No Ticket To Ride: A Systematic Definition of Transit Insecurity

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1307-1311
Author(s):  
Andy Chen ◽  
Ilayda Karagoel ◽  
Noah Friedman-Biglin ◽  
Dan Nathan-Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Travel Distance ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

While the concept of ‘transit insecurity’ may seem self-explanatory, the phrase is not widely used in the current lexicon of city planning, public discourse, or in policy research. The term also lacks a widely accepted definition, scale, or metric of assessment. This scoping review will provide a definition, and explore metrics that demonstrate the extent to which a person or community is transit insecure. To arrive at this definition and set of metrics, a systematic search was conducted in three electronic databases for studies pertaining to transit insecurity. Articles were screened and assessed based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Over 200 articles were initially identified and after review, a total of 15 articles were included in the final analysis, ranging in publication from 2005 to 2020. There were four factors found to affect transit insecurities: income level; travel distance; duration; and accessibility. By examining the impact of transit insecurity we hope to shed light on these problems and assist in proposing and studying solutions to transit insecurity.

Interval Breast Cancers in the NHS Breast Screening Programme: Does the Current Definition Exclude Too Many?

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Faux ◽  
D C Richardson ◽  
G M Lawrence ◽  
M E Wheaton ◽  
M G Wallisconsultant
Keyword(s):  
Breast Screening ◽  
Interval Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Interval Cancers ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Screening Unit ◽  
Cancer Rates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Objectives— To examine the impact of the definition of interval breast cancers on interval cancer rates arising from the prevalent (first) screening round. Design— Interval breast cancers arising from the prevalent (first) screening round at the Warwickshire, Solihull and Coventry Breast Screening Unit (17 April 1989 to 31 March 1992) were identified by comparison of data held at the unit with records at the West Midlands Cancer Intelligence Unit. Exclusion criteria used in National statistics were applied to this sample to quantify their impact on achieved interval cancer rates. The round lengths experienced by individual women at the unit were determined from the prevalent and incident invitation dates for 155 women with incident (re-screen) breast cancers detected in the second round. Setting— Warwickshire, Solihull and Coventry Breast Screening Unit. Subects—59 017 women screened between 17 April 1989 and 31 March 1992 with a negative screening result and 155 women with incident screen detected cancers. Results— A total of 278 interval cancers were identified, giving an overall rate from the prevalent screening round of 47.1/10 000 women screened. Of these, 213 met the criteria used in the definition of interval cancers for National statistics and were termed “core” interval cancers. The overall “core” interval rate was 36.1/10 000 women screened, similar to interval cancer rates found in the north west of United Kingdom. Thus applying commonly used exclusion criteria produced a 23.4% reduction in the apparent interval cancer rate, with the largest decrease resulting from the exclusion of cancers arising at 36 months or more from the last screen. Conclusions— The exclusion criteria used in the definition of interval cancers have a significant impact on observed interval cancer rates. Of particular concern is the exclusion in the current National definitions of cancers arising at 36 months or more from the last screen, which may mask a problem with significant implications for the success of the NHSBSP.

The Grief and Bereavement Experiences of Informal Caregivers: A Scoping Review of the North American Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 082585972110522
Author(s):  
Neerjah Skantharajah ◽  
Carol Barrie ◽  
Sharon Baxter ◽  
M. Carolina Borja ◽  
Anica Butters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Informal Caregivers ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
The North ◽  
Current State ◽  
Grief And Bereavement ◽  
Hospice And Palliative Care ◽  
The Impact

