Risk of pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin and filgrastim

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1638-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Laprise-Lachance ◽  
Pierre Lemieux ◽  
Jean-Pierre Grégoire
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Pulmonary Toxicity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Germ Cell Cancer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Objectives To estimate the relative risk of pulmonary toxicity in patients exposed to a bleomycin-based chemotherapy including filgrastim compared to a similar chemotherapy without filgrastim. Methods We conducted a nested case–control study of patients treated with BEP (bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin) for germ cell cancer or with ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) for Hodgkin’s lymphoma at the Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis Hospital between 31 October 2000 and 30 June 2016. The relative risk was estimated by an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) using a propensity score-adjusted regression analysis. Results Thirteen cases of pulmonary toxicity, representing 14.7% of the 88 patients included in the study, were matched with 65 controls. A higher proportion of women (31.8%) than men (11.3%) developed pulmonary toxicity although the difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.08). Within the cohort, two deaths related to lung toxicity were observed among cases where no filgrastim was used. The risk of pulmonary toxicity associated with the addition of filgrastim was not statistically significant (aOR = 2.48 95% CI = 0.50 to 12.19). Conclusion The results add further evidence that the concomitant use of filgrastim might not increase the risk of pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin. It also suggests that female patients might be more likely to develop this adverse effect. A clinical trial would be needed to confirm this result.

scholarly journals Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with childhood diarrhoea in Colombia, South America

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (05) ◽  
pp. 372-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Gilberto Gomez-Duarte ◽  
Yesenia Carolina Romero-Herazo ◽  
Carol Zussandy Paez-Canro ◽  
Javier Hernando Eslava-Schmalbach ◽  
Octavio Arzuza
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Childhood Diarrhoea ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Control Study

Introduction: Intestinal Escherichia coli pathogens are major causes of diarrhoeal disease in children under five years of age worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of E. coli pathotypes with childhood diarrhoea in Colombia. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted in 815 samples from children younger than five years of age in Cartagena, Colombia (466 cases and 349 controls). Controls were randomly selected 1:1 to cases, to obtain 349 cases and 349 controls. Results: This study revealed that 27 (7.44%) cases and 12 (3.43%) controls were positives for any of the E. coli pathotypes. The difference observed was statistically significant indicating that E. coli pathotypes were associated with cases of childhood diarrhoea. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was the most common pathotype associated with childhood diarrhoea. Additional E. coli pathotypes were also identified. Conclusions: We conclude that after the adjustment by age, sex and socioeconomic stratum, the odds ratio obtained by logistic regression shows an association between infection with ETEC and childhood diarrhoea.

The Case-Control Study in Psychiatry

1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn Lewis ◽  
Anthony J. Pelosi
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Control Study

Case-control studies involve ‘cases' being compared to ‘controls' with respect to ‘exposures', possible aetiological (or associated) factors. Associations between a disease and an exposure can be explained by chance, reverse causality, confounding and biases or, lastly, by causality. However, confounders as well as information and selection biases can be adjusted for at the design (or analysis) stage of the study. The strength of an association can be measured by means of relative risk, calculated indirectly using the odds ratio. Well conducted control studies should produce accurate estimates of relative risks in many psychiatric investigations.

Two Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis Associated with Monte Cristo Sandwiches

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1568-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENEE RIDZON ◽  
PATRICIA KLUDT ◽  
JOSEPH PEPPE ◽  
KHALIL SHARIFZADEH ◽  
SUSAN LETT
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
Control Study

We report on two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis which occurred in 1992; both were associated with Monte Cristo sandwiches. The first outbreak, which occurred in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, was investigated as a case-control study, and involved 74 persons. The second outbreak, investigated as a cohort study, occurred in Brewster, Massachusetts, and involved 32 persons. Monte Cristo sandwiches were strongly implicated in both outbreaks; the odds ratio in the case-control study was 43, and the relative risk in the cohort study was 13. Food-preparation procedures were reviewed and food handlers were educated about safe food-preparation practices. Because of the short grilling time for Monte Cristo sandwiches, (usually several minutes) the eggs used in the preparation may only be partially cooked. As a result, this food should be viewed as high risk for S. enteritidis. Pasteurized eggs should be used to prepare Monte Cristo sandwiches, especially in a commercial setting.

scholarly journals A Nested Case-Control Study of Midgestation Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Severe Preeclampsia

