What Drives Gender Differences in Trust and Trustworthiness?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 778-805
Author(s):  
Shagata Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Societal Structure ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity

This study examines the underlying factors that drive gender differences in trust and trustworthiness. Is gender difference in trust behavior motivated by variations in social context and gender norms? I study this question by conducting trust experiments in comparable and neighboring matrilineal and patrilineal societies in India. I find that the matrilineal subjects are more trusting than the patrilineal ones, although there is substantial heterogeneity across gender. In the matrilineal society, men are significantly more trusting but no more trustworthy than women, while in the patrilineal society, men are neither more trusting nor more trustworthy than women. My findings thus suggest that societal structure is crucially linked to the observed gender differences in trust and trustworthiness.

Abstract 3499: Ethnic and Gender Differences in Large and Small Artery Elasticity: Results of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A Duprez ◽  
David Herrington ◽  
Darryl Prime ◽  
Pamela Ouyang ◽  
Graham R Barr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Arterial Elasticity ◽  
Small Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
And Gender

Background: Arterial stiffness is a surrogate marker for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; it may help account for ethnic and gender differences in cardiovascular risk. Objective: We examined the large and small artery elasticity (LAE, SAE) according to ethnicity and gender in the large MESA cohort study. Methods: A total of 3293 women and 3000 men aged 45– 84 years free of clinically recognized cardiovascular disease were recruited in 6 US communities from white, African American, Hispanic, and Chinese ethnicity. Pulse wave contour registration at the radial artery was performed in all subjects in a supine position using radial tonometry. LAE and SAE were derived from diastolic pulse contour analysis. Results: A strong gradient of arterial elasticity was seen per decade of age, about 1.2 ml/mmHgx10 for LAE and 0.7 ml/mmHgx100 for SAE. Table 1 presents mean levels of LAE and SAE, both unadjusted and simultaneously adjusted by regression for age, race/ethnicity, gender, center and education. We also adjusted for variables used in the estimation of arterial elasticity (height, heart rate, blood pressure and BMI), thus examining the information unique to the pulse wave contour. Much of the gender difference in arterial elasticity is explained by the gender difference in height. After adjustment LAE did not differ by ethnicity, but African Americans had lower levels of SAE. Conclusions: African Americans free of overt cardiovascular disease have lower SAE but not different LAE compared to white, Chines and Hispanic ethnicity. This reduced SAE may indicate earlier vascular disease in African Americans than in other groups. Table 1

Transgender Language, Transgender Moment: Toward a Trans Linguistics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lal Zimman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Gender Variant ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Linguistic Justice ◽  
Queer Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Voice

This chapter sketches out trans linguistics as an emerging framework for research on language in populations defined by their deviation from gender norms. Although queer linguistics has always been concerned with both sexual and gender (non)normativity, some early queer linguistic analyses of transgender or otherwise gender-variant populations were limited by the absence of openly trans scholars and distinctively trans analytic perspectives. Trans linguistics, by contrast, centers trans practices and subjectivities not as rare exceptions, but as central to any understanding of gender. Three domains of language are discussed here, including grammatical gender, gender difference in the voice, and gender in discourse. In each case, trans linguistic research offers new perspectives on gendered power, the nature of categories, the significance of embodiment, and the linguistic navigation of persistent dehumanization. Crucially, trans linguistics is committed not only to trans analytic lenses, but also to social and linguistic justice for gender non-normative communities.

scholarly journals Gender differences in cognitive performance and health status in the Faroese Septuagenarians cohort

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Skaalum Petersen ◽  
Fróði Debes ◽  
Philippe Grandjean ◽  
Pál Weihe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
And Gender

Abstract The aim was to determine cognitive performance and health status in the Faroese Septuagenarians cohort in relation to gender differences. In this cross-sectional study of 713 Faroese septuagenarians who underwent a clinical, neurophysiological and neuropsychological examinations and questionnaire, women performed better on tests covering the memory domain, while there was no gender difference in other cognitive domains. Men suffered more frequently from cardiovascular events while women more frequently suffered from arthrosis, hypothyroidism and muscle pain. We observed a considerable heterogeneity and gender difference in some cognitive domains and health in Faroese septuagenarians.

scholarly journals Self-efficacy and Attitude toward Mathematics: A Multigroup Invariance Analysis and Gender Difference

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Elizar Elizar ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Darmawan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
T Test ◽  
Male Students ◽  
P Value ◽  
Attitude Scales ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Mathematics Self Efficacy

This article aims to examine multigroup invariance of Mathematics Self-efficacy and Attitude Scales (MSAS) and examine gender differences of MSAS across gender. 1135 (630 female and 505 male) Year 9 students in Aceh, Indonesia were involved in the study. The analysis of invariance is conducted to examine whether the items in the MSAS are operating equivalently between Year 9 female and male students in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. The analysis discovered the evidence of multigroup equivalence of the MSAS across gender (p value is not statistically significant or ∆CFI ≤ 0.01). An independent t-test found that attitude toward mathematics is significantly different between female and male students. Females have a more positive attitude toward mathematics. This study may be used as one of the evidences as for the needs to enhance male students attitude toward mathematics

