scholarly journals The Impact of History of Aggression and Alcohol Use on Aggressive: Responding in the Laboratory

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117822181988432
Author(s):  
Kathrin Ritter ◽  
Samantha J Lookatch ◽  
Megan R Schmidt ◽  
Todd M Moore
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
High Aggression ◽  
Aggression Questionnaire ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Online Measures

The current study examines how different levels of past aggression combined with self-reported levels of alcohol use impacted lab-based aggressive responding. Data were collected from 160 male undergraduate college students. Participants completed online measures of drinking (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) and past aggression (Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire) prior to a lab session assessing aggressive responding [Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP)]. Regression analyses revealed participants with “high” levels of past alcohol use and a history of “high” aggression were more likely to respond aggressively on the PSAP, a trend primarily driven by those with a history of physical aggression. For proactively aggressive participants, the risk for aggressive responding is greater in individuals with a history of physically aggressive behavior as they report higher alcohol use, relative to those “low” in past aggression. The interaction of alcohol use and past aggression was associated with continued aggressive behavior.

The Mental Health of U.S. Parents During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-335
Author(s):  
Margaret R. Lamar ◽  
Megan Speciale ◽  
Lisa K. Forbes ◽  
Courtney Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Problem Alcohol Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Evidence suggests parents experience unique pandemic-related stressors related to isolation, food insecurity, school closures, and unemployment. This study examined 1,048 U.S. parents’ depression, anxiety, stress, and alcohol and substance use behaviors during March and April 2020 to better understand the impact of pandemic-related conditions on parents’ mental health. Mean scores indicated severe levels of depression and stress and extremely severe anxiety. Nearly two thirds (74.7%) indicated alcohol use in the past month, with 26.5% scoring in the range for problem alcohol use. Almost half of the sample reported using at least one substance in the previous 2 weeks. Men had significantly higher alcohol consumption and substance use than women. Depression, anxiety, and stress were higher for parents who consumed alcohol or substances and had a history of depression or anxiety. The long-term impact of COVID-19 is unknown, and mental health care is likely to be in high demand moving forward.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Subfield Volumes in Abstinent Men and Women with a History of Alcohol Use Disorder

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayle S. Sawyer ◽  
Noor Adra ◽  
Daniel M. Salz ◽  
Maaria I. Kemppainen ◽  
Susan M. Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Immediate Memory ◽  
Drinking History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAlcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with abnormalities in hippocampal volumes, but these relationships have not been fully explored with respect to sub-regional volumes, nor in association with individual characteristics such as gender differences, age, and memory. The present study examined the impact of those variables in relation to hippocampal subfield volumes in abstinent men and women with a history of AUD. Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3 Tesla, we obtained brain images from 67 participants (31 women) with AUD and 63 healthy control (NC) participants (30 women) without AUD. We used Freesurfer 6.0 to segment the hippocampus into 12 regions. These were imputed into mixed models to examine the relationships of brain volume with AUD group, gender, age, drinking history, and memory. The AUD group had approximately 5% smaller CA1, hippocampal tail, and molecular layer regions than the NC group. Age was negatively associated with volumes for the AUD group in the hippocampal tail, subiculum, and presubiculum. The relationships for delayed and immediate memory with hippocampal tail volume differed for AUD and NC groups: Higher scores were associated with smaller volumes in the AUD group, but larger volumes in the NC group. Length of sobriety was associated with decreasing CA1 volume in women (0.02% per year) and increasing volume size in men (0.03% per year). These findings confirm and extend evidence that AUD, gender, age, and abstinence differentially impact volumes of component parts of the hippocampus. The course of abstinence on CA1 volume differed for men and women, and the differential relationships of subregional volumes to age and memory could indicate a distinction in the impact of AUD on functions of the hippocampal tail.

scholarly journals Leveraging the Prolific Platform for Substance Use Research: Recommendations for Repeated Assessment and Psychometric Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasey Stanton ◽  
Ryan Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Mental Health Issues ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psychometric Studies

We present data from multiple samples demonstrating the Prolific platform’s potential for efficiently collecting data for substance use research involving repeated assessments, including for psychometric research requiring large samples. First, we present data from a 5-day daily diary protocol. We recruited a large sample (N = 321 at Day 1) screened for a history of self-identified mental health issues and weekly alcohol use. Participant adherence was good (82%) even without in-person contact. Alcohol use patterns conformed to theoretical expectations: Participants were more likely to drink on Fridays and Saturdays than other days, men drank more than women, and higher Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; Saunders et al., 1993) scores were associated with an increased likelihood of use and more overall drinking. Second, we present data from 429 Prolific participants screened for a history of mental health issues who completed assessments 2 weeks apart with strong retention (N = 377; 88%). We compare these data with data from undergraduates (N = 529) to demonstrate Prolific’s utility for conducting psychometrically-oriented substance use research. Internal consistency estimates for measures from the Prolific data matched or exceeded those from the undergraduate data. Furthermore, measure scores showed strong temporal stability, and factor structures (e.g., AUDIT item level structures) conformed to theoretical expectations. Collectively, findings indicate that Prolific can be used successfully for repeated measures data collection. We also provide recommendations for using Prolific to target participant recruitment for repeated measures studies, especially in the areas of psychometric and substance use research.

