scholarly journals Trends in Fluoroquinolone Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Canine Urinary Tracts

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah A. Cohn ◽  
Anthony T. Gary ◽  
William H. Fales ◽  
Richard W. Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Susceptibility Data

Fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobial agents are used extensively in human and veterinary medicine. Widespread use of any antimicrobial agent can apply selective pressure on populations of bacteria, which may result in an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates. Antimicrobial-susceptibility data on bacteria isolated from the canine urinary tract by the University of Missouri-Columbia Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Columbia, MO, were used to determine whether there has been an increase in the prevalence of FQ-resistant bacteria over time. Between January 1992 and December 2001, minimum inhibitory concentrations of either ciprofloxacin (1992–1998) or enrofloxacin (1998–2001) were determined for 1,478 bacterial isolates from the canine urinary tract. The predominant bacterial species isolated were Escherichia coli (547 isolates), Proteus mirabilis (156), and Staphylococcus intermedius (147). In all, there were 13 bacterial species with more than 25 isolates each. A significant increase in the overall proportion of resistant bacterial isolates was documented from 1992 to 2001 (Cochran-Armitage test for trend, P < 0.0001). The same increase in resistant isolates was documented when either ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin was analyzed separately ( P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0002, respectively). No difference was detected in rates of bacterial FQ resistance with regard to the sex of the dog from which the bacteria were isolated. The frequency with which some bacterial species were isolated differed with the sex of the infected dog. Proteus mirabilis was found more often in females ( P < 0.0001), whereas beta hemolytic Streptococcus spp., were found more often in males ( P = 0.0003). Although the overall efficacy of FQ antimicrobials remained high with greater than 80% of isolates being susceptible, the data demonstrated an increase in the proportion of resistant bacteria isolated from the urinary tract of the dog.

Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Blood Culture of Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S136-S136
Author(s):  
M Abdelmonem ◽  
A Gad AlKarim ◽  
S Eissa ◽  
A Boraik ◽  
M Shedid
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative

Abstract Introduction/Objective Bacteremia is one of the major causes of life-threatening complications in patients with cancer. Significant changes in the spectrum of microorganisms isolated from blood culture BC have been reported in cancer patients over the past years. This study aimed to determine the predominant bacterial species causing bacteremia among febrile neutropenic FN cancer patients at the National Cancer Institute in Egypt (NCI). Methods A total of 300 BC collected from 300 FN cancer patients at NCI, Cairo. All cases were in patients with a mean age of 51 years, 158 patients were male (53%) while 142 patients were females (47%). BC was collected for microbiological investigations. Identification of the isolated organisms by the cultural characters (Morphological of bacterial isolates, Gram stain reaction, motility test, and biochemical tests) for each organism using standard semi- automated techniques. Results 68 (22.6%) BC were positive while 232 (77.4%) BC were negative. Gram-negative bacteria isolated and identified in 11 blood cultures (16.17%), while gram-positive isolates identified in 57 BC (83.8%). Among the Gram- negative organisms, 4 (5.8%) were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 (5.8%) were E. coli, 1 (1.5%) was Klebssila pneumoni, 1 (1.5%) was Acintobacter and 1 (1.5%) was Citrobacter frenudiri. Among the Gram-positive organisms, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci CNS were most predominant in most cases 35 (61.4%). 7 (12%) were S. aureus, 5 (8%) were S. epidermises, 5 (8%) were Streptococcus spp., 1 (1.5%) were Listeria spp., 4 (5.88%) Achromobacter spp., 4 (5.88%) were Gram-Positive Cocci and 1(1.5%) Micrococcus spp. The study of R-factor in all positive BC showed the resistant bacterial isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents, especially to ampicillin and penicillin. Conclusion This study showed that patients with febrile neutropenia are vulnerable to developing bacteremia. the prevalence rate of bacteremia in post-chemotherapy FN in our center is relatively high compared to the national rate. Multidrug-resistant are the main cause of bacteremia in febrile cancer patients in Egypt. There is a need for ongoing antimicrobial surveillance to guide antimicrobial therapy and support the development of infection control programs in Egypt

scholarly journals Global Fluoroquinolone Resistance Epidemiology and Implictions for Clinical Use

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Dalhoff
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Resistance Rates

