Political Connection and Disconnection: Still a Success Factor for Chinese Entrepreneurs

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Burt ◽  
Sonja Opper
Keyword(s):  
Government Support ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Political Connection ◽  
Business Network ◽  
Social Network Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual

Political connection in China is often tested for correlation with business success and government support under a suspicion that connected entrepreneurs enjoy special favors and protection. Research evidence is mixed. In revisiting the debate on political capital in China, we apply a socially embedded perspective on political connection. To this end we introduce two methodological innovations: (a) We develop a broader measure of political connectedness that covers the continuum from political connection to disconnection. (b) We integrate data on political connection with social network data. Specifically, we explore how the social structure around the individual entrepreneur affects performance above and beyond the often tested association between political ties and performance. We draw two conclusions: (1) The success association with political connection is discontinuous. Advantage is less for entrepreneurs weakly connected politically, but significant additional disadvantage arises for the politically disconnected. (2) The additional is that entrepreneurs disconnected from government show no benefit from having an advantaged business network. The politically connected with an advantaged business network show more prosperous business, higher returns on assets, and more likely survival over time. The politically disconnected show none of these benefits. We caution the entrepreneur who plans to ignore the government.

Applying Social Psychological Perspectives to the Sport Psychology Consulting Process

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Brustad ◽  
Michelle Ritter-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clinical And Counseling Psychology ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disordered Eating Patterns ◽  
Applied Sport Psychology

Psychological processes in sport are inextricably linked to the social contexts within which they occur. However, research and practice in applied sport psychology have shown only marginal concern for the social dimensions of participation. As a consequence of stronger ties to clinical and counseling psychology than to social psychology, the prevailing model of intervention in applied sport psychology has been individually centered. Focus at the individual level has been further bolstered by cognitive emphases in modem psychology. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the need for a balanced consideration of social and personal influences. Four social psychological dimensions of interest will be explored, including athletic subculture membership; athletic identity concerns; social networks of influence; and leadership processes. The relevance of these forms of influence will be examined in relation to applied concerns in the areas of athlete academic performance, overtraining and burnout, and disordered eating patterns. At minimum, consultants need to address contextual and relational correlates of psychological and performance issues.

Developing Athletes in the Context of Sport and Performance Psychology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc J. Martin ◽  
David J. Hancock ◽  
Jean Côté
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Performance Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Early Specialization ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Athletic Development

Talent development in sport is achieved through years of preparation and requires constant interaction between personal and contextual resources. Accordingly, extensive research has been dedicated to understanding factors that contribute to sport performance. Literature suggests the factors influencing athletic development can be classified in terms of the physical environment, the social environment, and engaging learning activities. Investigations pertaining to the physical environment suggest the importance of appropriate settings, which can relate to the sport organization or the larger community. Researchers must also cogitate the activities in which athletes take part. These considerations involve the maturational status of athletes, the volume of deliberate practice and play, and early specialization versus diversification. Finally, the salience of the social environment in relation to sport performance cannot be overlooked. Not surprisingly, the relations established with social agents (i.e., coaches, peers/teammates, parents) can facilitate or impede the developmental process. Consequently, the development of athletes in the context of sport and performance psychology extends past the individual and is influenced by several factors that must be discussed.

scholarly journals Dynamics in rural entrepreneurship – the role of knowledge acquisition, entrepreneurial orientation, and emotional intelligence in network reliance and performance relationship

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bilaliib Udimal ◽  
Zhuang Jincai ◽  
Isaac Akolgo Gumah
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Extension Education ◽  
Business Network ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Social network and being a part of an established business network helps in the acquisition of resources. The purpose of this study specifically looked at the mechanisms through which network reliance (NR) influences the entrepreneurial performance (PERF) among rural farmer entrepreneurs in China. Design/methodology/approach The paper looks at the economic sociology perspective of social networks. A total of 450 rural farmer entrepreneurs were interviewed for the study. The study introduces emotional intelligence (EI) and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) into the relationship between NR, knowledge acquisition (KA) and entrepreneurial PERF. Findings The result shows that KA partially and positively mediates the relationship between NR and entrepreneurial PERF. EO is shown to moderate the relationship between KA and entrepreneurial PERF apart from its direct effect on entrepreneurial PERF. The EI of rural farmer entrepreneurs has a direct and significant effect on KA but does not moderate the relationship between NR and KA. Originality/value This study provides a new direction for extension education to rural farmer entrepreneurs. Knowledge building capacity programmes for rural farmer entrepreneurs should be an area of priority for extension education. Building the social capital and entrepreneurial capacities of rural farmer should be a new area of focus for policymakers. These measures will go a long to improving the capabilities of rural farmer entrepreneurs, which will, in turn, impact positively on their PERF.

Institutional environment, political connections of partial state ownership, and performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 856-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengji Song ◽  
Abraham Nahm ◽  
Jun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Political Connections ◽  
Political Connection ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Partial State ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether substantial differences in institutional environment in China lead to different levels of demand for political connection. Design/methodology/approach – Using a data set of 296 listed private sector enterprises (PSEs) in China, the authors empirically investigate the effects of institutional environmental factors upon political connection. Findings – The authors find that the lower the level of regional property right protection, the more powerful the government intervention, and the slower the economic development, the more motivated the PSEs were to build relationship with the government via partial state ownership. However, the degree of local corruption was not correlated with the demand for political connection. The authors also find that partial state ownership in PSEs exerted a positive effect on performance. Originality/value – Deviating from previous literature that has been mostly concerned about the economic consequences to firms caused by political connections, this paper examines the reasons for political connection among Chinese PSEs. The authors introduce a new dimension of political connection, namely, partial state ownership in PSEs.

scholarly journals Nexus of Political Connections with Green Financial Development and Fiscal Performance

