The Face of the Party: Party Leadership Selection, and the Role of Family and Faith

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292110115
Author(s):  
Vineeta Yadav ◽  
Amanda Fidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Organizational Leaders ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Leadership Selection ◽  
Family Networks ◽  
Democratic Leadership ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Face ◽  
Selection Practices

Political parties in developing country democracies are often characterized by undemocratic internal party practices, including for selecting party organizational leaders. Scholars identify institutional, party-level, and demographic factors as driving such practices. In this paper, we contribute to this research by considering the effect of two personal factors—personal religiosity and membership in a political family. Politicians act in accordance with personal values and strategic incentives. We argue religiosity influences both in ways that undermine support for democratic intra-party selection practices. We hypothesize that membership in a political family increases the undemocratic effects of high religiosity because it strengthens the capacity of highly religious dynasts to access and mobilize politically through religious and family networks. This strengthens their strategic independence from their party, leading them to support undemocratic leadership selection practices. We test this prediction for the case of Turkey using original data from a 2017 survey of 200 Turkish politicians. We find that religiosity is only associated with reduced support for democratic leadership selection practices among politicians who are members of political families. This result is robust to the inclusion of party-specific effects, religious party membership, and individual characteristics including support for political Islam.

Populist Parties in Lithuania: Curious Case of Party Order and Justice and its Leadership

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Jurkynas
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Leadership Selection ◽  
Political Careers ◽  
New Parties ◽  
Selection Rules ◽  
Electoral Support ◽  
The Face

AbstractThe article discusses conceptualisation of populism, Lithuania’s party system and electoral dynamics and their relation to the sustainability of populist parties. Special attention is given to Party Order and Justice, a former populist and protest party, and its leadership, namely to the issues related to scope and competencies of a leader’s intra-partisan power, leadership selection rules and history, development of leaders’ political careers and their electoral activity. The L ithuanian party system now exhibits moderate fragmentation without centrifugal tendencies. Voter volatility is still relatively high, yet the share of new parties has dropped to zero. The protest and populist parties in Lithuania went into the margins of political establishment. Popularity of the Order and Justice party has long been connected to the formerly impeached president Rolandas Paksas. His long-term leadership in the face of plummeting electoral support and an emphasis on his political martyrdom resulted in poor electoral performances, ensuing internal squabbles and his departure. Party Order and Justice’s internal regulations, however, remained favourable to strong leadership.

Emotional working memory load selectively increases negativity bias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Harp ◽  
Michael D. Dodd ◽  
Maital Neta
Keyword(s):  
Memory Load ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
The Face ◽  
Positive Valence

Cognitive resources are needed for successful executive functioning; when resources are limited due to competing demands, task performance is impaired. Although some tasks are accomplished with relatively few resources (e.g., judging trustworthiness and emotion in others), others are more complex. Specifically, in the face of emotional ambiguity (i.e., stimuli that do not convey a clear positive or negative meaning, such as a surprised facial expression), our decisions to approach or avoid appear to rely on the availability of top-down regulatory resources to overcome an initial negativity bias. Cognition-emotion interaction theories (e.g., dual competition) posit that emotion and executive processing rely on shared resources, suggesting that competing demands would hamper these regulatory responses towards emotional ambiguity. Here, we employed a 2x2 design to investigate the effects of load (low versus high) and domain (non-emotional vs. emotional) on evaluations of surprised faces. As predicted, there were domain-specific effects, such that categorizations of surprise were more negative for emotional than non-emotional loads. Consistent with prior work, low load (regardless of domain; i.e., domain-general) was associated with greater response competition on trials resulting in a positive categorization, showing that positive categorizations are characterized by an initial negativity. This effect was diminished under high load. These results lend insight into the resources supporting a positive valence bias by demonstrating that emotion-specific regulatory resources are important for overriding the initial negativity in response to emotional ambiguity. However, both domain-general and domain-specific loads impact the underlying processes.

