Are There Ethnic Disparities in Exposure to Workplace Hazards Among New Zealand Migrants to Australia?

2021 ◽  
pp. 101053952110076
Author(s):  
Renee N. Carey ◽  
Sonia El-Zaemey ◽  
Alison Daly ◽  
Lin Fritschi ◽  
Deborah C. Glass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Job Strain ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Workplace Hazards ◽  
Current Health

Disparities in exposure to workplace hazards exist between Māori and non-Māori workers in New Zealand, with Māori workers generally incurring poorer conditions. This study aimed to determine if these ethnic disparities are similar after migration to Australia. A national cross-sectional telephone survey asked participants what tasks they undertook in their job to assess exposure to carcinogens as well as whether they experienced ethnic discrimination, bullying, job precariousness, or job strain. A total of 389 New Zealand Caucasians and 152 Māori/Pasifika workers were recruited. After adjustment, 79% of Māori/Pasifika compared with 67% of New Zealand Caucasian workers were assessed as being exposed to at least one carcinogen at work (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-1.4). Māori/Pasifika workers were also more likely to report ethnic discrimination (aPR = 6.9, 95% CI = 2.6-18.3) and fair or poor current health (aPR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1-3.2) than New Zealand Caucasians. Some ethnic disparities in exposure to workplace hazards in New Zealand are apparent after migration to Australia.

scholarly journals Examining Recent Trends in the Racial Disparity Gap in Tap Water Consumption: NHANES 2011–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Asher Y. Rosinger ◽  
Anisha I. Patel ◽  
Francesca Weaks
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Objective As tap water distrust has grown in the US with greater levels among Black and Hispanic households, we aimed to examine recent trends in not drinking tap water including the period covering the US Flint Water Crisis and racial/ethnic disparities in these trends. Design Cross-sectional analysis. We used log-binomial regressions and marginal predicted probabilities examined US nationally-representative trends in tap and bottled water consumption overall and by race/ethnicity. Setting The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, 2011–2018. Participants Nationally-representative sample of 9,439 children aged 2-19 and 17,268 adults. Results Among US children and adults, respectively, in 2017-2018 there was a 63% (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]:1.63, 95%CI: 1.25-2.12, p<0.001) and 40% (PR:1.40, 95%CI: 1.16-1.69, p=0.001) higher prevalence of not drinking tap water compared to 2013-2014 (pre-Flint Water Crisis). For Black children and adults, the probability of not drinking tap water increased significantly from 18.1% (95%CI: 13.4-22.8) and 24.6% (95%CI: 20.7-28.4) in 2013–14 to 29.3% (95%CI: 23.5-35.1) and 34.5% (95%CI: 29.4-39.6) in 2017–2018. Among Hispanic children and adults, not drinking tap water increased significantly from 24.5% (95%CI: 19.4-29.6) and 27.1% (95%CI: 23.0-31.2) in 2013-14 to 39.7% (95%CI: 32.7-46.8) and 38.1% (95%CI: 33.0-43.1) in 2017-2018. No significant increases were observed among Asian or white persons between 2013-14 and 2017-18. Similar trends were found in bottled water consumption. Conclusions This study found persistent disparities in the tap water consumption gap from 2011–2018. Black and Hispanics’ probability of not drinking tap water increased following the Flint Water Crisis.

scholarly journals The association of gout with an increased risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus among stroke survivors in New Zealand: A cross-sectional study using routinely collected electronic health data

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 204800401986323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Eufemia D San Gabriel ◽  
Julia Slark
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