Background Informal caregivers are a significant part of the hospice and palliative care landscape as members of the interdisciplinary care team. Despite this, little is known about the impact this responsibility has on informal caregivers’ experiences of grief and bereavement. To address this, a scoping review of the literature was conducted to explore the current state of knowledge toward grief and bereavement of informal caregivers of adult/geriatric patients in the hospice and palliative/end-of-life care realm within North America. Methods Using Arksey and O’Malley's 5-step framework, key electronic health care and social sciences databases (eg, CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFO) alongside gray literature sources were searched and screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria. A thematic content analysis was used to identify key themes. Results 29 articles met the final inclusion criteria with 3 central themes emerging: (1) mediators of grief, (2) grief experiences, and (3) types of grief. Discussion Informal caregivers encounter unique grief and bereavement experiences: The range of psychosocial outcomes, both negative and positive, can be affected by various mediators such as caregiver burden, demographics, disease type of the patient being cared for, etc. Bereavement interventions must be designed with the mediators of grief in mind. Conclusions Understanding the nuances of informal caregivers’ experiences with grief and bereavement will inform and advance practice, policy, and research. Practitioners/clinicians should be further educated on how to properly acknowledge the complexity of grief and bereavement for informal caregivers, specifically paying attention to mediators. Further research needs to consider the role of culture.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF YOGA ON FALL PREVENTION OUTCOMES IN ADULTS 50 YEARS AND OLDER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S289-S290
Author(s):  
Chinelo K Nsobundu ◽  
Margaret J Foster ◽  
Yan Hong
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Fall Prevention ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Ovid Medline ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fall Prevention Intervention

Abstract Falls constitute a multitude of injuries irrespective of age. To combat these challenges, older adults are encouraged to engage in recreational activities. Yoga has been identified as an effective physical activity to promote mobility and balance for older adults. This study aims to systematically review the literature about yoga as a fall prevention intervention and synthesize the outcomes. Major databases (Ovid Medline & CINAHL) were searched for relevant articles. Studies were included if they met the criteria of 1) being a face to face yoga program, 2) aimed to recruit participants 50 years or older, and 3) reported at least one fall-related outcome (e.g., balance, mobility, fear of falling) as a result of the yoga program. 57 studies were identified: 32 from Ovid Medline and 25 from CINAHL. After removing the duplicates and applying a strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were included in the final analysis. A detailed synthesis of the results will be presented and quality assessment of included articles will be performed using the Modified Downs and Black checklist which appraises the methodological quality of both randomized and non-randomized studies. More research is needed to understand the impact of yoga in preventing falls among older adults at least 50 years of age. Additionally, research should establish a gold standard index that identifies which specific yoga programs ( based on type- individual vs. group; hatha, iyengar, kundalini, ashtanga, and etc.; frequency, and duration) have an enhanced effect on fall prevention.

scholarly journals Defining Bilingualism in Infancy and Toddlerhood: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joscelin Rocha-Hidalgo ◽  
Rachel Barr
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Continuous Approach ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intercultural Exchange ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Controversy surrounds whether bilinguals have advantages in cognitive flexibility, memory, and metalinguistic ability or costs associated with language processing. However, mixed findings are difficult to interpret because of a lack of agreement on the definition of “bilinguals.” The aim of this quantitative descriptive scoping review is to provide an overview of the population and languages studied, and the methods and practices surrounding the definition of bilingualism in children three years and younger. From 530 articles, we identified 127 papers (167 studies) that met our predefined criteria, of which 144 studies provided some kind of definition for their bilingual population. The samples investigated were predominantly western in geographical origin and languages. Percent exposure was the most common method to measure bilingualism among infants and young children, with 20% and 25% the most used cut-off as the minimum requirement for children’s second language. We also analyzed the predictive value of these minimum cutoffs of bilingualism on the likelihood that studies reported a significant difference between monolinguals and bilinguals. The stricter the inclusion requirement for bilinguals was, the higher the odds of a study to report a difference between monolingual and bilingual children. We conclude that a lack of uniformity of definition in the field may be one factor that predicts whether or not significant differences are reported. Implications of these findings are discussed, and the following recommendations are provided. As globalization continues to foster migration and intercultural exchange, it is essential for developmental researchers to diversify their samples and language groups. We highly encourage researchers to carefully document the definitions and rationale for all their language groups and to consider analyzing the impact of bilingualism both from a categorical and continuous approach.

scholarly journals Medicalization Defined in Empirical Contexts – A Scoping Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieteke van Dijk ◽  
Marjan J. Meinders ◽  
Marit A.C. Tanke ◽  
Gert P. Westert ◽  
Patrick P.T. Jeurissen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shared Understanding ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time

