scholarly journals Access to Medicines and Medical Equipment during COVID-19: Searching Compatibility between the WTO and the WHO

2022 ◽  
pp. 097492842110684
Author(s):  
Mrityunjay Kumar ◽  
Ayesha Fatma ◽  
Nalin Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World

Affordable access to medicines is a key determinant of a country’s resilience to health crises. The modern hyper-connected international trade and production networks have a vital role to play in ensuring this accessibility, especially in the context of a pandemic. This article focuses on the medicines and medical equipment and analyses the synergistic role of the two international organisations—The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and The World Health Organisation (WHO), in assuring affordable access to these goods globally. WHO is responsible for global healthcare regulations; however, the medical supply chain originates in a few developed countries, manufactured in bulk (in case of medicine) at low cost in developing countries, and finally traded worldwide. Here, the role of WTO comes—it facilitates global trade cooperation and intellectual property rights monitoring, both key elements in medical goods production and trading. Despite the need for cooperation in mitigating COVID-19, much of the global response to COVID-19 has been fragmented and inward-looking. This lack of coordination has serious repercussions especially for developing countries. We use qualitative content analysis methodology, connecting concepts of cooperation theory and global governance, to identify the joint role of the two organisations in fostering global cooperation in medical goods accessibility.

scholarly journals The Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Aetiology and Development of Uveal Melanoma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1700
Author(s):  
Melissa Chalada ◽  
Charmaine A. Ramlogan-Steel ◽  
Bijay P. Dhungel ◽  
Christopher J. Layton ◽  
Jason C. Steel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Uveal Melanoma ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Uveal melanoma (UM) is currently classified by the World Health Organisation as a melanoma caused by risk factors other than cumulative solar damage. However, factors relating to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) susceptibility such as light-coloured skin and eyes, propensity to burn, and proximity to the equator, frequently correlate with higher risk of UM. These risk factors echo those of the far more common cutaneous melanoma (CM), which is widely accepted to be caused by excessive UVR exposure, suggesting a role of UVR in the development and progression of a proportion of UM. Indeed, this could mean that countries, such as Australia, with high UVR exposure and the highest incidences of CM would represent a similarly high incidence of UM if UVR exposure is truly involved. Most cases of UM lack the typical genetic mutations that are related to UVR damage, although recent evidence in a small minority of cases has shown otherwise. This review therefore reassesses statistical, environmental, anatomical, and physiological evidence for and against the role of UVR in the aetiology of UM.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Pediatric Septic Shock

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 003-010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Machado ◽  
Daniela de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Severe Sepsis ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Definition ◽  
The World

AbstractSepsis, or dysregulated host response to infection, is considered a worldwide public health problem. It is a major childhood disease both in terms of frequency and severity, and severe sepsis is still considered the main cause of death from infection in childhood. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology of pediatric septic shock. The prevalence of severe sepsis and septic shock among hospitalized children ranges from 1 to 26%. Mortality is high, ranging from 5% in developed countries to up to 35% in developing countries. However, 10 years after the publication of pediatric sepsis definitions, a global perspective on the burden of this disease in childhood is still missing. Major obstacles to a better knowledge of sepsis epidemiology in children are the absence of an adequate disease definition and not having sepsis as a cause of death in the World Health Organization Global Burden of Disease Report, which is one of the most important sources of information for health policies decision-making in the world. Several studies performed in both developed and developing countries have shown that mortality from septic shock is high and is associated with delayed diagnosis, late treatment, and nonadherence to the treatment guidelines. Reducing mortality from sepsis in childhood is a worldwide challenge, especially in developing countries, where the highest number of cases and deaths are recorded and where financial resources are scarce. Many specialists consider that prevention, education, and organization are key to achieve a reduction in the burden of sepsis.

