CO2 abatement economics - a practical view

The present studies aim at bridging between sophisticated scientific research and the broader society. The present work examines the economic stimulus required for the intended transition from fossil sources to renewables. To estimate cost competitiveness in energy supply from the various primary sources, a practicable, yet comprehensively levelized and fully described framework is applied. The estimates are compared with previous field reports and projection studies. In result, renewables have principally become cost-competitive to fossil sources in energy production. The overall transition to renewables is found to potentially come cost-neutral. It is argued that no special discounting be necessary if carbon emissions reduction is established in the order of 3 %/year (year-on-year) for about 100 years. Regarding transmission belts, it is advocated to cap plain CO2 pricing at 50 $/tCO2 and moreover, to emphasize distributive and differentiative regulation when considering free-market-based mechanisms such as CO2 pricing and carbon certification/crediting.

Impact of the Economic Stimulus Measures on Lithuanian Real Estate Market under the Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a number of challenges worldwide regarding not only the human health perspective, but also the economic situation. Quarantine, imposed in many countries, forced a substantial part of businesses to close or narrow down their activities, thus leaving corporations and employees without any or with lower income. If national governments had not undertaken any actions to save national economies, the consequences could have been even more devastating. The real estate market is an important part of economy. Instability in the real estate market can cause financial problems, vulnerability of population’s welfare and other negative effects. This research aims to assess the impact of the economic stimulus measures on the real estate market under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania. The research methods include comparative analysis, correlation analysis, stationarity test, regression analysis and the ARDL models. The results indicate that the economic stimulus measures only partially contribute to stabilization of the real estate market in Lithuania. The drop in housing prices was 2.9 percent lower because of the economic stimulus in the second quarter of 2020. Maintenance of household cash and deposits as well as lending to business enterprises are the measures that allow to stabilize the real estate market in the shortest time under the conditions of the economic shock. The other governmental support measures are also important, especially if they are aimed at preserving jobs.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN INDONESIA

The results show that, it is proven that the variable liquidity and interest rates have a negative effect on financial distress. Meanwhile, the variables of Profitability, Leverage and Company Size have a positive effect on financial distress. While the Economic Stimulus variable is known to be the relationship between all variables of Liquidity, Profitability, Leverage, Company Size and Interest Rate on variables to Financial Distress. This means that company leaders must take into account liquidity, profitability, leverage, company size and interest rates to avoid financial distress.

ECONOMIC RESPONSE OF THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES TO THE FIRST WAVE OF COVID-19

COVID-19 pandemic has caused the deepest crisis since the World War II. Many countries have slid into recession due to continuous GDP fall. Lockdown has an impact on unemployment growth, while the provision of health systems and state aid to vulnerable sectors and population are deepening fiscal deficits. Based on the example of 31 European countries (27 EU members and several countries with which the Union has different agreements), this research determines impact of key economic and social variables in period of the First wave of COVID-19 pandemic on the “Economic stimulus”, which is represented by composite index CESI. It is about a combination of variables: Democracy Index, Stringency Index, Final Consumption, Gross Investment, Health Expenditure, and Hospital Beds per Thousand People. Using the median method, the total sample has been divided into two groups, the one with less and the one with more infected people. The results of cross section regression analysis show that 52% variations in the Economic stimulus in the total sample is determined by predictor variables in the model. Analysis for the countries with less infected people shows that more than 75% variations in the Economic stimulus is determined by joint trends of the predictor variables, while the Analysis with more infected cases shows coefficient of determination (R2) over 71%. In general, the results of econometric analysis unambiguously show that democracy contributes to the economic policy response to pandemic in all three observed cases. Stringency index contributes to democracy in an inversely proportional sense, especially in the case of countries with larger number of infected persons. The same could be said for the variable Final Consumption in the case of the total sample of countries, where markedly reduced final consumption requires stronger economic reaction and the governmental aid of all the countries included in the sample.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Nasabah dalam Penundaan Kredit Terdampak Covid 19

Humans as social beings who live side by side and have various needs that must be met in order to survive. In meeting these needs. Indonesia often makes payments with a credit system. Credit is a breakthrough that really helps the community. However, with the Covid-19 Pandemic) hitting various businesses and credit financing customers due to lack of income. This study aims to examine the legal arrangements for credit delays for customers affected by COVID-19 in Indonesia and explain legal protection for customers affected by COVID-19 in Indonesia. The type of research applied in this research is normative legal research, with a statutory approach and a concept approach. In general, the regulation of credit delays for customers affected by COVID-19 is regulated in POJ K Number II POJK.03 2020 regarding the national economic stimulus as a counter-helical policy for the impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease. There are two legal protections, namely preventive legal protection by issuing PERPU Number I of 2020 concerning state financial policies and stability for handling the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic, and repressive legal protection based on Bank Indonesia Circular Letter No. 26/4/BPPP which in principle regulates the rescue of non-performing loans through rescheduling, reconditioning, restructuring

The macroeconomics of COVID-19 exit strategy: the case of Japan

In this paper, I use a simple SIR Macro model to examine Japan’s soft lockdown policies in 2021 under the COVID-19 crisis. As real-time research, this paper consists of two parts written during two different research periods. The first part, which was originally reported in February 2021, studies the Japan’s second soft lockdown policy (state of emergency declaration) from January to March 2021. After the model is calibrated using 2020 data, the results show that a long enough lockdown can avoid future lockdowns, improving both the infection and the economy. In addition, I propose the ICU targeting policy, which keeps the number of severe patients at a constant level, mimicking the monetary policy’s inflation targeting. The model’s prediction is evaluated from an ex-post perspective in the second part, written in July 2021. I find that the model broadly captures the realized consequences of the second soft lockdown and the subsequent paths. Furthermore, the simulation is projected to the end of the pandemic under a revised scenario, incorporating the proliferation of COVID-19 variants. Finally, I discuss the effectiveness of the inverse lockdown (economic stimulus) policy in the fall of 2021 under the dynamic infection externality.

Economic Stimulus Programs Due to Covid-19: Perceptions, Participation and Progress for Black-Owned Small Businesses

The COVID-19 virus has impacted every economic segment and demographic in the world in 2020. Especially hard hit has been small businesses, which often are working day to day to cover costs and remain profitable. In the United States, minority-owned businesses have been more severely impacted than other businesses and in particular, Black-owned businesses have experienced more negative impacts due to the pandemic when compared to their counterparts. This paper will highlight some of the issues and challenges faced by Black small businesses in response to a survey regarding the pandemic. Suggestions and recommendations will be given to assist these firms in recovery and growth.