Growth of Microorganisms in Total Nutrient Admixtures

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl E. Rowe ◽  
Thomas T. Fukuyama ◽  
James T. Martinoff
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Fat Emulsion ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Intravenous Fat Emulsions

It has been reported that intravenous fat emulsions, because of their isotonicity and neutral pH, support microbial growth, but traditional parenteral nutrition solutions, being hypertonic and more acidic, are not as supportive. To date, few studies have documented microbial growth in total nutrient admixtures (TNA) containing dextrose, amino acids, fat, electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements. This study was undertaken to analyze the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and four gram-negative enteric bacilli in three different nutrient admixtures, with and without the inclusion of 5% fat emulsion. The composition of the admixtures was either 5, 10, or 25% dextrose; either 0 or 5% fat; and 3% amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, and trace elements. All admixtures were innoculated with 100 colony-forming units per milliliter, incubated at room (25°C) or refrigerated (4°C) temperature, with samples withdrawn at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours and plated in triplicate. Only C. albicans demonstrated any significant growth regardless of fat content. The pH of the admixtures was similar (acidic), and all solutions were hypertonic and found to inhibit bacterial growth. Conclusions suggest that TNA, when formulated with normal concentrations of additives, is no more likely to support growth of contaminant organisms than the traditional solutions. This contradicts the notion that the addition of fat to total parenteral nutrition will enhance the ability of these admixtures to support microbial growth.

scholarly journals Balance study of twenty trace elements during total parenteral nutrition in man

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jacobson ◽  
P.-O. Wester
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Total Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Cobalt Chromium ◽  
Fat Emulsion ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Directional Change ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Exchange Technique

1. Balances of twenty trace elements (silver, arsenic, gold, bromine, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, caesium, copper, iron, mercury, lanthanum, molybdenum, rubidium, antimony, scandium, selenium, samarium, tungsten and zinc) have been determined in four male patients during total parenteral nutrition including fat emulsion and a special solution for addition of Fe, Zn, manganese, Cu, fluorine and iodine, besides calcium and magnesium, to the infusion solutions.2. The analyses for trace elements were made with the aid of an ion-exchange technique based on neutron activation, and combined with subsequent gamma spectrometry.3. The intended intravenous supply of trace elements corresponded approximately to the analysed supply. However, all the other trace elements determined were found to be unintentionally administered in small amounts.4. There was a substantial retention of Fe. Other elements retained were Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, Sb, Sc and W.5. Particularly Br and Rb were lost by the patients, but negative balances were also found for As, Au, Cd, Cs, Mo, Se and Zn. However, Zn was retained by one patient with short bowel syndrome.6. The serum concentrations of thirteen (Ag, Br, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Rb, Sc, Se, W and Zn) of the trace elements were found to have some decrease during the period of total parenteral nutrition, mostly in accordance with the corresponding balance values. Fe, in particular, was found to have the directional change in concentration.7. The administration of trace elements is recommended in long-term total parenteral nutrition.

scholarly journals Evaluating Use of Neutral Electrolyzed Water for Cleaning Near-Patient Surfaces

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1505-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stewart ◽  
A. Bogusz ◽  
J. Hunter ◽  
I. Devanny ◽  
B. Yip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
District General Hospital ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Electrolyzed Water ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Left And Right

Objective.This study aimed to monitor the microbiological effect of cleaning near-patient sites over a 48-hour period with a novel disinfectant, electrolyzed water.Setting.One ward dedicated to acute care of the elderly population in a district general hospital in Scotland.Methods.Lockers, left and right cotsides, and overbed tables in 30 bed spaces were screened for aerobic colony count (ACC), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) before cleaning with electrolyzed water. Sites were rescreened at varying intervals from 1 to 48 hours after cleaning. Microbial growth was quantified as colony-forming units (CFUs) per square centimeter and presence or absence of MSSA and MRSA at each site. The study was repeated 3 times at monthly intervals.Results.There was an early and significant reduction in average ACC (360 sampled sites) from a before-cleaning level of 4.3 to 1.65 CFU/cm2 at 1 hour after disinfectant cleaning (P <.0001). Average counts then increased to 3.53 CFU/cm2 at 24 hours and 3.68 CFU/cm2 at 48 hours. Total MSSA/MRSA (34 isolates) decreased by 71% at 4 hours after cleaning but then increased to 155% (53 isolates) of precleaning levels at 24 hours.Conclusions.Cleaning with electrolyzed water reduced ACC and staphylococci on surfaces beside patients. ACC remained below precleaning levels at 48 hours, but MSSA/MRSA counts exceeded original levels at 24 hours after cleaning. Although disinfectant cleaning quickly reduces bioburden, additional investigation is required to clarify the reasons for rebound contamination of pathogens at near-patient sites.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(12):1505–1510

Parenteral Nutrition in a Patient with Familial Type IV Hypertriglyceridemia: A Dilemma

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 458-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Rapp ◽  
Elvis S. Donaldson ◽  
Brack A. Bivins
Keyword(s):  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
White Female ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Fat Emulsion ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Familial Type ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Intravenous Fat Emulsions

