Micro-Dependency: The Cuban Factor in Southern Africa

1981 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-345
Author(s):  
Ali A. Mazrui
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Third World ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
West African ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
The Third World

We accept the proposition that the worst kind of dependency lies in North-South interaction. But emphasizing this dimension should not go to the extent of ignoring other dimensions. It is simply not true that all forms of international dependency concern interactions between the Northern Hemisphere and the South, or between industrialism and sources of raw materials. There are important forms of dependency among industrialized nations themselves. Increasingly, there are also forms of dependency between one country in the Third World and another; or between one region of the Third World and another. Dependency is a form of political castration. For the purposes of this essay, dependency between one country in the Northern Hemisphere and another or between one industrialized state and another, is categorized as macro-dependency. This involves variations in power within the upper stratum of the world system. Macro-dependency is thus upper-horizontal, involving variations in affluence among the affluent, or degree of might among the mighty. Micro-dependency for our purposes here concerns variations of technical development among the under-developed, or relative influence among the weak, or degrees of power among those that are basically exploited. The dependency of some West African countries upon Nigeria, or of some of the Gulf States upon Iran or Saudi Arabia, are cases of micro-dependency. We shall return to this level more fully later, but let us first begin with the phenomenon of macro-dependency.

Literary Colonialism: Books in the Third World

1975 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Altbach
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
The Third ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Literary Colonialism ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Relationship Of

Most Third World people have limited access to the world body of knowledge, and even information about their own countries is often hard to come by. One reason is that the majority of publishing houses in the world are either located in the West or controlled by Westerners. In this essay, the author describes the difficulty of publishing in the Third World as part of a larger relationship of dependence of developing countries on industrialized nations. The author, who has done research in India and published a number of books in that country, concludes his discussion with suggestions for expanding Third World autonomy in the area of knowledge production.

A Critical Reflection on Globalisation and Inequality: A New Approach to the Development of the South

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Third World ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
World Population ◽  
The South ◽  
The Third ◽  
Historical Materialist ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third World

AbstractThis article argues for a historical materialist approach, which exposes the condition of widespread routine poverty, unemployment and malnutrition in the world to be a modern worldhistorical product, the outcome of five centuries of global capitalist expansion under relations of imperialism. The bourgeoisie has, through its exploitation of its world-market, given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. All established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw materials, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. It creates wealth but also inequality. As a result of this globalisation, over 75 percent of the world population lives in underdevelopment, and extreme poverty has already reached 1.2 billion people in the third world. The revenue of the richest nations that in 1960 was 37 times larger then that of the poorest is now 82 times larger in 2002. The situation has such extremes that the assets of the three-wealthiest persons in the world amount to the GDP of the 48 poorest countries combined. The most affluent 5 per cent in the globe presently earn 114 times as much as the poorest 5 per cent. Even more mind-boggling, the 500 richest people currently own $1.54 trillion, which is more than the entire GDP of Africa. The central premise of this study is to analysis of the pattern of trade, development and inequality between the advanced industrial countries and the rest of the world. The growth of capitalism in nineteenth century Europe would have been possible to exploit of African and Asian markets and source of raw materials. In the new imperialism era, by the fact that Britain's predominant position in world markets was then beginning to be challenge by industrial rivals like the Americans. Both America and the European Union they have been possible to exploit of the Third World markets. This study is to evaluate to promote the local technological capacity co-operation among the south region for the development in the new era of globalisation. This co-operation is dealt with as agents for promoting industrial development in developing world, employment generation to locals, plus further export expansion from these regions.

From global to local and back: the ‘Third World’ concept and the new radical left in France

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Kalter
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Third World ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
World Concept ◽  
Radical Left

AbstractIn the second half of the twentieth century, the transnational ‘Third World’ concept defined how people all over the globe perceived the world. This article explains the concept’s extraordinary traction by looking at the interplay of local uses and global contexts through which it emerged. Focusing on the particularly relevant setting of France, it examines the term’s invention in the context of the Cold War, development thinking, and decolonization. It then analyses the reviewPartisans(founded in 1961), which galvanized a new radical left in France and provided a platform for a communication about, but also with, the Third World. Finally, it shows how the association Cedetim (founded in 1967) addressed migrant workers in France as ‘the Third World at home’. In tracing the Third World’s local–global dynamics, this article suggests a praxis-oriented approach that goes beyond famous thinkers and texts and incorporates ‘lesser’ intellectuals and non-textual aspects into a global conceptual history in action.

