An International Study of Pro/Antisocial Behavior in Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Basto-Pereira ◽  
Inês Queiroz-Garcia ◽  
Laura Maciel ◽  
Isabel Leal ◽  
Maria Gouveia-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
International Study ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Meta Analyses

This article presents an international study of pro/antisocial behavior in young adults (SOCIALDEVIANCE1820). This is an ongoing cross-continental longitudinal research project that includes data and researchers from multiple countries across five continents. It aims to explore the intercultural universality of the risk and protective factors associated with pro/antisocial behavior and psychosocial adjustment during early adulthood. Researchers from all countries involved have already translated their questionnaires, selected an appropriate team, and started the data collection process. It is expected that this intercontinental longitudinal research project will have a tremendous social and scientific impact; this study will allow researchers to overcome many limitations of previous meta-analyses, such as limiting the applicability of data to developed countries and the bias caused by combining different assessment methods. Challenges in implementing cross-national studies, and the importance of this type of study to global policies, are discussed.

Corporal punishment and adult antisocial behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar J. Rebellon ◽  
Murray Straus
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
North America ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Social Concern ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
The Us

A wealth of research suggests that youth whose parents use corporal punishment are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior during childhood and adolescence. Questions remain, however, about: (a) whether this relationship extends reliably to samples outside the US and Canada; (b) whether corporal punishment is associated with antisocial behavior in adulthood rather than just childhood and adolescence; (c) whether the association depends on which parents use corporal punishment; and (d) what theoretical mechanisms account for the link between corporal punishment and antisocial behavior. The present study uses data collected from young adults in Asia, Europe, and North America to address each of these issues. Net of statistical controls, including retrospective measures of childhood misbehavior and abusive parenting, findings reveal that antisocial behavior in all three regions is higher among young adults who report experiencing corporal punishment in childhood. Overall, this relationship is least likely to emerge when corporal punishment comes only from fathers and most likely to emerge when it comes from both parents. Further, results suggest that self-control and social concern, but not conventional attitudes, mediate a portion of the association between retrospective reports of childhood corporal punishment and antisocial behavior in early adulthood.

scholarly journals Virtual mindfulness interventions to promote well-being in young adults: A mixed-methods systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Xu ◽  
Helen Jo ◽  
Leena Noorbhai ◽  
Ami Patel ◽  
Amy Li
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Mindfulness Interventions ◽  
Meta Analyses

ABSTRACTBackgroundWith the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, students have experienced drastic changes in their academic and social lives with ensuing consequences towards their physical and mental well-being. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify virtual mindfulness-based interventions for the well-being of young adults aged 15 to 40 years in developed countries and examine the efficacy of these techniques/exercises.MethodsThis mixed-methods systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with a registered PROSPERO protocol. With a convergent integrated synthesis approach, IEEE Xplore, PsychInfo, Web of Science and OVID were searched with a predetermined criteria and search strategy employing booleans and filters for peer-reviewed and grey literature. Data screening and extraction were independently performed by two authors, with a third author settling disagreements after reconciliation. Study quality of selected articles was assessed with two independent authors using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Studies were analyzed qualitatively (precluding meta and statistical analysis) due to the heterogeneous study results from diverse study designs in present literature.ResultsCommon mindfulness-based interventions used in the appraised studies included practicing basic mindfulness, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programs, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy programs (MBCT) and the Learning 2 BREATHE (L2B) program.ConclusionStudies implementing mindfulness interventions demonstrated an overall improvement in well-being. Modified versions of these interventions can be implemented in a virtual context, so young adults can improve their well-being through an accessible format.

scholarly journals Virtual mindfulness interventions to promote well-being in young adults: A mixed-methods systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Xu ◽  
Helen Jo ◽  
Leena Noorbhai ◽  
Ami Patel ◽  
Amy Li
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Mindfulness Interventions ◽  
Meta Analyses

