The ethics of child-soldiering in the Congo

Young ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Young Men ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Failed States ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Armed Group ◽  
Personal Gain ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
The Right

In cutting-edge conflict theory, ‘young men’ are framed as a potential source of violence and insecurity in underdeveloped countries, especially in the so-called ‘failed states’. Supposedly, ‘young men’ bereft of socio-economic opportunities constitute a dangerous sub-population which can easily be recruited by ‘Spoilers’, or warlords when the pursuit of personal gain through the use of violence is rational; that is, in situations where the state has failed and therefore has no monopoly over the means of violence. Drawing on fieldwork among the Maï-Maï of South Kivu, I challenge the notion that the young fighters of the Maï-Maï were easily lured into the militias because they lacked other exit strategies. Recruitment actually followed a much more complex pattern. The young Maï-Maï fighters were either forcefully recruited or joined voluntarily for one or more of the following reasons: in order to exact vengeance on the ‘enemy’, for personal protection; to fight for national liberation; to protect a given community; for the right to enjoy the spoils of modernity; and to recast a disempowered and humiliated self into a vigorous and virile subject. In this article, therefore, I argue that recruitment into a non-state armed group was a question of ethics instead of the machinations of a universal instinct secretly at work.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the self-esteem level of physical development of young men and young women from different age groups

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
O. Marchenko ◽  
O. Kholodova ◽  
K. Zaiets
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right

Describes a complex of methods for the implementation of scientific research, the information of those who were researched is represented, methodology and methods of the research are described.Covers a wide range of problems, in particular a comprehensive study of motivation for both physical activity (needs, interests, self-conception, performance, leisure and factors of a healthy lifestyle), and for learning and succeeding.Objective: to study gender peculiarities and differences in self-description of physical development of schoolchildren. Material: The study involved schoolchildren of 5-11 grades (n = 638), among them: young men - 282, girls - 386. Correlation analysis of self-description of subjective indexes of physical development of schoolchildren has been conducted. Results: Using the results of the testing “Self-description of physical development”. It was found out that the correlational connection of indicators of self-description of the physical development of respondents of all ages have certain gender differences. We found that general self-esteem of boys of primary school age is affected by more indicators than of the girls. Young men associate with their own self-esteem and physical qualities: coordination and flexibility. Girls associate their health with physical activity and their own physical abilities. Conclusions: The obtained results of the scientific experiment give us the right to assert the existence of age and gender differences between the indicators of self-description of boys and girls who are engaged in and not engaged in sports. The study of self-assessment of physical boys and girls of different ages helped to draw conclusions about common and different priorities of the motivational sphere of physical culture and sports in gender and age.

scholarly journals The Use of Force, Wars of National Liberation and the Right to Self-Determination in the South Ossetian Conflict

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran O'Reilly ◽  
Noelle Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
The South ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
International Attention ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe 2008 conflict in South Ossetia, involving both Georgian and Russian armed forces, attracted much international attention and debate. This article seeks to analyse the international legal framework regarding the use of force which should have applied to this conflict. It will first look at the history of, and circumstances surrounding, the South Ossetian conflict, and then examine the jus ad bellum regarding wars of national liberation and aggression. The concept of intervention to protect nationals abroad will also be discussed. These legal paradigms will then be applied to the events of August 2008 in the region of South Ossetia to analyse the legality of the use of force in this conflict.

Critique of Heron's Directional-Reading Conflict Theory of Scanning

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fudin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Slight Modification ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Right Visual Field ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

Heron (1957) proposed a theory of scanning of tachistoscopically presented alphabetical stimuli. It provided a unifying framework to interpret the disparate results obtained when a target is exposed such that half of it is in the left visual field and half in the right visual field, and when arrays are presented laterally, i.e., either in the right or left field. The theory basically holds that eye-movement tendencies established through reading are also operative in covert scanning because tachistoscopically exposed material is encoded in a manner similar to the way it is read. This paper accepts this position but offers a critical evaluation of Heron's ideas as to the manner in which these tendencies function. This discussion and a reexamination of the role of these tendencies in reading lead to the conclusion that they operate sequentially, not simultaneously, as Heron contended. A slight modification in Heron's theory is offered in light of this conclusion.