Shame and interpersonal sensitivity: Gender differences and the association between internalized shame coping strategies and interpersonal sensitivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus B. T. Nyström ◽  
Emilie Kjellberg ◽  
Ulrica Heimdahl ◽  
Bert Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Interpersonal Sensitivity ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Internalized Shame ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender

The present study investigated gender differences in interpersonal sensitivity and internalized shame coping strategies in 252 undergraduate students. To measure interpersonal sensitivity and shame coping strategies, the self-assessment forms Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure and Compass of Shame Scale were used. The analyses revealed that compared to men, women display interpersonal sensitivity to a higher degree, and they use internalized shame coping strategies to a greater extent. The results also showed that interpersonal sensitivity is highly correlated with shame coping strategies. However, in contrast to earlier research, no gender difference was found, and gender did not significantly mediate the association between interpersonal sensitivity and internalized shame coping. These results could aid clinicians and researchers in promoting, designing, delivering, and evaluating treatments for patients with, for example, depression, anxiety, and interpersonal and/or relational problems.

Undergraduates' day-to-day lying behaviors: Implications, targets, and psychological characteristics

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1329-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su-Lin Chiu ◽  
Fu-Yuan Hong ◽  
Shao-I Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Significant Gender Difference ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

We analyzed undergraduates' (N = 232) day-to-day lying behavior in order to explore the frequency of occurrence, kinds of lying behavior, and gender differences, and to analyze the relationship between lying behaviors and individual undergraduates' psychological characteristics. We developed a questionnaire and analyzed the results using descriptive statistics, t tests, and Pearson product-moment correlation analysis. Results showed that the undergraduates' day-to-day behavior could be divided into the following 5 types of lying: excuse, absenteeism, cheating, negative, and spending. More than 80% of the undergraduates said they had told a lie in a day-to-day situation within the 1-year period covered in this study. There was no significant gender difference in any aspect of the undergraduates' day-to-day lying behavior, although there was a significant correlation between day-to-day lying behavior and negative psychological characteristics.

scholarly journals Pyrazinamide-induced hepatotoxicity and gender differences in rats as revealed by a 1H NMR based metabolomics approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Zhao ◽  
Zhi-Hong Si ◽  
Ming-Hui Li ◽  
Lei Jiang ◽  
Yong-Hong Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Metabolic Profiles ◽  
And Gender

Pyrazinamide disturbed the metabolic profiles of rats with gender difference, with regard to metabolic pathways related to its hepatotoxicity.

Pleasantness-Unpleasantness of Environmental Sounds and Gender Difference in Evaluation

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Shimai ◽  
Kazuhiko Fukuda ◽  
Masaharu Terasaki
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Environmental Sounds ◽  
Lecture Room ◽  
Emotional Evaluation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Musical Sounds

The present experiment examined emotional evaluation of 40 environmental sounds which were presented to 388 college students in a lecture room. Students were required to rate pleasantness-unpleasantness, to identify the sounds, and to rate their confidence about their identifications. Analysis showed that the pleasant sounds were natural and musical sounds and that the unpleasant sounds were sounds of a belch, of a dentist's drill, and of scratching on a blackboard. It is interesting that for pleasant sounds confidence was always high, which suggested that emotional evaluation of the environmental sounds was closely related to the confidence of observers in their identifications of the sounds. Gender differences were noted on the ratings on pleasantness-unpleasantness of environmental sounds, that is, women evaluated the pleasant sounds as more pleasant than men, and men evaluated the unpleasant sounds as not so unpleasant as did women.

scholarly journals Gender difference in antidiuretic response to desmopressin

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (5) ◽  
pp. F1116-F1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Vinter Juul ◽  
Bjarke Mirner Klein ◽  
Rikard Sandström ◽  
Lars Erichsen ◽  
Jens Peter Nørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Dose Recommendation ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Safe Dose ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Increased age and female gender are well-known risk factors for the development of desmopressin-induced hyponatremia. However, little focus has been on exploring gender differences in the antidiuretic response to desmopressin. Based on an exploratory analysis from three clinical trials, we report a significant gender difference in the effects of desmopressin on nocturnal urine volume that could not be explained by pharmacokinetic differences. Mean desmopressin concentration profiles were tested for covariates, and age and gender were not statistically significant and only weight was significant for log(Cmax) ( P = 0.0183) and borderline significant for log(AUC) ( P = 0.0571). The decrease in nocturnal urine volume in nocturia patients treated with desmopressin over 28 days was significantly larger for women at the lower desmopressin melt doses of 10 and 25 μg than for men. The ED50 for men was modeled to be 43.2 μg and 16.1 μg for women, with the ED50 men/women estimated to be 2.7 (1.3–8.1 95% CI), corresponding to significantly higher sensitivity to desmopressin in women. An increasing incidence of hyponatremia with increasing dose was found, and at the highest dose level of 100 μg decreases in serum sodium were approximately twofold greater in women over 50 yr of age than in men. A new dose recommendation stratified by gender is suggested in the treatment of nocturia: for men, 50- to 100-μg melt is an efficacious and safe dose, while for women a dose of 25 μg melt is recommended as efficacious with no observed incidences of hyponatremia. Areas for further research are proposed to uncover pathophysiological mechanism(s) behind these gender differences.

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