scholarly journals Bilateral Economic Relations in a Global Political Economy: Australia and Japan

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
National Economic

This paper argues that despite the internationalisation of economic activity, and a concomitant diminution of economic policy-making autonomy, national policy settings continue to display a surprising degree of divergence and remain important determinants of economic outcomes. Similarly, there are distinctively different and enduring patterns of corporate organisation across nations which confer specific competitive advantages. Important theoretical and practical questions are raised, therefore, about the potential efficacy of national economic policies and their capacity to accommodate such divergent practices. This paper examines the bilateral relationship between Australia and Japan, and assesses the effectiveness of Australia's predominantly neoliberal economic policy framework in the light of such national and organisational variation. It will be suggested that Australian policy-makers' faith in market mechanisms caused them to underestimate the significance of Japanese commercial practices and regional production strategies, rendering attempts to transform the relationship largely unsuccessful.

Digitalization and modernization of the National Employment Policy

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
V. A. Plotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
National Economic Policy

The presented study identifies the channels through which digital transformation affects the system of socio-economic relations, particularly relations associated with employment, and substantiates the transformations in the system of government regulation caused by digitalization.Aim. The study aims to develop proposals to improve the national economic policy in the field of employment regulation with allowance for the current and future challenges of digitalization and the experience of developed (in terms of information technology) countries.Tasks. The authors provide a brief description of the modern revolution in information technology manifested in the form of large-scale digitalization of socio-economic relations; assess the speed, focus, and problems of development of the digital sector of economy in Russia in comparison with other countries; determine the scale and channels through which digitalization affects the well-being and employment of the population; propose directions for improving the national economic policy in the field  of employment regulation with allowance for Russian peculiarities.Methods. This study uses the methods of institutional, structural, and statistical analysis with regard to digital transformation processes and in the context of the examination of changes in the socio-economic system and employment structure. The problems of the impact of digital transformations on socio-economic relations are examined using a systems approach and the methodology of comparative analysis and benchmarking — in a comparative analysis of the situation in Russia and other countries. Results. The authors believe digitalization to be a new trend that determines the direction of socioeconomic development in the medium term. In terms of the level of digitalization, Russia is significantly lagging behind developed and many developing countries, which impairs the sustainability of the national economy and national economic security. At the same time, the existing lag allows us to critically study the foreign experience of large-scale digitalization, particularly in terms of its impact on the labor market, employment, and social structure, to form an efficient national policy for regulating the digital transformation of the economy and society. The study proposes several directions aimed at early recognition and neutralization of the potential negative effects of digitalization on the Russian socio-economic system.Conclusions. It is advisable to improve the national economic policy in the field of employment regulation and related fields with allowance for the current and future challenges of digitalization and the experience of developed (in terms of information technology) countries with a focus on certain areas, such as taking into consideration the prospective requirements of the labor market for “future specialists” (creativity, humanistic orientation of thinking and actions, leadership skills, psychological stability, cognitive flexibility, etc.) when developing and updating educational standards, and paying more attention to the development of continuous education. It is also necessary to strengthen government support for self-employment and individual entrepreneurship as legal forms serving as substitutions for hired labor in the digital economy, taking into account the “forced” (in some cases) nature of such entrepreneurship, which calls for government support in both economic and social terms. Convergence of the national policy in the field of social protection and social security with business policy plays an important role, as does the prevention of digital inequality and its “fusion” with traditional property and income inequality.

Economic Reforms and Social Justice in India

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Kalpana C Satija
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Policy Makers

If one traces the changes in India's economic policies over the last five decades, they bear the imprint of changing geopolitical dynamics. While India's policy makers often couch their agendas in ideological terms, in reality the economy has been steered by the ruling elite to their economic advantage. Therefore, liberalization and the permissible boundaries within which a reform process will operate can be best understood if contextually examined and interpreted. This paper attempts to explain the dynamics of the economic policy process and outlines the contours of India's liberalization program

scholarly journals Sosialisasi Kebijakan StimulusPerekonomian Nasional kepada UMKM terdampak Covid-19 untuk Mengurangi Resiko Kredit Macet

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1031-1039
Author(s):  
Moh Wahyudin Zarkasyi ◽  
Rahmi Zubaedah ◽  
Indah Laily Hilmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
National Policy ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
Access Information ◽  
Economic Stimulus ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Economic Policy

The purpose of this research is to reduce the risk of bad credit, help MSME business actors, so that it is easy to access information and find problems related to decreased income and monitoring carried out by most MSME players during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method of implementing thematic KKN is done by using and creating social media. This social media facility is used to search for data, socialize, and provide counseling to MSME partners including making applications, Whatsapp groups, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, Youtube. The results showed that UMKM Partners understand the existence of a national economic policy stimulus for MSMEs affected by Covid-19 and some of them have received micro-business assistance from the government. The conclusion of this research is that there are still UMKM partners who do not respond to the economic stimulus provided by the government, MSME business actors affected by Covid-19, socialization of the economic stimulus policy and assistance to MSMEs with the Whatsapp group to exchange information to improve the business of MSMEs by take advantage of the national policy stimulus provided by the government for MSME business actors.