This paper on the fluoroquinolone resistance epidemiology stratifies the data according to the different prescription patterns by either primary or tertiary caregivers and by indication. Global surveillance studies demonstrate that fluoroquinolone resistance rates increased in the past years in almost all bacterial species exceptS. pneumoniaeandH. influenzae, causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections. However, 10 to 30% of these isolates harbored first-step mutations conferring low level fluoroquinolone resistance. Fluoroquinolone resistance increased in Enterobacteriaceae causing community acquired or healthcare associated urinary tract infections and intraabdominal infections, exceeding 50% in some parts of the world, particularly in Asia. One to two-thirds of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended spectrum -lactamases were fluoroquinolone resistant too. Furthermore, fluoroquinolones select for methicillin resistance inStaphylococci.Neisseria gonorrhoeaeacquired fluoroquinolone resistance rapidly; actual resistance rates are highly variable and can be as high as almost 100%, particularly in Asia, whereas resistance rates in Europe and North America range from <10% in rural areas to >30% in established sexual networks. In general, the continued increase in fluoroquinolone resistance affects patient management and necessitates changes in some guidelines, for example, treatment of urinary tract, intra-abdominal, skin and skin structure infections, and traveller’s diarrhea, or even precludes the use in indications like sexually transmitted diseases and enteric fever.

scholarly journals Urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance profile in patients attending Nemba District Hospital in Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Munyemana Jean Bosco ◽  
Bikorimana Jonas ◽  
Kantarama Evelyne ◽  
Kabanyana Pauline
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
District Hospital ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile

Background: About 150 million people worldwide are diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI) every year and more than half of women get UTI at least once in their lifetimes. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed to the growing problem of resistance amongst uropathogenic bacteria making it hard to treat. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to determine bacteria causing UTIs and their antibiotic resistance profile among patients attending Nemba District Hospital in Rwanda. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study design was used and 267 patient’s data with positive urine culture were reviewed from microbiology laboratory logbooks. Results: In this study, UTI was more frequent in female 180(67.4%) than male 87(32.6%). The most frequently isolated bacteria to cause UTI were Escherichia coli (56.93%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (28.46%), Proteus spp. (4.49%), Klebsiella spp. (3.75%), Morganella morganii (1.87%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (1.50%), Neisseria gonorrhea (1.12%), Enterobacter spp. (1.12%) and Citrobacter spp. (0.7%). There was a high antimicrobial resistance profile among bacterial isolates. The most commonly used antimicrobial agents including third-generation cephalosporin were resistant to bacterial isolates at a higher rate. Conclusion: These findings suggest continued antimicrobial resistance surveillance and special precautions should be taken for empirical treatment referring to local antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals OXA-48 Carbapenemase-Encoding Transferable Plasmids of Klebsiella pneumoniae Recovered from Egyptian Patients Suffering from Complicated Urinary Tract Infections

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 889
Author(s):  
Ann A. Elshamy ◽  
Sarra E. Saleh ◽  
Mohammad Y. Alshahrani ◽  
Khaled M. Aboshanab ◽  
Mohammad M. Aboulwafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Gram-negative bacteria are common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Such pathogens can acquire genes encoding multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, including carbapenem resistance. The aim of this study was to detect the carbapenemase-producing ability of some Gram-negative bacterial isolates from urine specimens of patients suffering from complicated UTIs at two vital tertiary care hospitals in Cairo, Egypt; to determine the prevalence of carbapenemase genes among plasmid-bearing isolates; and explore the possibility of horizontal gene transfer to other bacterial species. The collected isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phenotypic analysis of carbapenemase production, and molecular detection of plasmid-borne carbapenemase genes, then the extracted plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli DH5α. A total of 256 Gram-negative bacterial clinical isolates were collected, 65 (25.4%) isolates showed carbapenem resistance of which 36 (55.4%) were carbapenemase-producers, and of these 31 (47.7%) harbored plasmids. The extracted plasmids were used as templates for PCR amplification of blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaOXA-48, and blaIMP carbapenemase genes. The blaOXA-48 gene was detected in 24 (77.4%) of the tested isolates while blaVIM gene was detected in 8 (25.8%), both blaKPC and blaNDM genes were co-present in 1 (3.2%) isolate. Plasmids carrying the blaOXA-48 gene from 4 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were successfully transformed into competent E. coli DH5α. The transformants were carbapenemase-producers and acquired resistance to some of the tested antimicrobial agents as compared to untransformed E. coli DH5α. The study concluded that the rate of carbapenem resistance among Gram-negative bacterial uropathogens in Cairo, Egypt is relatively high and can be transferred horizontally to other bacterial host(s).