“The Case of Two Boys,” Gender, and Justice in Late Soviet Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 245-274
Author(s):  
Rhiannon Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Bias ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Village Women ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Town

This article examines a criminal case from 1966–1969 concerning a crime that took place in 1965 in the town of Izmalkovo outside of Moscow. Two young men were charged and eventually acquitted for the rape and murder of their female classmate. Their trial drew the attention of jurists and journalists from the capital, as well as scrutiny from the highest judicial and party organs in addition to the ire of local villagers. Two accounts remain of the trial: one written in 1969 by a Moscow journalist, Olga Chaikovskaia, well-known for her writings on crime and law throughout the late Soviet period, and the other penned over a decade later by Dina Kaminskaia, one of the defense lawyers in the trial and later notorious for her advocacy on behalf of prominent dissidents. Both of these women, in describing their defense of the young men, employed gendered conceptions of justice and legality in order to criticize or condemn the Soviet justice system and its agents. And yet Kaminskaia’s and Chaikovskaia’s narratives reveal that, in spite of deep divisions between people from different classes, localities, and with disparate education levels, both urban intelligentsia elite women and the simple village women who heartily opposed them could still have a remarkable degree of faith in the criminal justice system well into the era of “stagnation.” What interested the women from the capital in this case was their perception that the highest organs of Soviet power were involved in these boys’ prosecution, and that their convictions were a foregone conclusion. What kept them coming back to Izmalkovo after repeated set-backs, was the hope that, with the right arguments and evidence, and in spite of the political bias working against them, that justice could nonetheless be achieved for the boys. On this count, they were correct.

scholarly journals Finnish attitudes towards immigrants in 1987-1999

2000 ◽  
pp. 129-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Jaakkola
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Contact Theory ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
The Unemployed

The attitudes of Finns towards foreigners were more negative during the time of widespread unemployment in 1993 than before (1987) or afterwards (1998-1999). Interviews with about 1000 person representing the entire population showed that the most educated and those who were personally acquainted with migrants were more positive - in accordance with the contact theory - than the others in their attitudes toward refugees and foreign job seekers and all the ethnic groups mentioned. Those with little education, pensioners, the unemployed, men supporters of the Central Party and those living in rural areas had more negative attitudes and believed - in accordance with the conflict theory - that they would take jobs and social benefits away from the Finns. In 1998 over one-third of the young men living in the rural areas supported the actions of skinheads against immigrants.

scholarly journals Ward renovation and PPE use procedures to protect medical staff from COVID-19 infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 554-558
Author(s):  
Zhengze Lin ◽  
Hongmei Shu ◽  
Dongping Jiang ◽  
Yanlan He ◽  
Hongtao Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Staff ◽  
General Ward ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Personal Protection Equipment ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Late Stages

In the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, many cross-infections occurred due to the limited number of wards and insufficient medical staff, which could not cope with the large number of patients visiting the hospital. A series of new infection control measures were implemented in our institution and a Wuhan hospital supported by our medical team, mainly including temporarily transforming the general ward into a passage for the staff to enter the infectious ward and standardizing the procedure for the wearing and removal of personal protection equipment (PPE). These measures significantly improved the situation, and no member of our medical staff was infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the middle and late stages of the disease epidemic. We hope that these experiences can provide references for medical institutions that may face an outbreak of COVID-19, especially those in underdeveloped countries and regions.

scholarly journals Supporting girls and young women victims of sexual harassment in schools: “me and you and everyone we know”

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Goodman ◽  
Melania Calestani
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Right

Purpose This study aims to highlight an innovative project, across three European countries, namely, Italy, Sweden and Romania, that used pictorial designs to empower young women to demand the right to live without sexual harassment. Design/methodology/approach Abstract figures in terms of race and gender of young people were produced on cards, which allowed the imagination of the viewer to interpret and discuss these images freely. Other cards had definitions and scenarios. The cards generated discussion and comments both with the young participants and educational professionals. Findings Using the cards produced a rich set of responses from the students. Not all recognised that what was happening between young men and women was sexual harassment. There was a need to develop the concept of empathy and personal responsibility for behaviour and etiquette between the sexes. The response from professionals also varied in terms of sympathy and understanding. Research limitations/implications The three countries had different degrees of openness to addressing sexual harassment of girls in schools. The results may not be generalisable to the UK and researchers would like to use the tool developed in other countries. Practical implications The focus groups with young people in schools highlighted different attitudes towards sexual harassment in girls and young women, between the young women and young men, and the variations in the three countries. There was a need to educate professionals of the long-term impact of sexual violence and harassment. Social implications The research revealed the importance of producing a tool (the cards), which enabled young people to discuss sexual harassment in a focused way. Young women will gain in confidence to challenge sexual and oppressive behaviour. Originality/value This paper gives a voice to young people to discuss an issue, sexual harassment, that is addressed to varying degrees in the countries involved. The competition for young people to produce posters led to some amazing creative ideas.