The Inter-American Development Bank and the Washington Consensus

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-255
Author(s):  
Sarah Babb
Keyword(s):  
Shareholder Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
International Donors

This chapter traces how the United States (US) Treasury engineered the major shift in the Inter-American Development Bank’s (IADB) policy and formal structure through negotiations over donor contributions to its financial resources. The US behaved as an ‘activist shareholder’—using its control over resources to bargain with management for organizational change. Yet in contrast to ‘shareholder value’ in private firms, international donors can use foreign aid to pursue a range of incommensurable goals. The IADB’s initiation into the Washington Consensus resulted from a historic and durable shift in US policy-makers’ conception of shareholder value, from one in which the banks were worthy of support because of their ability to promote US security and diplomatic goals, to one that valued the Banks’ ability to change national economic policies. US shareholder activism not only brought the development banks into alignment with Washington’s agenda, but also into alignment with one another.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Konseptual Mikro-Makro Daya Saing dan Strategi Pembangunan Pertanian

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
NFN Saptana
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Crop Selection ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
High Transaction Cost

<strong>English</strong><br />Policy makers and economists are interested in competitiveness concept and try to implement in the economic development. Competitiveness has several perspectives, i.e. economic perspective, business, and politic. Competitivess could also be reviewed in a micro perspective (company level) and macro perspective (national level). This paper examines the competitiveness concept in terms of micro and macro perspectives. The micro perspective would be useful in agricultural development, especially in crop selection and in endeavor to change comparative to competitive advantages. The macro perspective should be useful to improve national competitiveness trough various fiscal policies of real sector. The study revealed that several agricultural commodities have competitive and comparative advantages, but the competitiveness susceptible to external fluctuation. The changes from comparative to competitive advantage require government intervention to control market distortion and to reduce the high transaction cost economy. Meanwhile, the changes from competitiveness at company level to competitiveness at national level need an integrated macro economic policies and micro economic activities.  <br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pakar ekonomi dan pengambil kebijakan telah memberikan perhatian besar terhadap konsep daya saing dan mencoba mengoperasionalkan dalam pembangunan ekonomi. Konsep daya saing dimaknai dari berbagai perspektif, antara lain perspektif ekonomi, bisnis, dan politik (kebijakan). Di samping itu, ada yang memaknai dalam perspektif mikro (perusahaan) dan perspektif makro (nasional). Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji konsep daya saing dalam perspektif ekonomi baik mikro maupun makro.  Kajian dari perspektif mikro diharapkan berguna dalam pembangunan pertanian terutama untuk menentukan pilihan komoditas dan upaya mewujudkan keunggulan komperatif menjadi keunggulan kompetitif. Sementara itu, dari kajian dalam perspektif makro diharapkan berguna membangun daya saing nasional melalui berbagai kebijakan makro terutama melalui kebijakan fiskal di sektor riil.  Secara mikro beberapa komoditas pertanian Indonesia mempunyai keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif, namun keunggulan yang dimiliki rentan terhadap gejolak eksternal. Untuk mewujudkan keunggulan komparatif menjadi keunggulan kompetitif diperlukan adanya kebijakan pemerintah yang ditujukan untuk menghilangkan adanya distorsi pasar dan menekan tingginya biaya transaksi. Sementara itu, untuk mewujudkan daya saing di tingkat mikro (perusahaan) menjadi daya saing di tingkat makro (nasional) diperlukan adanya keterpaduan antara kebijakan makro dan kegiatan ekonomi mikro.

scholarly journals Psychology, Economic Policy Design, and Implementation: Contributing to the Understanding of Economic Policy Failures in Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Oppong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Policy Failures

When designing economic policies, policy makers work with the assumption that targeted beneficiaries would respond in a manner that would lead to success of the policy. However, the responses of beneficiaries do not always follow the expected pattern. Drawing on Thaler and Sunstein’s (2008) and Asante’s (2003) theses, this paper projects the view that economic policies that fail to take account of the psychology of the target people fail. The position in this paper is based on the premises that human beings, as choice architects, are not necessarily rational beings always acting in their self-interests and that culture, traditions, and national aspirations influence the success of economic policies. It is argued that inertia (the unwillingness to move or change the status quo) is related to how individuals living in poverty respond to policies intended to alleviate their conditions. New theoretical insights are advanced and recommendations made on the basis of the exploration of the literature.