Background There is a paucity of data relating to the association of gout with the occurrence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in patients with stroke. This study aimed to determine the association of gout with the risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in a cohort of stroke patients from Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among stroke survivors in South and East Auckland, New Zealand from the years 2010 to 2014. Electronic health record data were collected and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 23. Multivariate logistic regression modelling adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity was conducted to determine the association of gout with the risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in patients discharged with a diagnosis of stroke. Results The age-, gender-, and ethnicity-adjusted odds ratio for having hypertension and diabetes mellitus among stroke survivors with gout history were 3.25 (95% confidence interval 1.32–8.03) and 1.94 (95% confidence interval 1.12–3.36), respectively. Māori stroke survivors with gout history had the highest risk of having diabetes mellitus with age- and gender-adjusted odds ratio of 5.10 (95% confidence interval 1.90–18.93). Conclusion The findings from this study suggest gout may be independently associated with an increased risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in patients with stroke. Māori who are the indigenous population of New Zealand show a greater risk of diabetes mellitus associated with a gout diagnosis compared to other populations. This finding highlights the importance of the need for further research with Māori stroke survivors and other indigenous populations.

scholarly journals Association of Social Networks and Physical Activity in South Asians: The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitali S. Thanawala ◽  
Juned Siddique ◽  
John A. Schneider ◽  
Alka M. Kanaya ◽  
Andrew J. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in physical activity remains a challenge in the United States. South Asian immigrants in the United States have particularly low physical activity levels, and evidence suggests that social context may be important. This study examined associations between personal social networks and moderate to vigorous leisure-time physical activity (MVPA) among South Asians in the United States. Methods: We used cross-sectional data (2014–2017) from 689 South Asians (aged 43–85 y) who participated in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study. Self-reported physical activity and egocentric network data were collected from participants about their network members. Regression models were used to determine associations between social network characteristics and participants’ MVPA. Results: Participants were on average 59 years old (SD = 9) and reported 1335 metabolic equivalent minutes per week of MVPA (interquartile range = 735, 2212). Having network members who exercised or who were exercise partners associated with increased MVPA in men (β coefficient = 241 MET min/wk [95% confidence interval, 63 to 419] and β = 520 MET min/wk [95% confidence interval, 322 to 718], respectively). For women, the association was only significant if the exercise partner was a spouse. Conclusion: Physical activity interventions utilizing network members as exercise partners may have potential in South Asians but must consider gender differences.

scholarly journals Prevalence of influenza and adherence to the anti-flu vaccination among elderly

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 670-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Yukio Nakamura ◽  
Luane Marques de Mello ◽  
Anderson Soares da Silva ◽  
Altacílio Aparecido Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flu Vaccination ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
The Ideal

INTRODUCTION: The flu, a condition that can affect the elderly by increasing the risk of serious complications can be prevented through vaccination. Estimate the prevalence of signs and symptoms suggestive of influenza in a group of elderly either vaccinated or unvaccinated against influenza was the objective this study. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed in a Brazilian City. A structured questionnaire was employed to identify the presence of signs and symptoms of influenza in individuals aged 60 years or over. For analysis of associations between variables the prevalence ratio (PR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six participants were interviewed, of whom 57.7% were female. The average age was 69.7 years. About 25% of the vaccinated and 20% of the unvaccinated in 2009, and 25% of the vaccinated and 22.5% of the unvaccinated in 2010 reported having the flu. Among the vaccinated and unvaccinated in 2009 and 2010, there was no verified association between vaccination and influenza (PR=1.24; [95% CI: 0.63-2.43] and PR=1.11; [95% CI: 0.59-2.09], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, among the elderly selected, the vaccination coverage for influenza is below the ideal, even with projection of the best indices for 2011 (~ 84%). The data on vaccination and disease protection needs further research; however, the results point to the need for measures to better clarify to this population about the disease, its complications and the benefits of vaccination, in addition to combatting the stigma related to low adherence.