Patients with a Type IV familial hypertriglyceridemia should never receive intravenous fat emulsions. In addition, the amount of carbohydrate that can be given is limited. A 33-year-old white female, with Type IV hypertriglyceridemia, began receiving a parenteral nutrition regimen that included fat. A series of lipid studies was planned, coordinated with fat emulsion and glucose administration. The patient had persistently elevated basal triglyceride levels (> 250 mg/dL), which rose in response to both fat and carbohydrate administration. Serum cholesterol levels remained within the normal range. The disease was once known as “carbohydrate-induced lipemia” because of the dramatic rise in serum triglyceride following high carbohydrate diets. We suggest that serum triglyceride levels be monitored in all patients receiving parenteral nutrition; when such a patient is identified, fat emulsion should not be given and dextrose should be used in the smallest possible amounts to achieve a positive nitrogen balance.

scholarly journals New Thiazole Nortopsentin Analogues Inhibit Bacterial Biofilm Formation

Marine Drugs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Carbone ◽  
Barbara Parrino ◽  
Maria Cusimano ◽  
Virginia Spanò ◽  
Alessandra Montalbano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Planktonic Form ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Dose Dependent

New thiazole nortopsentin analogues were conveniently synthesized and evaluated for their activity as inhibitors of biofilm formation of relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. All compounds were able to interfere with the first step of biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, showing a selectivity against the staphylococcal strains. The most active derivatives elicited IC50 values against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, ranging from 0.40–2.03 µM. The new compounds showed a typical anti-virulence profile, being able to inhibit the biofilm formation without affecting the microbial growth in the planktonic form.

scholarly journals Microbial Growth in Neonatal Intravenous Fat Emulsion Administered Over 12 Versus 24 Hours

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany M. DeDonato ◽  
Lisa I. Bickford ◽  
Ryan J. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Infusion Time ◽  
Fat Emulsion ◽  
Intravenous Fat Emulsion ◽  
Fat Emulsions ◽  
Infusion Method ◽  
Extended Infusion ◽  
Intravenous Fat Emulsions

OBJECTIVES To determine whether an extended infusion time (24 hours) of intravenous fat emulsion is associated with an increase in microbial growth, versus a shorter infusion time (12 hours). METHODS Samples were collected from intravenous fat emulsions (n=132), from intravenous fat emulsions prepared in the current 24-hour infusion method (n=55), and from intravenous fat emulsions prepared in the twice-daily (12-hour infusion) method (n=55). In addition, samples were collected from pharmacy (n=22) to test for possible contamination. RESULTS No growth was observed in either arm of the study. CONCLUSIONS Current Kern Medical Center policy of preparation and administration of neonatal intensive care unit intravenous fat emulsion is safe and effective in regard to microbial growth.

Pathogenic Organisms Associated with Artificial Fingernails Worn by Healthcare Workers

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara A. Hedderwick ◽  
Shelly A. McNeil ◽  
Michael J. Lyons ◽  
Carol A. Kauffman
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Over Time

Objective:To determine differences in the identity and quantity of microbial flora from healthcare workers (HCWs) wearing artificial nails compared with control HCWs with native nails.Design:Two separate studies were undertaken. In study 1, 12 HCWs who did not normally wear artificial nails wore polished artificial nails on their nondominant hand for 15 days. Identity and quantity of microflora were compared between the artificial nails and the polished native nails of the other hand. In study 2, the microbial flora of the nails of 30 HCWs who wore permanent acrylic artificial nails were compared with that of control HCWs who had native nails. In both studies, nail surfaces were swabbed and subungual debris was collected to obtain material for culture.Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, and yeasts were considered to be potential pathogens. All organisms were identified and quantified.Results:In study 1, potential pathogens were isolated from more samples obtained from artificial nails than native nails (92% vs 62%;P<.001). Colonization of artificial nails increased over time; by day 15, 71% of cultures yielded a pathogen compared with 21% on day 1 (P=.004). A significantly greater quantity of organisms (expressed as mean log10colony-forming units ± standard deviation) was isolated from the subungual area than the nail surface; this was noted for both artificial (5.0±1.4 vs 4.1 ±1.0;P<.001) and native nails (4.9±1.3 vs 3.7±0.8;P<.001). More organisms were found on the surface of artificial nails than native nails (P=.008), but there were no differences noted in the quantities of organisms isolated from the subungual areas. In study 2, HCWs wearing artificial nails were more likely to have a pathogen isolated than controls (87% vs 43%;P=.001). More HCWs with artificial nails had gram-negative bacilli (47% vs 17%;P=.03) and yeasts (50% vs 13%;P=.006) than control HCWs. However, the quantities of organisms isolated from HCWs wearing artificial nails and controls did not differ.Conclusions:Artificial fingernails were more likely to harbor pathogens, especially gram-negative bacilli and yeasts, than native nails. The longer artificial nails were worn, the more likely that a pathogen was isolated. Current recommendations restricting artificial fingernails in certain healthcare settings appear justified.