Inconsistencies between Social-democratic Discourses and Neo-liberal Institutional Development in Chile and South Africa: a Comparative Analysis of the Post-authoritarian Periods1

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rommy Morales Olivares
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Socioeconomic Analysis ◽  
High Degree

This chapter examines how economic policies in post-authoritarian societies are influenced by policies formulated during previous authoritarian periods, as well as the mechanisms that lead to the continuity of an economic policy framework that allows the perpetuation of social inequality. The discussion centers on the relatively high degree of continuity in economic policy-making in Chile and South Africa, which have been examples of the neo-liberal reforms of the capitalist periphery and offer an additional complexity, and on the discursive level at which the economic and institutional development of both countries has been formulated. After a brief overview of both nations' historical contexts, the chapter offers a socioeconomic analysis of Chile's post-authoritarian period and compares it with South Africa's post-authoritarian period. It highlights five mechanisms of institutional continuity, which may serve as hypotheses to explain the neo-liberal trajectories of both countries.

Grand Strategy and Foreign Economic Policy: British Grand Strategy in the 1930s

1998 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars S. Skålnes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Domestic Support ◽  
Over Time

Variation in the need for military and political support from military allies affects the degree to which foreign economic policies will discriminate in favor of military allies and against adversaries and other countries. Powers in need of such support will pursue discriminatory foreign economic policies in order to change the configuration of domestic interests to favor not only closer economic relations but also closer political relations. By strengthening domestic support for an alliance, policymakers make it more difficult for their allies to renege on alliance commitments. Stronger political relations in turn reinforce the deterrent effect of the alliance. Because the net strategic benefits from closer relations in their case are lower, powers that can go it alone without support from allies will refrain from discriminatory policies. Shifts in strategic need make it possible to explain variation in the links between security considerations and foreign economic policies within alliances over time and also across alliances. British grand strategy in the 1930s illustrates how shifts in strategic need influence the degree to which foreign economic policies discriminate in favor of potential military allies.

scholarly journals South Africa's economic policies on unemployment: A historical analysis of two decades of transition

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-832
Author(s):  
Lorainne Ferreira ◽  
Riaan Rossouw
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Growth Prospects ◽  
The Cost

Upon South Africa’s transition to democracy in 1994, there were great hopes for an economic revival in the country, underpinned by supportive economic policies that prioritised job creation and the elimination of longstanding poverty and inequality. Until now, the efficacy of economic policy in bringing about these much-coveted outcomes – particularly improvements on the employment front – has received little attention. This paper ventures into relatively uncharted territory by analysing how political dynamics and accompanying economic policy frameworks have impacted the structure and momentum of employment growth in South Africa over the past two decades. This is achieved by examining the changes in employment and, more specifically, the changes in the cost-neutral change in the capital-to-labour (K/L) ratio from 1995 to 2013. For the purpose of the analysis, a dynamic CGE model of the South African economy is used, with the focus being primarily on changes in the capital and labour markets during the period in question across a range of sectors. Among the results are that there was an increase in capital relative to labour (K/L) during the period, despite there being an increase in the rental price of capital relative to wages (PK/PL). The results suggest that at any given ratio of real wages relative to the rental price of capital, industries would choose a K/L ratio 8.1% higher in 2013 than in 1995. The study offers new insights into what is hampering employment in South Africa, which has been eroding the economy’s productive base and prompting serious questions about the country’s growth prospects. Clearly, South Africa needs a well-informed and responsive economic policy framework if it is to escape the potentially explosive unemployment crisis in which it has long been mired.

scholarly journals On The Need For A New Economic Nomenclature

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsehai Alemayehu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Environment ◽  
The Government

Fully 14 years after it came to power, many observers are unsure about the exact nature of the ideological bases for the economic policies pursued by the government of Ethiopia. It calls its political ideology revolutionary democracy and pronounces its economic policies as market based. Given the tight control it exercises over much of the economy and given the absence of private ownership of land in particular, many observers are quick to point that those self ascribed labels do not accurately characterize the economic policy environment of present day Ethiopia. Some would suggest that the Ethiopian economy is in actuality a centrally directed economy with aspirations of liberalization at some future date. This essay explores how the economic policy environment in Ethiopia compares against the traditional standards of a market system. It reports on the current policy framework and how that framework impacts on the efficiency of the operation of markets in such important regards as attracting adequate quantities of private investment from domestic and foreign sources and efficiently allocating the countrys labor and other critical resources. The essay also explores the extent to which the policy environment protects private property rights and promotes risk taking. The study concludes that the policy framework falls far short of what is normally expected in a free market economy.

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