Predictors of Demand for Emergency Prehospital Care: An Australian Study

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele J. Clark ◽  
Jennifer Purdie ◽  
Gerry J. FitzGerald ◽  
Noelene G. Bischoff ◽  
Peter K. O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Prehospital Care ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Patient Disposition

AbstractIntroduction:Determining the predictors of demand for emergency prehospital care can assist ambulance services in undertaking policy and planning activities.Hypothesis:Demand for prehospital care can be explained by demographic, health status, and economic determinants.Methods:The study used a cross-sectional design to investigate the association of demographic, health status, and insurance factors with the use of prehospital, ambulance care. Core data items including age, gender, marital status, country of origin, triage score, diagnosis, time of presentation, method of arrival, and patient disposition were collected for every patient who pre-sented at the Emergency Department of the study hospital over a four-month period. Ambulance usage was analysed using Poisson regression.Results:For the 10,229 patients surveyed, only a small number were triaged as having the highest level of urgent medical need (0.8%), but the majority of these used prehospital emergency medical care (90.2%). Predictors of ambulance use included age >65years (Prevalence Ratio [Prevalence Ratio] = 2.92; 95% confidence interval [ Confidence Interval]: 2.35–3.63), being married or in a defacto relationship (Prevalence Ratio = 0.69; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.60–0.79) or divorced, separated, or widowed (Prevalence Ratio = 0.83; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.70–0.98), triage score level 1 or 2 (Prevalence Ratio = 1.95; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.68–2.28), or triage score level 3 (Prevalence Ratio = 1.54; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.38–1.72), diagnosis involving either mental (Prevalence Ratio = 4.29; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.84–10.01), nervous (Prevalence Ratio = 2.74; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.19–6.31) or trauma (Prevalence Ratio = 2.33; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.03–5.27) conditions, and insurance status (Prevalence Ratio =1.54; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.40–1.71). Ethnicity, gender, and time of day were not associated with usage.Conclusion:Demand for ambulance services can be predicted by a number of demographic, medical status, and insurance variables. Age and triage levels are key influences on demand for ambulance services. Ambulance insurance status provides an economic incentive to use ambulance services regardless of the urgency of the medical condition.

scholarly journals Changes in substance use among young adults during a respiratory disease pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205031212096532
Author(s):  
Pravesh Sharma ◽  
Jon O Ebbert ◽  
Jordan K Rosedahl ◽  
Lindsey M Philpot
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Product Use

Background: News articles, commentaries, and opinion articles have suggested that ongoing social distancing measures coupled with economic challenges during COVID-19 may worsen stress, affective state, and substance use across the globe. We sought to advance our understanding of the differences between individuals who change their substance use patterns during a public health crisis and those who do not. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of young adults (18–25 years of age) assessing respondent characteristics and vaping, tobacco, alcohol, and/or marijuana use. We calculated prevalence estimates, prevalence changes, and prevalence ratios with associated 95% confidence intervals and looked for differences with the chi-square test. Results: Of the total sample, 53.2% ( n = 542/1018) young adults reported vaping or using tobacco, alcohol, and/or marijuana. Among the 542 respondents reporting use, 34.3% reported a change in their use patterns. Among respondents reporting changes in substance use patterns during the pandemic ( n = 186), 68.8% reported an increase in alcohol use, 44.0% reported a decrease in vaping product use, and 47.3% reported a decrease in tobacco product use due to COVID-19. Substance use changed significantly for respondents with increasing degree of loneliness (continuous loneliness score: prevalence ratio = 1.12, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–1.25), anxiety (prevalence ratio = 1.45, 95% confidence interval = 1.14–1.85), and depression (prevalence ratio = 1.44, 95% confidence interval = 1.13–1.82). Conclusion: Self-reported substance use among young adults was observed to change during a pandemic, and the degree of loneliness appears to impact these changes. Innovative strategies are needed to address loneliness, anxiety, depression, and substance use during global health crises that impact social contact.

scholarly journals Depression in young HIV-positive patients is associated with anemia

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-450
Author(s):  
G R Khasanova ◽  
O I Bikkinina ◽  
V A Anokhin
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Scale Score ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression

Aim. To examine the interrelation between depression and anemia in HIV-positive patients. Methods. A cross-sectional study included 99 HIV-positive patients. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin concentration below 12 g/dL in women and 13 g/dL in men. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Results. Anemia was registered in 30.3% of patients. In 54.5% of patients depression was detected (Beck Scale score ≥10). In patients with anemia the prevalence of depression was 76.7% including severe depression in 20% of patients. Mean Beck Scale score in anemia group was significantly higher compared to the group without anemia (17.57±12.90%, 95% confidence interval 13.5-20.5 and 10.06±8.07, 95% confidence interval 7.7-12.3, t=3.2, p=0.007 relevantly). Moderate reverse correlation between Beck scale scores and hemoglobin level was revealed ((r=-0.24, p=0.019). After stratification and adjusting for potential confounders, anemia was found to be associated with higher prevalence of depression in patients younger than 40 years old. The prevalence ratio for depression in patients with anemia, comparing to patients without anemia was 1.827 (95% confidence interval 1.28-2.61, λ2=8.85, p=0.0029) in this age group. Detected association did not depend on sex, family status, disease duration, CD4-level and treatment with antiretrovirals. Conclusion. Depressive symptoms are associated with anemia in HIV-patients younger than 40 years old.

scholarly journals Examining Recent Trends in the Racial Disparity Gap in Tap Water Consumption: NHANES 2011-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Y Rosinger ◽  
Anisha Patel ◽  
Francesca Weaks
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Us Children

Objective. As tap water distrust has grown in the US with greater distrust among Black and Hispanic households, we aimed to examine the most recent trends in not drinking tap water including the period covering the US Flint Water Crisis and racial/ethnic disparities in these trends. Design, Setting, and Participants. We analyzed data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2011-2018) for 9,439 children aged 2-19 and 17,268 adults. Log-binomial regressions and marginal predicted probabilities examined US nationally-representative trends in tap water consumption overall and by race/ethnicity. Results. Among US children and adults, respectively, in 2017-2018 there was a 63% (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]:1.63, 95% CI: 1.25-2.12, p<0.001) and 40% (PR:1.40, 95% CI: 1.16-1.69, p=0.001) higher prevalence of not drinking tap water compared to 2013-2014 (pre-Flint Water Crisis). For Black children and adults, the probability of not drinking tap water increased significantly from 18.1% (95% CI: 13.4-22.8) and 24.6% (95% CI: 20.7-28.4) in 2013-14 to 29.3% (95% CI: 23.5-35.1) and 34.5% (95% CI: 29.4-39.6) in 2017-2018. Among Hispanic children and adults, not drinking tap water increased significantly from 24.5% (95% CI: 19.4-29.6) and 27.1% (95% CI: 23.0-31.2) in 2013-14 to 39.7% (95% CI: 32.7-46.8) and 38.1% (95% CI: 33.0-43.1) in 2017-2018. No increases were observed among white children and adults. Conclusions. Approximately 20% of US children and adults did not drink tap water post-Flint Water Crisis in 2017-2018. Black and Hispanics' probability of not drinking tap water continued to increase compared to whites.

Lipophilic Statin Use and Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Adults With Mood Disorders

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Davison ◽  
Bonnie J. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
Lipophilic Statin

Background: Mood disorders are associated with a high risk of suicide. Statin therapy has been implicated in this relationship. Aims: To further clarify reported associations between suicide and cholesterol in mental health conditions, we conducted an analysis of dietary, clinical, and suicidal ideation measures in community-living adults with mood disorders. Method: Data were used from a cross-sectional study of a randomly selected community-based sample (> 18 years; n = 97) with verified mood disorders. Dietary (e.g., fat, iron, vitamin intakes), clinical (e.g., current depression and mania symptoms, medications), and sociodemographic (age, sex, and income) measures were analyzed using bivariate statistics and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: Participants were predominantly female (71.1%) with bipolar disorder (59.8%); almost one-third (28.9%) were taking lipophilic statins. The prevalence of suicidal ideation was more than 2.5 times in those taking statins, PR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.27–5.31, p < .05. The prevalence ratio for suicidal ideation was 1.10, 95% CI 1.06–1.15, p < .001, for each unit increase in mania symptom scores. No associations between suicidal ideation and dietary intake measures were identified. Conclusion: Individuals with mood disorders may be susceptible to neuropsychiatric effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs, which warrants further research.

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