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Macrophomina phaseolina isolated from gummosis infected citrus reticulata

2013 ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Rubal C Das ◽  
Rajib Banik ◽  
Robiul Hasan Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Golam Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative

Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the pathogenic organisms of gummosis disease of orange tree (Citrus reticulata). The pathogen was identified from the observation of their colony size, shape, colour, mycelium, conidiophore, conidia, hyaline, spore, and appressoria in the PDA culture. The crude chloroform extracts from the organism showed antibacterial activity against a number of Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The crude chloroform extract also showed promising antifungal activity against three species of the genus Aspergillus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude chloroform extract from M. phaseolina against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Shigella sonnie were 128 ?gm, 256 ?gm, 128 ?gm and 64 ?gm/ml respectively. The LD50 (lethal dose) values of the cytotoxicity assay over brine shrimp of the crude chloroform extract from M. phaseolina was found to be 51.79 ?gm/ml. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13378 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):125-133, 2010

Synthesis of Chalcones and Nucleosides Incorporating [1, 3, 4]Oxadiazolenone Core and Evaluation of their Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-679
Author(s):  
Alok K. Srivastava ◽  
Lokesh K. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Good Antibacterial Activity

Background: [1, 3, 4]oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of a variety of benzaldehyde derivatives, obtained from oxidation of substituted 5-(3/6 substituted-4-Methylphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one and various substituted acetophenone. The resultant chalcones were coupled with penta-O-acetylglucopyranose followed by deacetylation to get [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides. Various analytical techniques viz IR, NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis were used to confirm the structure of the synthesised compounds.The compounds were targeted against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for antibacterial activity and Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum for antifungal activity. Methods: A mixture of Acid hydrazides (3.0 mmol) and N, Nʹ- carbonyl diimidazole (3.3 mmol) in 15 mL of dioxane was refluxed to afford substituted [1, 3, 4]-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one. The resulted [1, 3, 4]- oxadiazole-2(3H)-one (1.42 mmol) was oxidized with Chromyl chloride (1.5 mL) in 20 mL of carbon tetra chloride and condensed with acetophenones (1.42 mmol) to get chalcones 4. The equimolar ratio of obtained chalcones 4 and β -D-1,2,3,4,6- penta-O-acetylglucopyranose in presence of iodine was refluxed to get nucleosides 5. The [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were tested to determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value with the experimental procedure of Benson using disc-diffusion method. All compounds were tested at concentration of 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, 0.62 mg/mL, 0.31 mg/mL and 0.15 mg/mL for antifungal activity against three strains of pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) and for antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterium: Escherichia coli (E. coli), and two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis). Result: The chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis whereas antifungal activity against A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas compounds 5a-t containing glucose moiety showed better activity against fungi. The glucose moiety of compounds 5 helps to enter into the cell wall of fungi and control the cell growth. Conclusion: Chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 incorporating [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core were synthesized and characterized by various spectral techniques and elemental analysis. These compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against three fungi; viz. A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. In addition to this, synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria E. Coli and gram positive bacteria S. aureus, B. subtilis. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas 5a-t showed better activity against fungi.

scholarly journals 1554. Epidemiology of Adult Bacterial Hand Infections at Two Urban Hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S777-S778
Author(s):  
Arsheena Yassin ◽  
Christine Stavropoulos ◽  
Krystina L Woods ◽  
Jiashan Xu ◽  
Justin Carale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Regimen ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Streptococcus Species ◽  
Urban Hospitals ◽  
Haemophilus Parainfluenzae ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

Abstract Background Hand infections represent a major source of morbidity, which can result in hand stiffness and amputation. Early appropriate empiric antibiotic regimen may reduce the associated morbidity, hence the importance to examine local epidemiology. The aim of this study was to define the current epidemiology of adult hand infections at two urban hospitals in New York City. Methods We performed a double center, retrospective study of adult patients hospitalized from March 2018 to May 2020. Patients with positive cultures associated with the hand infections were included. Retrospectively, 100 patients were reviewed. Data on baseline demographic, clinical, surgical, microbiology, and treatment parameters were collected. Results Of the 100 patients, 76% were male, with median age of 47.5 years (35, 58.25) and average C-reactive protein (CRP) of 50.66 mg/L (± 64.64) on admission (see Table 1). Previous hospitalization within 1 year (38%), previous surgical procedures (39%) and recent IV medication use (26%) were common. 130 bacterial isolates were identified (see Table 2). The most frequent organisms were Gram-positive, with Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, 25.38%), Streptococcus species (20.08%), and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, 15.38%) being the most common. Gram-negative organisms were infrequent, with Haemophilus parainfluenzae (3.85%), Enterobacter cloacae (3.85) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.08%) being the most prevalent. Of the 100 patients, 27% had polymicrobial infections, associated with trauma (6%), illicit IV use (6%) and unknown (7%) etiologies. Table 1: Baseline demographics and co-morbid conditions Table 2: Types and numbers of organisms in relation to etiologies Conclusion Within our population, the most common organisms associated with hand infections were Gram-positive, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species being the most prevalent. Gram-negative pathogens were infrequently isolated. The results within this study can provide guidance to clinicians on assessing the appropriate empiric antibiotic regimen in patients with hand infections, and can serve as a basis for further studies identifying risk factors associated with isolation of organisms associated with hand infections. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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