Background: Medicalization has been a topic of discussion and research for over four decades. It is a known concept to researchers from a broad range of disciplines. Medicalization appears to be a concept that speaks to all, suggesting a shared understanding of what it constitutes. However, conceptually, the definition of medicalization has evolved over time. It is unknown how the concept is applied in empirical research, therefore following research question was answered: How is medicalization defined in empirical research and how do the definitions differ from each other? Methods: We performed a scoping review on the empirical research on medicalization. The 5 steps of a scoping review were followed: (1) Identifying the research question; (2) Identifying relevant studies; (3) Inclusion and exclusion criteria; (4) Charting the data; and (5) Collating, summarizing and reporting the results. The screening of 3027 papers resulted in the inclusion of 50 empirical studies in the review. Results: The application of the concept of medicalization within empirical studies proved quite diverse. The used conceptual definitions could be divided into 10 categories, which differed from each other subtly though importantly. The ten categories could be placed in a framework, containing two axes. The one axe represents a continuum from value neutral definitions to value laden definitions. The other axe represents a continuum from a micro to a macro perspective on medicalization. Conclusion: This review shows that empirical research on medicalization is quite heterogeneous in its definition of the concept. This reveals the richness and complexity of medicalization, once more, but also hinders the comparability of studies. Future empirical research should pay more attention to the choice made with regard to the definition of medialization and its applicability to the context of the study.

A Concrete Challenge for Territorial Governance in Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 258-270
Author(s):  
Sara De Martino
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
European Policy ◽  
European Level ◽  
Allocation Process ◽  
National Programmes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shed Light

Since 2008, the year of the impact of the financial and economic crisis in Europe, many decisional processes have been subjected to a progressive re-nationalization tendency. The last reforms of EU Cohesion Policy have included some measures—the definition of the plans and the allocation process of the funds through national programmes and the thematic concentration—that are considered the expression of the centralization of powers and competencies that challenge the whole complex system of governance relations in Europe. These centralized trends impacted the territorial governance, the place-based approach to regional development, and the role of regions in policy making itself. This chapter aims to shed light on a specific historical period in which it has been experimented a declining support for territorial approaches in European policy making by presenting a complete definition of concept of territorial governance and by deeply discussing the theoretical framework in which regions have started to activate themselves and to participate to decisional processes at European level.

Integrating oral health into prenatal care: a scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-310
Author(s):  
Abiola Adeniyi ◽  
Leeann Donnelly ◽  
Patricia Janssen ◽  
Cecilia Jevitt ◽  
Michael Siarkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

PurposeIntegrating preventive oral care into prenatal care is suggested as a strategy for reducing the burden of oral diseases among pregnant women and their offspring. This scoping review sought to synthesize available information and identify knowledge gaps on integrating oral health into prenatal care.Design/methodology/approachThe scoping review was conducted based on the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review framework using the following databases: CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline, ProQuest Dissertation and theses Global, Psychinfo and Web of Science®. No search limits were used. Content analysis of the included articles was performed to identify conceptual frameworks, types of integration used, study designs, study objectives and outcomes.FindingsOverall, 2,861 references were obtained from the databases search; and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria 35 references were included in the final analysis. Of these 35 references, one document presented a conceptual model, six documents reviewed guidelines for integrating oral health in prenatal care, two were policy documents aimed at interprofessional collaboration for oral health during pregnancy, eight documents described programs focused on providing oral care during pregnancy, five of the references were literature reviews and the remaining 13 evaluated the impact of integration. Linkages between healthcare professionals were the most common type of integration used.Research limitations/implicationsDespite advances in understanding integrated care concepts for healthcare delivery, there is little evidence available on the impact of the various types of, and strategies for, integrating oral health into prenatal care. Future research to bridge the identified gaps is recommended.Originality/valueThe originality of this study is to provide evidence on integrated oral healthcare during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Parent-led strategies supporting personal well-being when caring for a child with a life-limiting condition: A scoping review

2021 ◽  
pp. 136749352110261
Author(s):  
Sarah Oakley ◽  
Helena Dunbar ◽  
Kay de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Limiting Condition ◽  
The Impact