BACKGROUNDWith the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, students have experienced drastic changes in their academic and social lives with ensuing consequences towards their physical and mental well-being. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify virtual mindfulness-based interventions for the well-being of young adults aged 15 to 40 years in developed countries and examine the efficacy of these techniques/exercises. METHODSThis mixed-methods systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines with a registered PROSPERO protocol. With a convergent integrated synthesis approach, IEEE Xplore, PsychInfo, Web of Science and OVID were searched with a predetermined criteria and search strategy employing booleans and filters for peer-reviewed and grey literature. Data screening and extraction were independently performed by two authors, with a third author settling disagreements after reconciliation. Study quality of selected articles was assessed with two independent authors using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Studies were analyzed qualitatively (precluding meta and statistical analysis) due to the heterogeneous study results from diverse study designs in present literature. RESULTSCommon mindfulness-based interventions used in the appraised studies included practicing basic mindfulness, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programs, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy programs (MBCT) and the Learning 2 BREATHE (L2B) program. CONCLUSIONStudies implementing mindfulness interventions demonstrated an overall improvement in well-being. Modified versions of these interventions can be implemented in a virtual context, so young adults can improve their well-being through an accessible format.

scholarly journals Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Adolescent Males

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula J. Fite ◽  
Adrian Raine ◽  
Magda Stouthamer-Loeber ◽  
Rolf Loeber ◽  
Dustin A. Pardini
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Negative Emotionality ◽  
Adolescent Males ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression ◽  
The Stability

There is limited knowledge about the unique relations between adolescent reactive and proactive aggression and later psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood. Accordingly, this study prospectively examined associations between adolescent (mean age = 16) reactive and proactive aggression and psychopathic features, antisocial behavior, negative emotionality, and substance use measured 10 years later in early adulthood (mean age = 26). Study questions were examined in a longitudinal sample of 335 adolescent males. Path analyses indicate that after controlling for the stability of the outcome and the overlap between the two subtypes of aggression, reactive aggression is uniquely associated with negative emotionality, specifically anxiety, in adulthood. In contrast, proactive aggression is uniquely associated with measures of adult psychopathic features and antisocial behavior in adulthood. Both reactive and proactive aggression uniquely predicted substance use in adulthood, but the substances varied by subtype of aggression. Implications for findings are discussed.

How adolescents and adults translate motivational value to action: Age-related shifts in strategic physical effort exertion for monetary rewards

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M Rodman ◽  
Katherine Powers ◽  
Catherine Insel ◽  
Erik K Kastman ◽  
Katherine Kabotyanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Monetary Reward ◽  
Physical Effort ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Adults titrate the degree of physical effort they are willing to expend according to the magnitude of reward they expect to obtain, a process guided by incentive motivation. However, it remains unclear whether adolescents, who are undergoing normative developmental changes in cognitive and reward processing, translate incentive motivation into action in a way that is similarly tuned to reward value and economical in effort utilization. The present study adapted a classic physical effort paradigm to quantify age-related changes in motivation-based and strategic markers of effort exertion for monetary rewards from adolescence to early adulthood. One hundred and three participants aged 12-23 years completed a task that involved exerting low or high amounts of physical effort, in the form of a hand grip, to earn low or high amounts of money. Adolescents and young adults exhibited highly similar incentive-modulated effort for reward according to measures of peak grip force and speed, suggesting that motivation for monetary reward is consistent across age. However, young adults expended energy more economically and strategically: whereas adolescents were prone to exert excess physical effort beyond what was required to earn reward, young adults were more likely to strategically prepare before each grip phase and conserve energy by opting out of low reward trials. This work extends theoretical models of development of incentive-driven behavior by demonstrating that layered on similarity in motivational value for monetary reward, there are important differences in the way behavior is flexibly adjusted in the presence of reward from adolescence to young adulthood.

Factors Related to Positive Memory Count Among Trauma-Exposed Individuals: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802110131
Author(s):  
Ateka A. Contractor ◽  
Stephanie V. Caldas ◽  
Megan Dolan ◽  
Nicole H. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
Memory Specificity ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Positive Memories

To examine the existing knowledge base on trauma experiences and positive memories, we conducted a scoping review of trauma and post-trauma factors related to positive memory count. In July 2019, we searched PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, and PTSDpubs for a combination of words related to “positive memories/experiences,” “trauma/posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),” and “number/retrieval.” Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria (adult samples, original articles in English, peer-reviewed, included trauma-exposed group or variable of trauma exposure, trauma exposure examined with a trauma measure/methodology, assessed positive memory count, empirical experimental/non-experimental study designs). Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, two authors reviewed abstracts, completed a secondary search, and independently extracted data. Our review indicated (1) that depression and PTSD were most researched; (2) no conclusive relationships of positive memory count with several psychopathology (depression, acute stress disorder, eating disorder, and anxiety), cognitive/affective, neurobiological, and demographic factors; (3) trends of potential relationships of positive memory count with PTSD and childhood interpersonal traumas (e.g., sexual and physical abuse); and (4) lower positive memory specificity as a potential counterpart to greater overgeneral positive memory bias. Given variations in sample characteristics and methodology as well as the limited longitudinal research, conclusions are tentative and worthy of further investigations.