Role of Forensic Nurses in the mortuary and postmortem examination

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
RK. Gorea
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Forensic Nursing ◽  
Nursing Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
The Developed Countries

Forensic nursing science is a developing at a fast pace in the developed countries of the world and the forensic nurses have gained valuable roles in the different departments. Mortuary services are often in a state of neglect in the developing countries especially the postmortem examination. Mainly this is due to lack of assistance to forensic physicians by educated and trained professionals. Forensic nurses can do a variety of roles to improve the functioning of the mortuaries. Role of forensic nurses in the postmortem examination and upkeep of the mortuaries is essential and it is emphasized that forensic nurses can play a very pivotal role in the functioning of the mortuaries.

Telehealth use will suffer global divergence for years

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Personal Health Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Virtual Technology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industry Collaboration ◽  
The World ◽  
Regulatory Bodies

Subject Telehealth outlook. Significance The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines telehealth as involving the use of telecommunications and virtual technology to deliver healthcare outside of traditional facilities. Telehealth is becoming a critical tool for addressing health inequalities but how it is accessed varies widely between developed and developing countries. Impacts Rural parts of developing countries will lag the most on telehealth due to infrastructure gaps. Greater cross-industry collaboration is needed on privacy safeguards for personal health information. Developing-country health systems will face pressure to develop accreditation and regulatory bodies specifically for telehealth.

The role of research for sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes in developing countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantine D. Mavroudis ◽  
Constantine Mavroudis ◽  
Jeffrey P. Jacobs ◽  
Allison Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Cardiac Care ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
The World ◽  
Local Problems

AbstractSignificant challenges face developing countries as a result of the maldistribution of access to healthcare throughout the world, specifically access to paediatric cardiac care. Sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes must be established in developing countries to provide care to all children with congenital heart disease. Education and research are essential components to sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes in developing countries to define local problems and the incidence of disease, and to generate solutions thereto related. Research can contribute to developing local expertise, improving technology, providing opportunities for local talent, generating financial resources, enhancing the dignity of people, and the facilitating resolution of health problems throughout the world. Clinical trials conducted in developing countries should meet the same ethical standards as trials based in developed countries.

scholarly journals The role of coalitions at international tariff negotiations: a CGE perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Freund
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
The World ◽  
Equity Effects ◽  
Empirical Implications

AbstractDeveloping countries coalitions form an integral part of tariff negotiations that take place under the aegis of the World Trade Organization. While there was only a single coalition in the 70s, their number increased to 31 in the year 2005. Despite the apparent proliferation of coalitions in tariff negotiations, little research on their theoretical and empirical implications has been produced. In particular, we lack an understanding of efficiency and equity effects of coalitions. By exploring this equity-efficiency nexus, the study finds that developing countries coalitions like the G-90 and the Least Developed Countries Group – while benefiting member countries – lead to less efficiency and less equity overall. Forming the Cairns Group, however, leads to a more efficient and equal distribution of the gains from trade.

scholarly journals The role of graphic design in the COVID-19 global outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-69
Author(s):  
Seda Nur Atasoy
Keyword(s):  
Graphic Design ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Positive Thinking ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
The World ◽  
Graphic Language

Many studies have been performed in the field of graphic design to prevent and monitor the coronavirus disease global outbreak, which emerged in Wuhan City, China, and has been announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organisation. Graphic Design has always taken a stand towards positive thinking by enhancing creative reactions to the challenging conditions (conditions in which there is no physical human connection, movement is restricted, concerns increase, etc.) that human beings have faced up so far and has supported the idea of the world that is trying to heal. The aim of this study is to examine the communication power that graphic design has created during the pandemic process by inspecting the current works of a common language which has been put forward as a graphic language in order to be united in the name of graphic design, both in the information charts of the coronavirus in the name of graphic design and in this troubled process of the world. In this study, the reaction, contribution and support, which have been developed by Graphic design for the COVID-19 pandemic process, were examined and samples were presented from designers by examining illustrations, posters, infographics, graphic products and so on, which have been made around the world. In addition to this, creative problem solutions and the role of graphic design have also been explored for solving these problems.   Keywords: Graphic design, COVID-19, coronavirus, outbreak, epidemic.    