The Deterioration of the Food Situation in the Third World and the Capitalist System

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
Ernest Feder
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Third World ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Staple Foods ◽  
The Third World

Hunger and malnutrition are today associated with the capitalist system. The evidence points to a further deterioration of the food situation in the Third World in the foreseeable future, as a result of massive capital and technology transfers from the rich capitalist countries to the underdeveloped agricultures operated by transnational concerns or private investors, with the active support of development assistance agencies such as the World Bank. Contrary to the superficial predictions of the World Bank, for example, poverty is bound to increase and the purchasing power of the masses must decline. Particular attention must be paid to the supply of staple foods and the proletariat. This is threatened by a variety of factors, attributable to the operation of the capitalist system. Among them are the senseless waste of Third World resources caused by the foreign investors' insatiable thirst for the quick repatriation of super-profits and the increasing orientation of Third World agricultures toward high-value or export crops (which are usually the same), an orientation which is imposed upon them by the industrial countries' agricultural development strategies. Even self-sufficiency programs for more staple foods, such as the ill-reputed Green Revolution, predictably cannot be of long duration.

Publishing and the Intellectual System

1975 ◽  
Vol 421 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Altbach
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Third World ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Intellectual Community ◽  
The Third ◽  
System A ◽  
Intellectual System ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Relationship Of

Publishing is an integral part of the total intellectual system of any nation and of an international relationship of cultural and educational matters. Publishers are very much influenced by currents in their societies. Such factors as levels of literacy, habits of book purchasing, libraries, copyright regulations and bookstores have an impact on the nature of publishing and the book industry. The educational system, a particularly important consumer of books, is crucial to publishing. In industrialized nations, where levels of literacy are high, it is likely that publishing will be highly developed although it is under increasing attack from such forces as television and other mass media. In the Third World, the mass media are not highly developed, and books often have a particularly important role. This article argues that it is impossible to ignore the broader elements of the modern intellectual community in discussing publishing, and that books continue to play a key role in the development of that community and of the culture in general.

The “Resource Curse”: Lessons of the Third World

2015 ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
V. Shmat
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Third World ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
The Third ◽  
National Institutions ◽  
Resource Nationalism ◽  
The Third World ◽  
First World

According to the hypothesis known as the “resource curse”, natural resources abundance is a brake on economic growth of many Third World countries. But is it really so? The author believes there are deeper reasons why the Third World in general – regardless of the amount of raw material resources available in each country – cannot achieve the same level of welfare as the First World. The “resource curse” theory looks for the origins of the resourceful countries’ economic problems in the institutional sphere. But this seems misleading because of excessively narrow “here and now” approach. The economic and socio-political institutions of individual countries are regarded in short periods of time when “curse” declared itself. Its typical manifestations, such as rent-seeking, stagnation or degradation of the institutions, authoritarian power, snowballing public debt and symptoms of Dutch disease, were seen in many Third World countries long before the development of the major sources of raw materials and regardless of the availability or absence of them. Therefore, it seems appropriate to speak of a kind of “three-fold institutional curse” as an explanation of continuing underdevelopment of many countries and territories. Poor national institutions in the Third World countries are not actually caused by the presence or absence of concentrated natural resources. This is the result of prior historical development with series of discrete transitions from one condition to another: from colonial status – to independent statehood; from poverty – to unexpected wealth mostly based on the exploitation of the natural resources. Qualitative transformation of national institutions usually lags far behind. As a consequence, institutional development enters into a state of stagnation (inhibiting or destabilizing economic growth) that can stretch for very long periods of time. The author concludes that the presence or absence of resources, in fact, has no fundamental impact on the nature of socio-economic development of Third World countries. The major reason hindering institutional progress has external nature, that is heavy economic dependence on the First World (coupled with informal political subordination). This circumstance begets the “resource nationalism” by the developing countries – exporters of raw materials and fuel. History of “resource nationalism” provides a useful lesson for Russia whose economy is features by growing dependency on resources. Acknowledgement. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project № 14-18-02345.

The Diplomatic Campaign, 1963–1966

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg A. Brazinsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Third World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
United Front ◽  
The Third World

During the early 1960s, Beijing launched a new diplomatic effort to raise its visibility and promote its viewpoints in the Third World. Its goal was to assemble a radical coalition (or united front) of Afro-Asian states that opposed imperialism and revisionism. The PRC took advantage of the frustrations with the Great Powers harbored by Indonesia, Cambodia, Pakistan and some of the newly independent African countries to win allies in the Third World. The United States constantly sought to undermine these efforts by advocating more moderate versions of nonalignment and mobilizing public opinion against Chinese officials when they travelled abroad.

Management of Critical Thinking Abilities of Teachers and Learners in a Dynamic Futuristic Environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
K. Srinivasa Rao ◽  
H. K. Lakshmana Rao ◽  
Ramesh Chaluvarayaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Education System ◽  
Third World ◽  
The Third ◽  
Essential Tool ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third World

Education is the essential tool for turning out a regular annual stream of students who constitute the manpower for the development and growth of a country. This chapter deals with the needs of a country which is considered as the leader of the third world. The education system has to be nurtured to produce the managers who have the essential skillset to take the country in its forward march to become the number one country in the world.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document