scholarly journals Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of pathogens from urinary tract infections (UTI) in a private diagnostic laboratory in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-569
Author(s):  
Md Habibur Rahman ◽  
Mushtaque Ahmed ◽  
Dayanidhi Sarkar ◽  
Md Asadur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest infections encountered by clinicians and despite the widespread availability of antimicrobial agents UTI has become difficult to treat because of appearance pathogens with increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. The aim and objectives of this study were to determine the pathogens causing UTI and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity status among these isolates in a diagnostic laboratory in Dhaka city. A laboratory based cross sectional survey was conducted in Popular Diagnostic Centre Ltd. Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh from July 2016 to December 2016. A total of 553 freshly voided midstream urine samples (10-20 ml) were collected in a wide mouth sterile container from patients and processed in microbiology laboratory to isolate pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility test using standard procedure. Among 553 urine sample, the culture positivity in urine samples was found to be 158 (28.57%) of which 39 (24.70%) were isolated from male patients and 119 (75.30%) from female patients. Escherichia coli (43.67%) were found to be the predominant pathogen followed by Staphylococcus spp. (16.45%), Enterococcus spp. (13.39%), Klebsiella spp. (13.29%), Candida spp. (5.70%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.43%), Psudomonas spp. (3.80%) and Proteus spp. (1.27%). Carbapenem group (Imipenem, Meropenem) were the most effective antibiotic with resistance between 0 and 5.1% of the gram negative isolates and Linezolid and Vancomycin was most effective in gram positive isolates. Nitrofurantoin was most effective both gram negative and gram positive isolates. This study finding showed That Escherichia. coli isolates were the predominant pathogens and showed increasing pattern to the commonly prescribed drugs in private practice that in turn leaves the clinicians with very few alternative options in drug for the treatment of UTIs. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2020, 6(3): 564-569

scholarly journals Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern from Urinary Tract Infection in a Private Diagnostic Laboratory in Dhaka, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Md Habibur Rahman ◽  
Md Mushtaque Ahmed ◽  
Dayanidhi Sarkar ◽  
Md Asadur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection encountered by clinicians and despite the widespread availability of antimicrobial agents, UTI has become difficult to treat because of appearance pathogens with increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathogens causing UTI and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity status among these isolates in a diagnostic laboratory in Dhaka city. A laboratory based cross sectional survey was conducted in a diagnostic Centre in Dhaka Bangladesh from July 2016 to December 2016. A total of 553 urine samples were collected from each patients and processed in microbiology laboratory to isolate pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility test using standard procedure. Among 553 urine samples, 158 (28.57%) samples was found to be culture positive of which 39 (24.70%) were isolated from male patients and 119 (75.30%) from female patients. Escherichia coli (43.67%) were found to be the predominant pathogen followed by Staphylococcus spp. (16.45%), Enterococcus spp. (13.39%), Klebsiella spp. (13.29%), Candida spp. (5.70%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.43%), Pseudomonas spp. (3.80%) and Proteus spp. (1.27%). The carbapenem group antibiotics (imipenem and meropenem) was found to be resistant in 0 to 5.1% of the Gram negative isolates. On the Other hand, most of the Gram positive isolates showed sensitivity to linezolid and vancomycin. This study showed that E. coli isolates were the predominant pathogens and showed resistance to commonly prescribed drugs resulting in a very few options for drug to treat UTIs. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 56-60

scholarly journals Study of Bacterial pathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and their antibiotic resistance profile in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Sanjida Khondakar Setu ◽  
Abu Naser Ibne Sattar ◽  
Ahmed Abu Saleh ◽  
Chandan Kumar Roy ◽  
Mushtaque Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Tract Infections

Analyzing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of uropathogens help to overcome the therapeutic difficulties created by the rising antimicrobial resistant bacteria and guides in choosing appropriate antibiotics. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the pathogens causing UTI and study their antibiogram. Midstream urine samples were collected, cultured and appropriate biochemical tests were performed for proper identification of urinary pathogens in BSMMU from January 2013 to December 2013. The most common isolated Gram negative uropathogens were Escherichia coli (63.93%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.09%), other bacterial species, named Pseudomonas spp. Enterobacter Acinetobacter spp. Citrobacter spp Proteus spp. Morganella. Among Gram positive organism S. aureus S. saprophyticus S. agalectiae and Enterococci were found. Urinary tract infections were more prevalent in women than men (61.68% vs. 38.32%). High level of sensitivity was found to imipenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, cefuroxime in most of the isolates. Almost all the test organisms exhibited multiple antibiotic resistances. The high multiple antibiotics resistance identified makes it necessary for antibiotic susceptibility testing to be conducted prior to antibiotic(s) prescription.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2016; 10 (01): 22-26

scholarly journals DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Mutations Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Proteus mirabilis

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 2582-2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Weigel ◽  
G. J. Anderson ◽  
F. C. Tenover
Keyword(s):  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Frequent Event ◽  
Nucleotide Insertion ◽  
High Level ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