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Luwen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Corporate Values ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance

Green finance is an important guarantee to promote the development and structural transformation of green industries in China and is also the power source to implement the concept of green development during the "13th Five-Year Plan". The development of green finance is inseparable from the support of financial and taxation policies. Based on this background, there is a certain connection between green finance and corporate values. When companies strengthen their political relations, there will be certain positive and negative effects on the company's future development. Green development should be the goal, and the financial and tax performance of companies should be enhanced in strengthening the development of green finance. The most important thing for companies, regardless of the industry, is to interact with the government to improve their development goals and performance, maintain their rights and interests through political relations and policies, and obtain government support to achieve sustainable development of the company. Therefore, this study focuses on the political relationship between green finance development and financial performance and examines the intervention of political ties on corporate green investment and corporate performance. The results confirm that politically connected companies have more resources and protect the natural environment while improving their financial performance.

scholarly journals EVALUASI SISTEM PEMBELAJARAN (Menelaah Landasan Filosofis Evaluasi Pembelajaran dalam Perspektif Pengembangan Keilmuan di STAIN Kudus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Mas'udi Mas'udi
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Development ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

<p>In the process of development, learning system applied at STAIN<br />Kudus is fully geared to the transformation towards the archetypes that have<br />been constituted. In the constitution of science that will be developed, the<br />Islamic perspective on Transformative is the bedrock of scientific development<br />which is formulated.<br />Based on some of the policies that have been formulated by the government,<br />the process of defining the curriculum in an institution is required to have its<br />application into the system that has been set. In this case, the application of<br />curriculum system applied by STAIN Kudus have it’s completely to the provisions<br />of the governance system that has been set.<br />From the formulation of this research can be revealed that the philosophical<br />foundation of evaluation developed at STAIN Kudus designed completely rely<br />upon the Principal Scientific Pattern set. Transformation effort from text to<br />context, the individual to the social, from the theoretical to the practical area<br />became the basis locomotive for STAIN Kudus curriculum development</p>

Body Language, the Idea of the Actress, and Some Nineteenth-Century Actress-Heroines

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (31) ◽  
pp. 226-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Hankey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Body Language ◽  
Richard Iii ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Daniel Deronda ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Moral Attitudes

The actor, as a reminder of personal mutability, has always provoked the condemnation of absolutist philosophers and churchmen. Historically, this anti-theatrical prejudice has pressed even harder on the actress, for in her case ‘personal’ connotes sexual mutability. In Victorian times, when purity was enjoined on Woman for Man's sake as well as her own, the actress's situation was further complicated. In the following article, Julie Hankey examines the treatment of actress-characters in certain novels of the nineteenth century – Wilkie Collin's No Name, Geraldine Jewsbury's The Half-Sisters, George Eliot's Daniel Deronda, and Henry James's The Tragic Muse, among others – exploring in particular their peculiarly physical system of representation, a system which reproduced the social and moral attitudes of the day on a more visceral level of irrational prejudice. Irrespective of their artistry or sympathies, authors were remarkably consistent in their use of the same relatively narrow but at the same time powerful range of signals – dress, pose, interiors, gardens, flowers, and so on – clearly confident that by this means the actress could be adequately expressed. Julie Hankey is presently co-editor of the ‘Plays and Performance’ series, now published by Cambridge University Press, and has herself prepared the individual volumes on Richard III and Othello.

Hazardous Chemicals Transportation Risk Control Based on Goal Programming

2011 ◽  
Vol 328-330 ◽  
pp. 751-754
Author(s):  
Li Ping Liu ◽  
Ti Jun Fan ◽  
Hai Yang Xia
Keyword(s):  
Goal Programming ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Hazardous Chemicals ◽  
Transportation Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Goal Programming Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
Severe Punishment ◽  
The Individual

This paper research on how hazardous chemicals transportation provider optimal transportation solution supposed transportation risk (i.e. releasing of chlorine) may happen in the process of transportation. If the government attaches much importance to environment protection and pushes severe punishment on environment pollution, the hazardous chemicals transportation provider should consider two goals together: minimizing the individual transportation cost and minimizing the social transportation cost. Then this paper develops a goal programming model which contains two goals for the problem. Which goal is important will affect the objective function of this model. Through discussion on importance compare of two goals, this paper believes that government policy is very important to inspirit hazardous chemicals transportation providers complying with laws and protecting environment.

scholarly journals A Proposed Credit Risk Assessment for People at the Bottom of the Social Pyramid in Cali, Colombia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Juan Acevedo ◽  
Lina Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

The informal economy accounts for half of the economic activity in Colombia. Street vending is a major part of the informal sector. In the context of a rapid urbanization due to internal conflicts, low skilled workers find a last resort for income generation as street vendors. Even though studies have revealed that street vendors can have high profits, they usually remain poor. A primary reason is their continuous indebtedness outside the regulated financial market. This paper proposes a comprehensive questionnaire survey on the socioeconomic profile of street vendors. This tool can be used to assess the individual credit risk and incentivize the financial inclusion of the poor. It can also be used for evaluation processes by the government or impact investors.

scholarly journals Success Factors For Small And Medium Industries Based On Creative Industries

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Fitria Ardiana
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
The Government

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of entrepreneurial characteristics, interest in entrepreneurship, business networks, promotion and government support for the success of creative industries based in Magelang Regency. The sampling technique uses non-probability sampling with a convenience sampling approach, as many as 100 entrepreneurs. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire or questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Square with reflective measurement models for each latent variable in the study . The suggestion from this research is that entrepreneurs can increase theircourage in taking risks and create interesting and creative things and be more active in participating in programs organized by the government to increase business success and the government can give awards or prizes to entrepreneurs who actively participate in government programs.

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