Methodology optimization for the analysis of phenolic compounds in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 520-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Fuente-Maqueda ◽  
Ana Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Majada ◽  
Belén Fernández ◽  
Isabel Feito
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Acid Methanolysis

Phenols are bioactive substances of great interest because of their involvement in plant physiology, their use in many industrial processes, and their impact on human health. This work aims to summarize the varied approaches to the phenolic analysis of chestnut (bark and wood of trunk and branches, leaves, catkins, burs, and fruit) and to collate the optimal conditions into an easy to follow and execute protocol. Phenolic compounds were extracted by solid–liquid extraction and separated by liquid–liquid extraction. Total phenols content was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu assay, condensed tannins by vanillin assay, and hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins and ellagitannins) by high-performance liquid chromatography quantification of methyl gallate and ellagic acid following acid methanolysis. The lowest temperature for conservation (–80 ℃), lyophilization, and milling (liquid N2) were the most effective pretreatments for samples. For quantification of tannins, the use of water clearly reduced the sensitivity of the analysis of condensed tannins, whilst the more efficient degradation capacity of sulfuric acid improved the methanolysis of hydrolyzable tannins. These findings were validated using a range of chestnut tissues, and thus confirm the utility and effectiveness of this easy to implement, cost-effective, and efficient protocol.

scholarly journals Hydrolyzable Tannins from Sweet Chestnut Fractions Obtained by a Sustainable and Eco-friendly Industrial Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margherita Campo ◽  
Patrizia Pinelli ◽  
Annalisa Romani
Keyword(s):  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Test Range ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

Sweet Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) wood extracts, rich in Hydrolyzable Tannins (HTs), are traditionally used in the tanning and textile industries, but recent studies suggest additional uses. The aim of this work is the HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS characterization of Sweet Chestnut aqueous extracts and fractions obtained through a membrane separation technology system without using other solvents, and the evaluation of their antioxidant and antiradical activities. Total tannins range between 2.7 and 138.4 mM; gallic acid ranges between 6% and 100%; castalagin and vescalagin range between 0% and 40%. Gallic Acid Equivalents, measured with the Folin-Ciocalteu test, range between 0.067 and 56.99g/100g extract weight; ORAC test results for the marketed fractions are 450.4 and 3050 μmol/g Trolox Equivalents/extract weight. EC50 values, measured with the DPPH test, range between 0.444 and 2.399 μM. These results suggest a new ecofriendly and economically sustainable method for obtaining chestnut fractions with differentiated, stable and reproducible chemical compositions. Such fractions can be marketed for innovative uses in several sectors.

scholarly journals Reduction in Spoilage Microbiota and Cyclopiazonic Acid Mycotoxin with Chestnut Extract Enriched Chitosan Packaging: Stability of Inoculated Gouda Cheese

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1645
Author(s):  
Kristi Kõrge ◽  
Helena Šeme ◽  
Marijan Bajić ◽  
Blaž Likozar ◽  
Uroš Novak
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Cyclopiazonic Acid ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Penicillium Commune ◽  
Gouda Cheese ◽  
Spoilage Microflora

Active chitosan-based films, blended with fibrous chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) tannin-rich extract were used to pack Gouda cheese that has been contaminated with spoilage microflora Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, and fungi Penicillium commune. A comprehensive experimental plan including active chitosan-based films with (i) chestnut extract (CE), (ii) tannic acid (TA), and (iii) without additives was applied to evaluate the film′s effect on induced microbiological spoilage reduction and chemical indices of commercial Gouda cheese during 37 days while stored at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively. The cheese underwent microbiology analysis and chemical assessments of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) (cyclopiazonic acid), pH, and moisture content. The biopackaging used for packing cheese was characterized by mechanical properties before food packaging and analyzed with the same chemical analysis. The cheese microbiology showed that the bacterial counts were most efficiently decreased by the film without additives. However, active films with CE and TA were more effective as they did not break down around the cheese and showed protective properties against mycotoxin, moisture loss, and pH changes. Films themselves, when next to high-fat content food, changed their pH to less acidic, acted as absorbers, and degraded without plant-derived additives.

scholarly journals Effects of hydrolyzable tannin extract obtained from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) against bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in Thai Friesian dairy cows

2021 ◽  
pp. 2427-2433
Author(s):  
Tipwadee Prapaiwong ◽  
Wuttikorn Srakaew ◽  
Chalong Wachirapakorn ◽  
Chaiwat Jarassaeng
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Tannin Extract ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannin ◽  
Sweet Chestnut ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

Background and Aim: Hydrolyzable tannins are an important group of secondary plant metabolites, which are known for antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to assess the efficiency with which a hydrolyzable tannin extract from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) could inhibit mastitis-causing bacteria in vitro. Materials and Methods: The negative control used was sterile water, and the positive controls were penicillin and gentamicin. The treatments included five concentrations of hydrolyzable tannins (63, 190, 313, 630, and 940 mg/mL). In cows with subclinical mastitis, the bacteria causing the disease were isolated and identified. Then, the antibacterial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract was assessed by the disk diffusion method, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and by determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: Penicillin inhibited (p<0.01) the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but could not inhibit (p>0.05) the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, gentamicin and hydrolyzable tannins could inhibit (p<0.01) all isolated bacteria. Increasing the concentration of hydrolyzable tannin extract resulted in a quadratic increase in the inhibition zone diameter of S. aureus and S. agalactiae and a linear increase in the inhibition zone diameter of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa. In addition, 630 and 940 mg/mL of hydrolyzable tannin extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae and E. coli (p<0.01), while 940 mg/mL concentration had the highest antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae (p<0.01). The MIC and MBC of the extract were 27.3-190 mg/mL and 58.8-235 mg/mL, respectively, with the MBC: MIC ratio being 2:1. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract against subclinical mastitis bacteria was comparable to the antibiotics (positive controls) at concentrations over 630 mg/mL. Although these in vitro findings are promising, further research is needed to determine whether hydrolyzable tannins could be used to control or prevent subclinical mastitis in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Effect of the Application Time of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) on Marquette Wine Phenolic Compounds

Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Yiliang Cheng ◽  
Jennifer Rae Savits ◽  
Aude Annie Watrelot
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Grape Varieties

Cold-hardy interspecific hybrid grape varieties (Vitis spp.) have distinctive chemical compositions such as high acidity, a high content of anthocyanin diglucoside and a low condensed tannins content, compared to Vitis vinifera varieties. Considering the importance of phenolic compounds on the quality of red wine, a mechanical maceration technique, accentuated cut edges (ACE), has been evaluated when applied directly to crushed grapes (ACE-C), and 24 h before pressing (ACE-P), to improve the extraction of phenolic compounds. Samples were collected at crushing, bottling, and after five months of aging. Phenolic compounds and color characteristics of the wines were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array and fluorescence detectors and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The color intensity, non-anthocyanin monomeric compounds and total iron-reactive phenolics content increased after applying ACE, compared to the control (CTL) after aging, and was significantly higher (37%) after ACE-C, compared to ACE-P. However, the concentration of condensed tannins was below the limit of detection in all the samples, indicating that ACE did not help their extraction or further interactions occurred with disrupted cell wall material. Applying ACE at crushing was considered as the optimum time to achieve a higher color stability in Marquette red wines.

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN CULTIVARS OF CASTANEA SATIVA MILL.

2009 ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Mujić ◽  
S. Dudaš ◽  
J. Živković ◽  
J. Tomin ◽  
Z. Zeković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill

scholarly journals Polyphenolic Characterization of Grape Skins and Seeds of Four Italian Red Cultivars at Harvest and after Fermentative Maceration

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guaita ◽  
Bosso
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Monomer Composition ◽  
Polyphenolic Composition ◽  
Grape Skins ◽  
Red Grape

Agro-industry byproducts can still contain large amounts of phenolic compounds, and one of the richest sources are grape skins and seeds as grape pomace, both fermented (red winemaking) and unfermented (white winemaking). The residual polyphenolic content depends on various factors such as grape variety, vintage, and winemaking technique. In this work, four red grape varieties cultivated in northern Italy were studied: Albarossa, Barbera, Nebbiolo, and Uvalino. The work was aimed at studying the polyphenolic composition of skins and seeds from fresh grapes and from the corresponding pomace after fermentative maceration, to assess the actual importance of the varietal differences when processing winemaking byproducts for the extraction of phenolic compounds. The skin and seed extracts were prepared by solvent extraction with a 50% hydroalcoholic solution. The polyphenolic composition of all extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); the content and the monomer composition of condensed tannins were determined by phloroglucinolysis; the antioxidant capacity was measured with the ABTS (2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonate)) method. The antioxidant capacity was higher for the seeds than for the skins, and it was positively correlated with the condensed tannins content. Significant differences in polyphenolic composition of fresh grape skins and seeds were observed between the different cultivars. In particular, Barbera and Albarossa skins were significantly distinguished from Nebbiolo and Uvalino skins for a higher content of anthocyanins and a lower content of vanillin-reactive flavans and condensed tannins; regarding seeds, Barbera and Albarossa had a lower content of vanillin-reactive flavans, proanthocyanidins, and condensed tannins than Nebbiolo and Uvalino. The winemaking process extracted the phenolic compounds to a different extent from skins and seeds, regardless of the cultivar. The differences between cultivars in the polyphenolic profile disappeared after fermentative maceration.

scholarly journals Development of an Innovative Pressurized Liquid Extraction Procedure by Response Surface Methodology to Recover Bioactive Compounds from Carao Tree Seeds

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Jhunior Abrahan Marcía Fuentes ◽  
Lucía López-Salas ◽  
Isabel Borrás-Linares ◽  
Miguel Navarro-Alarcón ◽  
Antonio Segura-Carretero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Pressurized Liquid Extraction ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Functional Ingredients ◽  
Tree Seeds

Nowadays there are evidences from several studies which have revealed the protective effects of food against chronic diseases. These healthy properties have been related to bioactive compounds. Among bioactive substances, the scientific interest in phenolic compounds has stimulated multidisciplinary research on the composition of plant phenolic compounds. The aim of this work has been to determine the bioactive composition of Carao tree seeds (Cassia grandis) and to optimize the recovering of these compounds for developing functional ingredients. To achieve this goal, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) has been applied to recover these phytochemicals. The optimization of this innovative extraction procedure was performed by a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design 23 model to address the bioactive compounds extraction. Phenolic compounds recovered by PLE were characterized using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). Analytical characterization allowed the identification and quantitation of phenolic compounds belonging to hydroxybenzoic acids and flavonoids (flavonols, flavanols, flavanones and proanthocyanidins). Phytochemical concentrations were used as response variable in order to get the best extraction conditions. These results pointed out that Carao tree seeds can be a potential source of bioactive compounds and PLE extracts could be used as functional ingredients.

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