scholarly journals An Ethereum bill of lading under the UNCITRAL MLETR

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-274
Author(s):  
Niels-Philip Abdellatif
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Bill Of Lading ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Model Law

The paper bill of lading remains pervasive despite numerous problems associated with its form. Blockchain heralds change as it allows unique tokens to be possessed and traded peer-to-peer instantaneously over the internet without the need for a trusted central administrator. Blockchain furthermore promises to ease processes thanks to its applicability in smart contracting procedures. The Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records (MLETR), passed by UNCITRAL in 2017, provides the relevant legal framework for legal protection of the blockchain bill of lading. This paper proposes Ethereum as a viable smart contract-enabled blockchain platform for a bill of lading system and examines said system’s compatibility with the MLETR. The analysis also shows that blockchain technology may have significant consequences for the ‘control’ approach for establishing possession of an electronic transferable record.

scholarly journals Vote Validation using Blockchain Technology: A Conceptual Use Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frankline Makokha
Keyword(s):  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Distributed Consensus ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Computing Technologies ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Clear Description

Blockchain Technology is one of the computing technologies touted to likely bring about disruption in ways people conduct their transactions. By design, blockchains are decentralized, peer to peer, distributed consensus, and have anonymity property thus eliminating the need for a central Authority. Blockchain has been widely used in crypto currencies, with other uses lip frogging at slower paces.  This paper explores the various uses cases that have been advanced for blockchain highlighting the shortcomings of the listed cases. The paper expounds more on usage of blockchain in electoral processes, analyzing existing voting use cases and identifying the shortcomings of the listed blockchain voting use cases. A more elaborate voting use case is conceptualized with clear description on how to generate Digital Votes, linked to a NONCE and previous Digital Votes. The process of vote validation is explained with the main component of the blockchain voting being highlighted as the Smart Contract.

scholarly journals Introduction to Blockchain and Cryptocurrenncy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidhi Pitroda ◽  
Vraj Shah ◽  
Jinan Fiaidhi
Keyword(s):  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
High Security

In recent years blockchain technology has become mainstream research topic because of its decentralized, peer to peer transaction and anonymity properties. There are several applications of blockchain which are secure and easy as compare to the current techniques. One of the applications is a smart contract. Smart contracts are lines of code which are stored on a blockchain and automatically executed when the conditions defined by the it (developer) are met. This smart contract with the addition of blockchain technology can do task fast and with high security. In this paper we have developed a smart contract for a generalized notary application on solidity, Ethereum and the application is tested using the truffle suite. Furthermore, applications and their methodology for notary applications are also mentioned.

scholarly journals A survey: applications of blockchain in the Internet of Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Xiaoman Cheng ◽  
Jitong Li ◽  
Yunhua He ◽  
Ke Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Internet Of Vehicles ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Research Directions

AbstractBlockchain technology has completely changed the area of cryptocurrency with a Peer-to-Peer system named Bitcoin. It can provide a distributed, transparent and highly confidential database by recording immutable transactions. Currently, the technique has obtained great research interest on other areas, including the Internet of vehicles (IoVs). In order to solve some centralized problems and improve the architecture of the IoVs, the blockchain technology is utilized to build a decentralized and secure vehicular environment. In this survey, we aim to construct a comprehensive analysis on the applications of blockchain in the IoV. This paper starts with the introduction of the IoVs and the blockchain. Additionally, some existing surveys on the blockchain enabled IoVs are reviewed. Besides, the combination of the blockchain technology and the IoVs is analyzed from seven aspects to describe how the blockchain is implemented in the IoVs. Finally, the future research directions related to the integration are highlighted.

scholarly journals Blockchain technology as a regulatory technology: From code is law to law is code

First Monday ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Primavera De Filippi ◽  
Samer Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Legal Code ◽  
Traditional Notion ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Internet Users

“Code is law” refers to the idea that, with the advent of digital technology, code has progressively established itself as the predominant way to regulate the behavior of Internet users. Yet, while computer code can enforce rules more efficiently than legal code, it also comes with a series of limitations, mostly because it is difficult to transpose the ambiguity and flexibility of legal rules into a formalized language which can be interpreted by a machine. With the advent of blockchain technology and associated smart contracts, code is assuming an even stronger role in regulating people’s interactions over the Internet, as many contractual transactions get transposed into smart contract code. In this paper, we describe the shift from the traditional notion of “code is law” (i.e., code having the effect of law) to the new conception of “law is code” (i.e., law being defined as code).

Technologically Driven Legal Framework of Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies

2019 ◽  
pp. 111-133
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ashoor ◽  
Kamaljeet Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Digital Asset

Blockchain technology refers to a digital, immutable, distributed ledger that registers completed transactions in a well-ordered manner and near real time. Blockchain security creates a decentralized environment that bars any third-party organization from controlling the cryptographically validated transactions and data. Blockchain technology fosters business innovation by creating a peer-to-peer networking that prevents one central server from accessing as well as processing data belonging to all companies in the network. Cryptocurrency can be defined as a digital asset built to facilitate completed transactions using cryptography. It helps in providing protection to the completed transactions and controlling the creation of additional units of the currency. In the recent years, the application of blockchain technology has been associated with governance. Blockchain governance has been applied in different fields; for example, it can be used to create permanent laws that cannot be violated by any third party.

TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS FOR PROTECTING THE COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF NETWORK ECONOMY: THE PLACE OF BLOCKCHAIN IN THE REGULATORY SYSTEM AND NEW COMPETITIVE TOOLS (AGGREGATORS AND PRICE ALGORITHMS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
KSENIA BELIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory System ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Market Factors

This article is aimed at understanding the current state and necessity of transformation of traditional mechanisms for protecting the competitive environment under the influence of networking and the place of blockchain in the regulatory system in the context of applying new competitive tools (aggregators price algorithms) based on the experience of foreign countries, including the perspective and approaches of newest law enforcement (judicial) practice, taking into account the fact that its knowledge allowed and allows to successfully solve current problems of legal regulation in our country. The starting point of the research is network communication as a non-market type of communication. Based on analytical reflections on the information gathered from sources and literature from the list of references the author analyzes legal framework of competition protection developed in the new technological reality, takes into account the approaches of foreign countries and the Russian Federation that determine the acceptability of the application of blockchain in the field of legal protection of competition. The relevance, theoretical and practical significance of this research is due to the emergence of new tools (aggregators and price algorithms) of competitive market struggle in the light of application of a blockchain technology that might influence the competition. The author's results are presented, among others, in the idea of the possibility of “transfer” of anti-competitive actions (price manipulation and collusion, unequal sale / distribution of information / advertising, etc. conditions) to the niche occupied by price algorithms and aggregators of information, and the need to establish a new legal framework of these new market factors.

scholarly journals A Traceable Online Will System Based on Blockchain and Smart Contract Technology

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Chin-Ling Chen ◽  
Ching-Ying Lin ◽  
Mao-Lun Chiang ◽  
Yong-Yuan Deng ◽  
Peizhi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Consensus Algorithms ◽  
Property Distribution ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Public Verifiability ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Property Inheritance ◽  
Laws And Regulations

In recent years, with the rapid levels of economic development, there have been more and more problems in property inheritance and distribution. In today’s society, people still have many taboos when writing a will. Writing a will not only involves various laws and regulations but also costs a lot of money and time, which can be daunting. However, with the development of the Internet, blockchain technology has gradually been applied to many applications. Blockchain technology uses consensus algorithms to ensure consistency and records transaction information in blocks to ensure the effectiveness of transactions. In this paper, we use the cryptography mechanism to propose an online will system based on blockchain and smart contract technology. The architecture considers effectiveness and cost reduction. By combining this with blockchain technology, will assets are saved in blocks, which provides comprehensive will security and non-tamperable security protection. In addition, combined with a smart contract, it realizes the method of automatic property distribution. At the same time, this mechanism also proposes an arbitration solution when there are disputes over wills, and ensures the integrity of data, public verifiability, unforgeability, nonrepudiation, irreversibility of information, and the ability to resist counterfeiting attacks.

scholarly journals Smart Contract for Decentralized Water Management System using Blockchain Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 2046-2050
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Management System ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Water Management System ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Peer Network

There is A finite amount of portable water which is decreasing day by day. Rapid degradation of useful water on earth results in an unkind impact on livelihood. In future, people may have to face (DAY 0) problem therefore, conservation of water is essential. A solution has been proposed to this problem that is “decentralized water management system” using blockchain technology. Blockchain technology can help to use water more efficiently so that every household can lend/borrow the required/extra water from its peer household in the network. In this research work, water ledger architecture has been proposed. This architecture can serve as the basis for Blockchain implementation which can help inbuilding transparency in the water management system with the ultimate goal of Water Conservation. To purpose a system architecture that meets the “demand and supply” of all consumers in a peer-to-peer network so that water can be conserved. A smart contract has been written for transactions (P2P network of 10 household) using Ethereum as a platform. A web interface is created for consumers. Hence, the overall objective is to create a smart water management system for 10 households using blockchain technology to conserve water by medium of sharing water among peer-to-peer as per their needs.

Online Security Cues and E-Payment Continuance Intention

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Echo Huang ◽  
Fa-Chang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Risk Allocation ◽  
Continuance Intention ◽  
Online Security ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Prior Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies consider confidence in the Internet as a means of payment and existence of a legal framework that protect consumers in their activities on the Internet are the critical issues of B2C success. To respond, this study extends the IS Continuance Model with Cue Utilization Theory to examine the impact of offering e-payments to online users, specifically, the relationship between their perceived benefits, legal protection, risk avoidance, and satisfaction with prior experiences. The analytical results presented in this study indicate that perceived cues (benefits, legal protection and risk allocation) differentially affect consumer behavior. Notably, perceived cues and confirmation associated with satisfaction have influences on e-payment continuance intention. That is, if consumers’ perception of online security cues increases, their intentions to continue use of e-payment increase even if the systems or services are perceived low reliability. Finally the practical and theoretical implications of this study are discussed.

Technologically Driven Legal Framework of Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ashoor ◽  
Kamaljeet Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Processing Data ◽  
Digital Asset

Blockchain technology refers to a digital, immutable, distributed ledger that registers completed transactions in a well-ordered manner and near real time. Blockchain security creates a decentralized environment that bars any third-party organization from controlling the cryptographically validated transactions and data. Blockchain technology fosters business innovation by creating a peer-to-peer networking that prevents one central server from accessing as well as processing data belonging to all companies in the network. Cryptocurrency can be defined as a digital asset built to facilitate completed transactions using cryptography. It helps in providing protection to the completed transactions and controlling the creation of additional units of the currency. In the recent years, the application of blockchain technology has been associated with governance. Blockchain governance has been applied in different fields; for example, it can be used to create permanent laws that cannot be violated by any third party.

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