scholarly journals Effect of Cocoa and Cocoa Products on Cognitive Performance in Young Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3691
Author(s):  
María Angeles Martín ◽  
Luis Goya ◽  
Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
Cocoa Products ◽  
Cocoa Flavanols

Increasing evidence support a beneficial role of cocoa and cocoa products on human cognition, particularly in aging populations and patients at risk. However, thorough reviews on the efficacy of cocoa on brain processes in young adults do not exist precisely due to the limited number of studies in the matter. Thus, the aim of this study was to summarize the findings on the acute and chronic effects of cocoa administration on cognitive functions and brain health in young adults. Web of Science and PubMed databases were used to search for relevant trials. Human randomized controlled studies were selected according to PRISMA guidelines. Eleven intervention studies that involved a total of 366 participants investigating the role of cocoa on cognitive performance in children and young adults (average age ≤25 years old) were finally selected. Findings from individual studies confirm that acute and chronic cocoa intake have a positive effect on several cognitive outcomes. After acute consumption, these beneficial effects seem to be accompanied with an increase in cerebral blood flow or cerebral blood oxygenation. After chronic intake of cocoa flavanols in young adults, a better cognitive performance was found together with increased levels of neurotrophins. This systematic review further supports the beneficial effect of cocoa flavanols on cognitive function and neuroplasticity and indicates that such benefits are possible in early adulthood.

Tokyo youth at leisure

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane J. Schiano ◽  
Ame Elliott ◽  
Victoria Bellotti
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
Initial Results

This article describes some suggestive findings on how young adults in Tokyo use mobile- and PC-based Internet resources outside of work or school. The primary interest is to explore leisure activities – and most notably, leisure outings – and how they are supported online. The findings presented here are initial results from an extensive research project designed to explore how Tokyo youth spend leisure time, and how they tend to coordinate, plan, and otherwise support leisure activities. The ultimate goal of the project is to help identify issues and opportunities for designing new online media to support leisure activities, especially leisure outings.

Qualitative longitudinal research: researching fatherhood and fathers’ experiences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Miller
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Transition To Motherhood ◽  
Transition To Fatherhood ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In

This chapter focuses on a qualitative longitudinal (QL) research project, Transition to Fatherhood, and later episodes of fathering and fatherhood experiences. It begins by exploring the research design of this study and considers the inherent gendered and other assumptions made in it, which mirrors an earlier research project on Transition to Motherhood. Following an examination of some of the methodological issues that arose during this qualitative longitudinal study, the chapter turns to reflect on the important question of what adding time into a qualitative study can do. It considers what happens when narratives collected in later interviews are incorporated into earlier analysis and findings as lives and fatherhood experiences change, as well as the benefits of researching individuals over time.

Grieving the Loss of Romantic Relationships in Young Adults: An Empirical Study of Disenfranchised Grief

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rostyslaw W. Robak ◽  
Steven P. Weitzman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Disenfranchised Grief ◽  
Grieving Process ◽  
Several Variables

Grief following lost romantic relationships during early adulthood has been identified as a form of disenfranchised grief. The present study examined several variables associated with the grieving process. College students (126) between the ages of eighteen and twenty-eight were asked to respond to a questionnaire and to complete the Loss version of the Grief Experience Inventory (GEI). Results of these surveys indicate that such grief is disenfranchised by family members (parents and siblings) but not by friends. Such grief experiences, as measured by the GEI, appear to be very similar to those following loss through death. Gender differences were not found, with the exception of three areas which have been substantially identified in previous research: as part of the grief experience, women reported greater feelings of loss of control, death anxiety, and less denial than did men. What factor(s) would lead young adults to seek counseling following such losses? No personality characteristics were able to predict this. The only variable to predict the seeking of counseling was a greater length of time spent in grief (11.9 months for those who sought counseling vs. 6.4 months for those who did not).

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