scholarly journals Fundamental life motivations and prerequisites for their realization in young men

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-159
Author(s):  
I M Ulyukin ◽  
N M Pilnik ◽  
V N Emelyanov ◽  
V N Bolekhan ◽  
E S Orlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Psychosocial Adaptation ◽  
Existential Crisis ◽  
Professional Health ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
The Right

Аbstract. Quality of life of young men in the view of existential compliance is considered. In its most general form, the term «existence» means «specifically human way of being», the main characteristic of which is the freedom of choice, that is the way of being a person, when he is constantly in a situation that asks him: «How does a man will be a person in this situation?». А person’s subjective assessment of his life was investigated by the technique of A. Langle and K. Orgler «Scale of Existence» in 42 practically healthy young men (24,12±1,1 years). Scores diagnosed on such scales as Self-distancing, Self-Transcendence, Freedom, Responsibility, Personality, Existentiality, and Fulfillment testify to the absence of grounds for the development of existential crisis (for a crisis of subjective evaluation of one’s own life). Thus, with the right medical and psychological support of young people, they have the ability to cope with themselves and with the world, and the feasibility of interaction with the internal and external demands and proposals presented to circumstances, correlating with their own values. At the same time, one should keep in mind that a possible conflict can lead to nervous breakdowns, decrease in the level of professional health (a professional fitness). In order to prevent this, it is necessary to identify persons at risk and prevent possible psychosocial adaptation disorders in advance, using direct methods of psychodiagnostic. To this end, both methods of psycho-counseling and solving personal problems through the provision of advice or other assistance are recommended.

scholarly journals PENAFSIRAN SURAT AN-NISA’ AYAT 34 TENTANG KEPIMPINAN DALAM AL-QURAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Makmur Jaya
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Personal Gain ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Right

This study aims to determine the theory used by Ibn 'Asyur in interpreting Qs. An-Nisa 'verse 34, as well as describing Ibn' Asyur's interpretation of Qs. An-Nisa 'verse 34 about leadership in the Alquran. This study uses a qualitative method, the data is sourced from the library (library research). To reveal the contents of Ibn 'Asyur's interpretation of QS. An-Nisa verse 34 seen from the munasabah theory. The results of this study can be concluded that QS. An-Nisa verse 34 discusses the superiority of men to be entitled to be leaders, because Allah has exaggerated their class from some other groups. Certain groups often cut this verse for personal gain as a statement of legitimacy that men have the right to become leaders. However, Ibn 'Asyur's tafsirat-tahrir wa tanwir has explained more broadly with his theory of interpretation, that this statement is not true, because in the next sentence Allah explains the husband's obligations towards his wife or family and the actions of the nusyuz wife. Therefore QS. An-Nisa is not talking about leadership in general, but leadership in this verse speaks to the family circle.

scholarly journals ASSUMPTIONS ON SOCIAL SUCCESS AND MOTIVATION IN YOUTHFUL AGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Olga Kobzeva ◽  
Olga Tuzova
Keyword(s):  
Professional Competence ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Social Success ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Motivation

The problem of social success has not been considered as an independent one in Psychology for a long time, but it has been included in the structure of research related to effective communication, social status and professional competence. The increased interest in it is due to the growing attention to the problem of personality changes, an increase in the environmental “challenges” to human abilities, as well as the need to quickly respond to changes in society. The authors study the role of social success in the structure of mental development of the personality; define the determinants that affect its formation and development. The purpose of research is to study the correlation between the level of motivation for success and assumptions on social success among youthful age. The study involved 258 respondents (99 young men and 159 young ladies aged 18 to 21 years). The researchers used a psychodiagnostic method, including two techniques (the “Successful person” method by G.R. Khuzeeva, the method of diagnosing motivation for success by T. Ehlers, in adaptation of E.P. Belinskaya), methods of mathematical and statistical analysis, a genetic method. The results of the study showed that the assumptions on social success in youthful age is associated with getting education, self-confidence, determination, hard work. The authors revealed the relationship between the learners’ level of motivation for success and their assumptions on social success. In a group of young men with a high level of motivation for success, assumptions on social success are associated with the activity aspect (diligence, one’s own activity, responsibility) and the humanistic orientation (well-disposed, responsive, able to sacrifice). Respondents with a low level of motivation for success have a material orientation in the image of success (careerist, entrepreneurial, has connections with the right people).  

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