Algorithm for computing the connectivity in planar kinematic chains and its application

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440622098050
Author(s):  
Wenjian Yang ◽  
Huafeng Ding ◽  
Andres Kecskemethy
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Distance Matrix ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Connectivity Matrix ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Kinematic Chains ◽  
Main Work ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mobility Matrix ◽  
Connectivity Constraint

The number of synthesized kinematic chains usually is too large to evaluate individual characteristics of each chain. The concept of connectivity is useful to classify the kinematic chains. In this paper, an algorithm is developed to automatically compute the connectivity matrix in planar kinematic chains. The main work is to compute two intermediate parameters, namely the minimum mobility matrix and the minimum distance matrix. The algorithm is capable of dealing with both simple-jointed and multiple-jointed kinematic chains. The present work can be used to automatically determine kinematic chains satisfying the required connectivity constraint, and is helpful for the creative design of mechanisms. The practical application is illustrated by taking the face-shovel hydraulic excavator for instance.

Mandible: evaluation of its morphology, aging process and sexual dimorphism for aesthetic treatment purpose

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Luiz Eduardo Toledo Avelar
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Mandibular Angle ◽  
Fractional Analysis ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Dynamic Quality ◽  
Base Of The Skull

The mandible is the most important bone structure of the facial makeup. Its morphology differs with respect to genetic factors, sexual dimorphism, and age. Among its particular characteristics is the ability to adapt with its counterpart, the base of the skull, conferring a dynamic quality of this bone, by the mechanism of constant remodeling. In order to understand the involvement of the mandible in the evaluation of the lower third of the face, a fractional analysis of its parts is necessary considering morphological parameters of the mandibular angle. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the importance of the mandible as an instrument in the analysis of the lower third of the face, allowing the accomplishment of aesthetic treatment, respecting the individual characteristics.

Subverting the Organizational Cartel: Explaining Cross-Party Leadership Selection in U.S. State Houses

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-483
Author(s):  
Matthew N. Green
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
State Level ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Leadership Selection ◽  
Majority Party ◽  
Party Ideology ◽  
Level I ◽  
Selection Of

In the U.S. House of Representatives, the majority party constitutes an organizational cartel that monopolizes the selection of chamber leaders. But in state legislatures, that cartel power is sometimes circumvented by a bipartisan bloc that outvotes the leadership preferences of a majority of the majority party. Drawing from an original data set of instances of cross-party organizational coalitions at the state level, I use statistical analysis to test various hypotheses for when these coalitions are more likely to form. The analysis reveals that party ideology does not adequately explain the violation of these cartels; rather, violations depend on the costs associated with keeping the party unified and the benefits that come from selecting the chamber’s top leadership post. This finding underscores the potential vulnerability of organizational cartels and suggests that governing parties are strategic when deciding how fiercely to defend their cartel power.

scholarly journals Quantile Coarsening Analysis of High-Volume Wearable Activity Data in a Longitudinal Observational Study

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 3056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Cheung ◽  
Pei-Yun Hsueh ◽  
Ipek Ensari ◽  
Joshua Willey ◽  
Keith Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Daily Physical Activity ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Partner Status ◽  
Versatile Tool

Owing to advances in sensor technologies on wearable devices, it is feasible to measure physical activity of an individual continuously over a long period. These devices afford opportunities to understand individual behaviors, which may then provide a basis for tailored behavior interventions. The large volume of data however poses challenges in data management and analysis. We propose a novel quantile coarsening analysis (QCA) of daily physical activity data, with a goal to reduce the volume of data while preserving key information. We applied QCA to a longitudinal study of 79 healthy participants whose step counts were monitored for up to 1 year by a Fitbit device, performed cluster analysis of daily activity, and identified individual activity signature or pattern in terms of the clusters identified. Using 21,393 time series of daily physical activity, we identified eight clusters. Employment and partner status were each associated with 5 of the 8 clusters. Using less than 2% of the original data, QCA provides accurate approximation of the mean physical activity, forms meaningful activity patterns associated with individual characteristics, and is a versatile tool for dimension reduction of densely sampled data.