scholarly journals Role of Pictorial Warning on Cigarette Packets in Tobacco Cessation: A Questionnaire Survey Among Cigarette Smokers in Chennai, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 28s-28s ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Tobacco Cessation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Quit Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Tobacco is used in various forms (smoking/smokeless forms) all over the world today. The World Health Organization reports it to be the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, and estimates that it currently causes 5.4 million deaths per year. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in developed countries. However, they continue to rise in the developing countries. As in other developing countries, India too suffers a stage of the tobacco epidemic, hosting nearly 17% of the world´s smokers, with the number constantly on the rise. According to the report of the Tobacco Control in India, 800,000-900,000 Indians die annually due to diseases attributable to tobacco. Among these deaths, 50% are due to cancer and 40% are other reported health-related problems such as cardiovascular and lung disorders. Tobacco is used by various groups of people irrespective of their social, economic or educational background, and majority of them use it despite knowing the hazards to their health. Warning labels on cigarette packages are meant to communicate such smoking-associated risks. The study is designed to find out the effectiveness of pictorial warnings present on cigarette packets in India for tobacco cessation among cigarette smokers. Methodology: A questionnaire was distributed to 800 current smokers attending an outpatient department of a college. Statistical analysis was done to find association between socioeconomic status and effectiveness of pictures to quit cigarette smoking. Results: 48% smokers perceive text warning is an efficient method to create awareness. 56% emphasized the importance of pictorial warning and greater area to be covered. 43% felt that warning on cigarette packets helped them to quit smoking. Conclusions: Though pictorial warning is an effective method to improve the awareness among smokers on the ill effects of smoking, the size, area covered and the position of the picture on cigarette packets needs to be reviewed to improve the quit rate.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Education Mobility and Globalization: Evidence from Ghana

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Justice Ackom Baah ◽  
Joseph Eshun
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Mobility ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Effect Regression ◽  
Intergenerational Education

The issue of economic mobility among generations continues to be one of the understudied areas, especially in developing countries. Economic mobility usually referred to as Intergenerational Mobility (IM) studies the movement of individuals along the economic ladder. This paper relied on intergenerational education mobility to study into economic mobility in the Ghanaian setting. The paper, therefore, contributes to rarer existing literature on IGM in Ghana. Relying on random and fixed effect regression models, the study reveals that, economic mobility in Ghana is one of the lowest in the world far below economic mobility in countries like Turkey and Italy and far below economic mobility in developed countries like the US. The paper further reveals the significant role of globalization on IGM, highlighting a very important role of globalization in the lives of people. It is therefore recommended that to bolster the welfare of individuals, policymakers need to consider policies that are also aimed at expanding globalization. Moreover, the paper reveals that FDI and expansionary fiscal policy plays crucial roles in the economic mobility of individuals while unemployment has an exactly opposite effect on IGM.

The future of dementia care in rural areas of the world

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Jane Farmer ◽  
Sharon Grant
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Improvement

This chapter specifically features the challenges for people living with dementia and their carers in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It highlights the vital role of the community and primary health care workers and the need to raise awareness and skill development. The chapter considers how supra-national organisations and responses might specifically affect dementia care and development of policy in LMICs, including the role of the World Health Organisation which has produced planning and strategy guidance plus a range of useful tools for under-resourced settings. Other sectors significant to dementia care improvement, are civil society and the research community – of which key organisations are discussed. In LMIC settings dementia can be a poorly understood and culturally contested issue, and the care of people in resource-depleted rural areas of developing countries still requires significant work and advocacy. While WHO strategies can influence the worldwide burden of dementia substantially in the next 10 years, the chapter highlights that particular attention should be given to development and studies of rural areas of LMICs.

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