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 5105-5109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Baker ◽  
Sina Haeri ◽  
Carlos A. Camargo ◽  
Janice A. Espinola ◽  
Alison M. Stuebe
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Severe Preeclampsia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Context: Vitamin D may be important in the pathogenesis of severe preeclampsia. Given the few effective preventive strategies for severe preeclampsia, studies establishing this link are needed so that effective interventions can be developed. Objective: Our objective was to assess whether midgestation vitamin D deficiency is associated with development of severe preeclampsia. Design and Setting: We conducted a nested case-control study of pregnant women who had previously given blood for routine genetic multiple marker screening and subsequently delivered at a tertiary hospital between January 2004 and November 2008. Patients: Participants included women with singleton pregnancies in the absence of any chronic medical illnesses. From an overall cohort of 3992 women, 51 cases of severe preeclampsia were matched by race/ethnicity with 204 women delivering at term with uncomplicated pregnancies. Banked maternal serum was used to measure maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome was severe preeclampsia. Results: Midgestation maternal 25(OH)D concentration was lower in women who subsequently developed severe preeclampsia compared with controls [median (interquartile range), 75 (47–107) nmol/liter vs. 98 (68–113) nmol/liter; P = 0.01]. Midgestation maternal 25(OH)D of less than 50 nmol/liter was associated with an almost 4-fold odds of severe preeclampsia (unadjusted odds ratio, 3.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.52–8.65) compared with midgestation levels of at least 75 nmol/liter. Adjustment for known confounders strengthened the observed association (adjusted odds ratio, 5.41; 95% confidence interval, 2.02–14.52). Conclusion: Maternal midgestation vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased risk of severe preeclampsia. Vitamin D deficiency may be a modifiable risk factor for severe preeclampsia.

Case-control and case-cohort studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-180
Author(s):  
Bendix Carstensen
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

This chapter addresses Case-control and case-cohort studies. In a Case-control study, one samples persons based on their disease outcome, so the fraction of diseased persons in a Case-control study is usually known (at least approximately) before data collection. In a cohort (follow-up) study, the relationship between some exposure and disease incidence is investigated by following the entire cohort and measuring the rate of occurrence of new cases in the different exposure groups. The follow-up records all persons who develop the disease during the study period. Implicit in this is that the relevant exposure information is available at all times for all persons under follow-up. The chapter then looks at the statistical model for the odds ratio, before differentiating between odds ratio and rate ratio. It also considers confounding and stratified sampling; individually matched studies; and nested Case-control studies.

scholarly journals Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study in Israel

2017 ◽  
Vol 187 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raanan Raz ◽  
Hagai Levine ◽  
Ofir Pinto ◽  
David M Broday ◽  
Yuval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Distributed Lag Model ◽  
Lag Model ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that perinatal air pollutant exposures are associated with increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but evidence for traffic pollutants outside the United States is inconclusive. We assessed the association between nitrogen dioxide, a traffic pollution tracer, and risk of ASD. We conducted a nested case-control study among the entire population of children born during 2005–2009 in the central coastal area of Israel. Cases were identified through the National Insurance Institute of Israel (n = 2,098). Controls were a 20% random sample of the remaining children (n = 54,191). Exposure was based on an optimized dispersion model. We estimated adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression and a distributed-lag model. In models mutually adjusted for the 2 periods, the odds ratio per 5.85-parts per billion (ppb) increment of nitrogen dioxide exposure during pregnancy (median, 16.8 ppb; range, 7.5–31.2 ppb) was 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.59, 1.00), and the odds ratio for exposure during the 9 months after birth was 1.40 (95% confidence interval: 1.09, 1.80). A distributed-lag model revealed reduced risk around week 13 of pregnancy and elevated risk around week 26 after birth. These findings suggest that postnatal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in Israel is associated with increased odds of ASD, and prenatal exposure with lower odds. The latter may relate to selection effects.

scholarly journals Parent and Teacher-Reported Child Outcomes Seven Years After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Nested Case Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Jones ◽  
Nicola Starkey ◽  
Suzanne Barker-Collo ◽  
Shanthi Ameratunga ◽  
Alice Theadom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Emotional Adjustment ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Mild Tbi ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Background: Increasing evidence suggests potential lifetime effects following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood. Few studies have examined medium-term outcomes among hospitalized and non-hospitalized samples. Study aims were to describe children's behavioral and emotional adjustment, executive function (EF), quality of life, and participation at 7-years following mild TBI using parents' and teachers' reports.Methods: Nested case control study of 86 children (68% male, mean age at assessment = 11.27 years; range 7–17 years) who sustained a mild TBI 7-years previously, identified from a prospective, population-based study. They were compared to 69 children free from TBI (61% male, mean age at assessment = 11.12 years; range 5–17 years). In addition to parent-reported socio-demographic details, parents (mild TBI n = 86, non-TBI n = 69) completed age-appropriate standardized questionnaires about children's health-related quality of life, behavioral and emotional adjustment, EF, and social participation. Parents own mood was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Teachers (mild TBI n = 53, non-TBI n = 42) completed questionnaires about children's behavioral and emotional adjustment, and EF.Results: Parent reports showed median group-level scores for cases were statistically significantly greater than controls for emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, total behavioral difficulties, inhibitory control, shifting, planning/organizing, and Global Executive Composite (total) EF difficulties (p-values 0.001–0.029). Parent reports of child quality of life and social participation were similar, as were teacher reports of child behavioral and emotional adjustment, and EF (p > 0.05). When examining clinical cut-offs, compared to controls, cases had a higher risk of parent-reported total EF difficulties (odds ratio = 3.00) and, to a lesser extent, total behavior problems (odds ratio = 2.51).Conclusions: As a group, children with a history of mild TBI may be at elevated risk for clinically significant everyday EF difficulties in the medium-term compared to non-TBI controls, as judged by their parents. Further multi-informant longitudinal research is required, following larger samples. Aspects requiring particular attention include pre-injury characteristics, such as sleep disturbances and comorbidities (e.g., headaches), that may act as potential confounders influencing the association between mild TBI and child behavioral problems.