The Role of Retinoids in Normal and Abnormal Embryonic Craniofacial Morphogenesis

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy M. Richman
Keyword(s):  
Craniofacial Development ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Development ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
Craniofacial Morphogenesis

The objective of this article is to evaluate the role of retinoids in the developing head and face. This article covers two lines of evidence that strongly support a role for retinoids in craniofacial development. First, the specific effects of exogenous retinoids on the head and face are covered and mechanisms for the specificity discussed. Second, the function of endogenous retinoids in facial development is discussed in relation to the distribution of retinoid-binding substances in the face. Finally, the interaction of retinoids with other genes known to be expressed in the face as well as other factors required for facial growth is discussed.

Returning to the parental home: Boomerang moves of younger adults and the welfare regime context

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowan Arundel ◽  
Christian Lennartz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
Parental Home ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Housing Career ◽  
Career Interruption ◽  
The Face ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
The Individual

Returns to the parental home represent a dramatic housing career interruption that can have significant social and economic implications. Interaction of individual characteristics with turning point shocks, such as unemployment or partnership dissolution, are key triggering events; however, housing disruptions are further embedded within variegated social, cultural and institutional contexts. Fundamental is the nature of the welfare regime, explaining norms surrounding co-residence as well as the amount and type of resources available. Through analyses using the Eurostat Longitudinal Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the research establishes a foundational understanding of how factors at both the individual as well as institutional and socio-cultural level moderate young adults’ housing interruptions across Europe. The results showed a significant welfare regime effect in outcomes of returned co-residence as well as evidence of differentiations across regimes in how individual characteristics and the experience of turning points related to returns. Higher return propensities were found among more familialistic contexts of Southern Europe and New Member States, while lower likelihoods were evident in the face of stronger state support and practices of earlier autonomy in Social Democratic and, to a lesser degree, intermediate Conservative regime contexts.

scholarly journals IS THERE DISCRIMINATION AMONG BRAZILIAN LAWYERS? A RANDOM-EFFECTS APPROACH

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (56) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Amorim Loureiro ◽  
Adolfo Sachsiada ◽  
Tito Belchior Silva Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Econometric Evidence ◽  
Over Time

The paper investigates the existence of discrimination amongst lawyers in the private sector of the Brazilian labor market. Using the random-effects approach to estimate earnings equations, combined with the Oaxaca-Ransom (1994, 1999) decomposition methodology, we test the hypothesis that wage differentials amongst lawyers are mostly due to gender discrimination. The econometric evidence shows that with the addition of the specific effects of time in the model, the unexplained share of the Oaxaca-Ransom (1994, 1999) decomposition (attributed to discrimination) is reduced over time comparatively to the share attributed to individual characteristics (endowments). In this context, our results indicate that there is gender discrimination amongst lawyers in Brazil.

scholarly journals How “Peasant Apartments” Could Undermine Rural Governance in China: Spatial Realignment, Moral Reconfiguration and Local Authority

2019 ◽  
Vol 242 ◽  
pp. 376-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Yep ◽  
Ying Wu
Keyword(s):  
Local Authority ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Political Challenge ◽  
The Face ◽  
To Come ◽  
Residential Pattern ◽  
China Today

AbstractA seismic change in the residential pattern is emerging in rural China today: traditional rural houses have been rapidly erased from the face of the countryside with large numbers of peasants being relocated to modern high-rise buildings. This process of “peasant elevation” has had a monumental impact on rural China. It redefines the entitlement to land use by the rural citizenry and negotiations for a new regime of property rights concerning land administration, while, most importantly, it undermines the position of the local state in rural China, whose authority is an aggregation of three distinctive elements: coercive power inherent in the state apparatus, control over economic resources, and resonance with local morality. Based on original data collected in Chongqing, Nantong and Dezhou, this paper argues that the comprehensive uprooting of the Chinese peasantry from the land and the resulting complications have caused moral disorientation among the relocated peasants and fragmentation of local authority. The difficulty in establishing community identity in the new setting has further undermined local governance. This may in turn trigger a wave of social and political tensions that may eventually turn out to be a major political challenge to the regime for years to come.

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