The objectives of this review were to identify strategies initiated by parents of children with life-limiting conditions to support their own well-being at home and to describe the impact of these strategies on parental well-being. A systematic scoping review was performed using PRISMA-ScR guidelines, identifying 15 relevant studies that fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were no studies that specifically assessed how parents support their own well-being; however, the 15 identified studies did provide pertinent data secondary to the primary aims of each study. This resulted in the identification of 14 parent-initiated strategies which were grouped thematically into 4 categories: (i) social experience and peer support, (ii) information and management techniques, (iii) reframed perspectives and (iv) prioritising own needs. Overall, there was some evidence of parents initiating specific, individualised and useful strategies to supporting their well-being. Notably lacking was any empirical evaluation as to the effectiveness of these strategies and the wider factors associated with them. Further research is required to assess how parents support their personal well-being in daily life and how these strategies can be implemented alongside service-initiated support to ensure full parental well-being.

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health and wellbeing, and beyond: A scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-138
Author(s):  
Jane Spiteri
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Children’S Mental Health ◽  
Children's Mental Health ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Difficult Times ◽  
The Impact

The major threat of COVID-19 has become a priority to education and health systems worldwide. This scoping review reports on, and analyses, the literature pertaining to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s mental health and wellbeing, and the resources needed to assist them in these difficult times. The findings of this literature review point out the impacts of the pandemic on the mental health and wellbeing of children hailing from different socio-economic backgrounds, as well as the impacts on families and schools. They also highlight how lockdown, quarantine, social distancing, social media and the measures needed to prevent the spread of infection can negatively affect children’s mental health and wellbeing. Consequently, cautionary measures that minimise these impacts on children, and recommendations for policy, research and practice are discussed.

85 Exploring reporting of ethno-racial identity and immigration status in published studies on children new to Canada: An integrative scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. e61-e62
Author(s):  
Bonnie Cheung ◽  
Pardeep Kaur ◽  
Shazeen Suleman ◽  
Ripudaman Minhas
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Access To Care ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Immigration Status ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Primary Subject area Global Child and Youth Health Background Children immigrating to Canada may face racism and xenophobia depending on their ethno-racial background and immigration status. In Canada, immigration statuses include economic or family immigrants, resettled government or privately sponsored refugees, or asylum seekers, while some have no formal immigration status, otherwise considered undocumented. Research supporting newcomer child health should account for their immigration status and ethno-racial identity to capture the impact of discrimination. Objectives To critically examine the reporting of ethno-racial data and immigration status in published literature on the health needs of newcomer children to Canada. Design/Methods An integrative scoping review was performed, using the methodological framework outlined by Arksey & O’Malley. A literature search in Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane Central for articles published until July 2019 was conducted. Inclusion criteria were original research studies on newcomer children (0-18 years) in Canada in English or French from 2009 onwards. After undergoing title and abstract review, we extracted descriptions of participant immigration status and ethno-racial identity. Results 4147 articles were identified. After removal of duplicates, 2632 articles underwent title and abstract review, with a kappa-statistic of 0.93, suggesting high inter-rater agreement. Seventy-five studies were included in the final analysis. Overall, there were no consistent descriptions of immigration status or ethno-racial identity. Of the 75 articles included for final analysis, only 27% (20/75) described their participants’ immigration status in some capacity; the majority (75%) of these did not separate out participants by their immigration status (15/20) and of these, 67% combined all types of refugee and economic immigrant statuses together (10/15). With respect to ethno-racial data, the majority of studies (65%, 49/75) did not report on their participants’ ethno-racial identities. Of those that did, 65% (17/26) reported their participants’ ethnicity alone, while only 15% (4/26) reported their race alone and 19% (5/26) reported both race and ethnicity. Conclusion Our scoping review demonstrates that many studies focusing on newcomer children to Canada do not consistently collect and analyze their participants’ immigration status or ethno-racial identity. In doing so, studies may falsely conflate the experiences of newcomer children and ignore the impact of racism and xenophobia on their access to care, leading to worsening stigma and access to care. We suggest that research that often informs evidence-based guidelines for newcomer children should consider immigration status and ethno-racial identity to consider the impact of xenophobia and racism and improve health outcomes.

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