ABSTRACT Mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis were determined by genetic analysis of the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE. This study included the P. mirabilis type strain ATCC 29906 and 29 clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility (MIC, 0.5 to 2 μg/ml) or resistance (MIC, ≥4 μg/ml) to ciprofloxacin. Susceptibility profiles for ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and trovafloxacin were correlated with amino acid changes in the QRDRs. Decreased susceptibility and resistance were associated with double mutations involving both gyrA (S83R or -I) and parC (S80R or -I). Among these double mutants, MICs of ciprofloxacin varied from 1 to 16 μg/ml, indicating that additional factors, such as drug efflux or porin changes, also contribute to the level of resistance. For ParE, a single conservative change of V364I was detected in seven strains. An unexpected result was the association of gyrB mutations with high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones in 12 of 20 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates. Changes in GyrB included S464Y (six isolates), S464F (three isolates), and E466D (two isolates). A three-nucleotide insertion, resulting in an additional lysine residue between K455 and A456, was detected in gyrB of one strain. Unlike any other bacterial species analyzed to date, mutation of gyrB appears to be a frequent event in the acquisition of fluoroquinolone resistance among clinical isolates of P. mirabilis.

scholarly journals Kisameet Glacial Clay: an Unexpected Source of Bacterial Diversity

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Svensson ◽  
Shekooh Behroozian ◽  
Wanjing Xu ◽  
Michael G. Surette ◽  
Loretta Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Glacial Clay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTWidespread antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is providing the impetus to explore novel sources of antimicrobial agents. Recently, the potent antibacterial activity of certain clay minerals has stimulated scientific interest in these materials. One such example is Kisameet glacial clay (KC), an antibacterial clay from a deposit on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. However, our understanding of the active principles of these complex natural substances is incomplete. Like soils, clays may possess complex mixtures of bacterial taxa, including theActinobacteria, a clade known to be rich in antibiotic-producing organisms. Here, we present the first characterization of both the microbial and geochemical characteristics of a glacial clay deposit. KC harbors surprising bacterial species richness, with at least three distinct community types. We show that the deposit has clines of inorganic elements that can be leached by pH, which may be drivers of community structure. We also note the prevalence ofGallionellaceaein samples recovered near the surface, as well as taxa that include medically or economically important bacteria such asActinomycetesandPaenibacillus. These results provide insight into the microbial taxa that may be the source of KC antibacterial activity and suggest that natural clays may be rich sources of microbial and molecular diversity.IMPORTANCEIdentifying and characterizing the resident microbial populations (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi) is key to understanding the ecology, chemistry, and homeostasis of virtually all sites on Earth. The Kisameet Bay deposit in British Columbia, Canada, holds a novel glacial clay with a history of medicinal use by local indigenous people. We previously showed that it has potent activity against a variety of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, suggesting it could complement our dwindling arsenal of antibiotics. Here, we have characterized the microbiome of this deposit to gain insight into what might make the clay antibacterial. Our analyses suggest that the deposit contains a surprising diversity of bacteria, which live in at least three distinct environments. In addition, the clay harbors bacteria that may have interesting potential as biocontrol/bioremediation agents or producers of novel bioactive compounds.

scholarly journals Isolation & Pathogenic Study on Proteus mirabilis

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-426
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Extract Agar ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Deficient Medium

During the period October 2003 till July 2004, about (253) urine samples have been collected from urinary tract infection. The study has shown that the bacterium Proteus mirabilis is the responsible for (11.85%) of the urinary tracts infections. Also, the study has declared that the ratio of separation this bacterium from women was (7.51%) and it is higher than the ratio of separation in both men and children which ranged (1. 58%) and (2.76%) respectively . About (30) samples of stool have been collected from children and the ratio of isolation this bacterium has been showen to be( 30%) from children aged bellow 3 years,as well as, we have got bacterial cultures related to P.mirabilis isolated from the infections of middle-ear and bacteremia . Morphological and biochemical studies have been applied to characterize the isolation bacterium as well as other kinds of micro-orgarisms that were isolated from infections of urinary tracts in this study. The results of the study demonstrated the bacterial isolates have shown an absolute resistance with a ratio of (100%) for both the antibiotic Ceftazidime and Cephalothin. Also, the study has shown that the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin is the most effective antibiotic against this type of bacterium . The percentage of sensitivity for the local isolates to this kind of antibiotic was (96.7%) then Gentamycin and Cephotaxim and the ratio of sensitive isolates to these antibiotics were (80%) and (76.7%) respectively. We have studied some virulence factors which the bacterium owns like the production of enzymes ?-Lactamase and Extended spectrum ?–Lactamase . The study has shown that the local isolates of this bacterium produce these enzymes with a ratio of (100 %) . The study confirmed the efficiency of fish extract agar prepared locally in growing bacterium . Also , it affirmed that the fish extract agar supplemented with (4-6 %) of sodium chloride is mimcs the appearing in C.L.E.D (cystien lactose electrolyte deficient medium

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