Valproic Acid After Neurosurgery Induces Elevated Risk of Liver Injury: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 106002802110555
Author(s):  
Jinlin Guo ◽  
Jiuhong Ma ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Xingang Li ◽  
Hongming Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Trough Concentration ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Optimal Cutoff ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Glasgow Score ◽  
Control Study

Background Valproic acid (VPA) has been widely used to prevent epileptic seizures after neurosurgery in China. We have found that the incidence of liver injury (LI) in patients using VPA after neurosurgery is higher than that in other patients. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors of LI in patients using VPA after neurosurgery. Methods A nested case-control study was conducted in patients using VPA after neurosurgery between September 2019 and March 2021. Cases of LI were matched to controls by age and body mass index (BMI). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate matched odds ratios representing the odds of LI. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the optimal cutoff condition. Results A total of 248 people (62 LI and 186 control) were enrolled. Among patients with vs without LI, the matched odds ratio for trough concentration of VPA was significant (matched odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.19). The course of treatment (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33), Glasgow score (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.10-0.67), gene polymorphisms of CYP2C19 (OR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.03-146.93), and UGT1A6 (OR: 34.61, 95% CI: 1.19-1003.23) were all related to the outcome. The optimal cutoff of the course of treatment was 10 days, while the trough concentration of VPA was determined to be 66.16 mg/L. Conclusion Length of treatment, VPA trough concentration, and Glasgow score were associated with LI in patients after neurosurgery. A gene test may be necessary for people who are prescribed VPA for a long time.

scholarly journals Metronidazole-associated Neurologic Events: A Nested Case-control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Daneman ◽  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Tara Gomes ◽  
Jun Guan ◽  
Muhammad M Mamdani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Case reports have described instances of peripheral and central nervous system toxicity during treatment with metronidazole; however, no large-scale studies have examined this association. Methods We conducted a population-based nested case-control study of adults aged 66 years or older living in Ontario, Canada, between 1 April 2003 and 31 March 2017. Cases were individuals who attended hospital for any of cerebellar dysfunction, encephalopathy, or peripheral neuropathy within 100 days of a prescription for either metronidazole or clindamycin. We matched each case patient with up to 10 event-free control subjects who also received metronidazole or clindamycin. We used conditional logistic regression to test the association between metronidazole exposure and neurologic events, with clindamycin as the reference exposure. Results We identified 1212 cases with recent use of either metronidazole or clindamycin and 12 098 controls. Neurologic adverse events were associated with an increased odds of metronidazole exposure compared to clindamycin (odds ratio [OR], 1.72 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.53–1.94]), which persisted after accounting for patient demographics, comorbidities, and other medication exposures (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.43 [95% CI, 1.26–1.63]). We found a consistent association limited to either central (aOR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.27–1.68]) or peripheral (aOR, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.02–1.76]) nervous system events. Among metronidazole recipients, the overall incidence of neurologic events at 100 days was approximately 0.25%. Conclusions Metronidazole is associated with an increased risk of adverse peripheral and central nervous system events relative to clindamycin. Clinicians and patients should be aware of these rare but potentially serious adverse events.

Is pain associated with premature mortality in patients with psoriatic arthritis? A nested case–control study using the DANBIO Register

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Vela ◽  
Rene Lindholm Cordtz ◽  
Salome Kristensen ◽  
Christian Torp-Pedersen ◽  
Kristian Kjær Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Objectives It has been hypothesized that the presence of chronic pain causes excess mortality. Since chronic pain is prevalent among patients with PsA this potential association should be explored. We aimed to investigate whether higher cumulative pain intensity is associated with an excess mortality risk in patients with PsA. Methods A nested case–control study using data from the nationwide DANBIO Register (Danish Database for Biological Therapies in Rheumatology) Register and Danish healthcare registers. Cases were patients who died and corresponding to the date of death, matched on sex, year of birth and calendar period at the time of death with up to five controls. Exposure of interest was mean pain intensity reported during the time followed in routine rheumatology practice. Pain intensity was measured using a visual analogue scale from 0 to 100 and conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds of mortality per 5 unit increase in pain while adjusting for confounders. Results The cohort consisted of 8019 patients. A total of 276 cases were identified and matched with 1187 controls. Higher mean pain intensity was associated with increased odds of mortality [odds ratio 1.06 (95% CI 1.02, 1.10)] in the crude model, but there was no association [odds ratio 0.99 (95% CI 0.95, 1.03)] when adjusting for additional confounders. Factors shown to increase the odds of mortality were recent glucocorticoid use, concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer and cardiovascular disease. Conclusion These results indicate that experienced pain in itself is not associated with premature mortality in patients with PsA. However, recent glucocorticoid use and concurrent comorbidities were.

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