that the need for modernization should be balanced with originality. Understanding forces that shaped traditional quarters and are still embedded in the community offers a stream of information that can be utilized in contemporary development. A responsive development needs to consider local identity while formulating compact low rise buildings with courtyards and carefully positioned openings, small scale open space system, straight roads for cars and protected walkways for pedestrians, well distributed parking lots, and integrated relationship between housing, mosque and market.

Afterword

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wuthnow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Slow Pace ◽  
The Past

This afterword argues that small towns are not characteristic of what the United States is really like. Small towns are instead what many people think the United States should be like, and indeed, what they would like it to be. Small towns are neighborly and impose high expectations on residents to be involved in the community. There is also no reason to believe that small towns are morally superior to metropolitan areas, or the reverse. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. One promotes neighborliness that sometimes becomes stifling, while the other provides opportunities that sometimes become overwhelming. The chapter suggests that small towns, even though they are changing, have a viable future, describing them as places in which the slow pace and small scale of the past is preserved. They are also communities in which leadership and innovative ideas are poised expectantly toward the future.

scholarly journals Identifying, characterizing and predicting spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Tecklenburg ◽  
Theresa Blume
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Lake Water Quality ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Groundwater Flow Field

Abstract. Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) can play an important role for lake water balances and lake water quality. However, quantifying LGD and their spatial patterns is challenging as pronounced spatial variability is paired with a large spatial extent of the aquifer–lake interface and factors controlling LGD patterns are not well understood. We used intensive field measurements including 520 vertical temperature profiles in the near shore area, sediment temperature measurements with a fibre-optic cable along 6 transects from shoreline to shoreline and radon measurements of lake water samples to identify LGD patterns at a lake in north eastern Germany. Sediment characteristics, topographic indices and gradients of the groundwater flow field were considered as potential controls of small scale and large scale LGD patterns. The results revealed that LGD was concentrated in the near shore area with stronger rates and higher variability in the northern part of the lake. LGD generally decreased with distance to shore and offshore LGD was insignificant except for some local hotspots of LGD on steep steps towards the lake bottom. Large scale groundwater inflow patterns were correlated with topography and the groundwater flow field whereas small scale patterns correlated with grainsize distributions of the lake sediment. Regression models using external controls as explanatory variables had limited power to predict LGD rates, but results encourage the use of topographic indices and sediment heterogeneities as an aid for targeted experimental designs.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron ◽  
Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

Dry chip feedrate control using online chip moisture

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (05) ◽  
pp. 295-305
Author(s):  
Wesley Gilbert ◽  
Ivan Trush ◽  
Bruce Allison ◽  
Randy Reimer ◽  
Howard Mason
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Rate Control ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Process Variability ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Feedback Control Strategy ◽  
And Control

Normal practice in continuous digester operation is to set the production rate through the chip meter speed. This speed is seldom, if ever, adjusted except to change production, and most of the other digester inputs are ratioed to it. The inherent assumption is that constant chip meter speed equates to constant dry mass flow of chips. This is seldom, if ever, true. As a result, the actual production rate, effective alkali (EA)-to-wood and liquor-to-wood ratios may vary substantially from assumed values. This increases process variability and decreases profits. In this report, a new continuous digester production rate control strategy is developed that addresses this shortcoming. A new noncontacting near infrared–based chip moisture sensor is combined with the existing weightometer signal to estimate the actual dry chip mass feedrate entering the digester. The estimated feedrate is then used to implement a novel feedback control strategy that adjusts the chip meter speed to maintain the dry chip feedrate at the target value. The report details the results of applying the new measurements and control strategy to a dual vessel continuous digester.

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