Evaluative Attitudes May Explain the Link Between Injunctive Norms and Sexual Aggression

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052092630
Author(s):  
Chloe I. Pedneault ◽  
Kevin L. Nunes ◽  
Chantal A. Hermann ◽  
Kristen White
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Sexual Aggression ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Sexually Aggressive ◽  
Male Undergraduate ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

The current study examined the extent to which evaluative attitudes toward sexual aggression (i.e., positive or negative evaluative judgments about sexually aggressive behavior) mediate the association between injunctive norms (i.e., extent to which peers approve or disapprove of sexually aggressive behavior) and self-reported sexual aggression against women. Participants were 200 male undergraduate students. Approximately one in four males reported engaging in at least one sexually aggressive act since the age of 16. Participants with a history of sexual aggression also reported the highest likelihood of engaging in sexually aggressive behavior in the future. We tested two separate mediation models to examine the extent to which evaluative attitudes account for the link between injunctive norms and sexual aggression: one model with self-reported history of sexual aggression as the outcome and the other with likelihood of engaging in sexually aggressive behavior as the outcome. Results showed that more positive evaluative attitudes toward sexual aggression accounted for the association between injunctive norms and self-reported history of sexual aggression. Similarly, evaluative attitudes accounted for the link between injunctive norms and self-reported likelihood of engaging in sexually aggressive behavior in the future. Overall, these findings are consistent with theoretical and empirical explanations of sexual offending and general criminal behavior; however, this is the first study to explore the relationship between injunctive norms and evaluative attitudes in the context of explaining sexually aggressive behavior. If more rigorous research establishes a causal relationship between injunctive norms, evaluative attitudes, and sexually aggressive behavior, this would suggest that targeting these factors in prevention programs may reduce sexual aggression by male undergraduate students.

scholarly journals Understanding Educational and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Alcohol Use among Adolescents in Denmark; Implications for Health Literacy Interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia König ◽  
Mette V. Skriver ◽  
Kim M. Iburg ◽  
Gillian Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Educational Performance ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Impact

Background. Alcohol misuse is a global public health priority, with a variation in prevalence and impact between countries. Alcohol misuse in adolescence is associated with adverse psychological, social and physical health. Adolescents in Denmark have higher alcohol consumption and problematic alcohol use than adolescents in other European countries. Associations between social determinants of health (SDH), psycho-social factors and alcohol consumption are complex and influenced by national context and cultures. This study explored these associations in Danish adolescents. Method. The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) survey collects data on alcohol and substance use among 15–16-year-old European students. Data contributed by Danish students to the 2011 survey were analyzed. The outcomes of interest were alcohol consumption (any, intoxication and problematic). Health literacy was not directly measured, so self-described educational performance and knowledge about alcohol were used as proxies for health literacy. Exploratory factors thus included socio-demographic, health literacy-related (knowledge about alcohol, educational performance) and psycho-social factors, as well as expectancies of the effect of alcohol (both positive and negative) and self-reported health. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken. Results. Of the 2768 adolescents who participated in the survey, 2026 (80%) consumed alcohol during the last 30 days, 978 (38%) were intoxicated at least once during the last 30 days, and 1050 (41%) experienced at least one problem because of alcohol use during the last 12 months. Multivariable analysis showed that the factors associated with higher alcohol intake were gender, poor relationships with parents, expectancies of the impact of alcohol (both positive and negative), and the influence of peers and their alcohol use. Higher school performance was related to lower alcohol consumption. Low socio-demographic status was not associated with higher alcohol consumption. Conclusions. This study confirmed the high levels of alcohol intake, intoxication, and problem drinking amongst the Danish students in the survey and the complexity of the socio-demographic, psychosocial, health literacy-related, and environmental factors associated with alcohol behaviours. Approaches to addressing the issue of alcohol use in Danish adolescents will need to be multi-factorial, including supporting students to develop alcohol-related health literacy skills to enable them to make informed choices.

Does family history of schizophrenia affect the severity of disease?

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S107-S107
Author(s):  
M. Sisek-Šprem ◽  
M. Herceg ◽  
V. Jukić
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Equivalent Dose ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionPrevious studies have demonstrated that family history is associated with earlier age at onset, severity of positive and negative symptoms, and the duration of untreated illness. Hereditary factors may contribute a vulnerability for antisocial and/or violent behaviour per se, and for other stable characteristics such as aggressive behaviour.AimTo analyze the impact of family history of schizophrenia and aggressive behavior among members of family on severity of disease and aggressive behavior of patients.MethodThe study population consisted of 120 male schizophrenic patients classified into non-aggressive (n = 60) and aggressive (n = 60) groups, based on indication for admission in hospital (aggression/anything else but aggression). For severity of disease, we assessed psychopathology using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the number of hospitalizations and the total equivalent dose of therapy (collected from medical record). The presence of a family history and aggression in family was assessed using a semi-structured interview of patients and, when available, family members.ResultsTwenty-seven (22.5%) participants were determined to have at least one family member with schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, with no difference between aggressive (10%) and non-aggressive (12.5%) group. There was no significant interaction between family history and severity of disease (PANSS, number of hospitalizations, total equivalent dose of therapy). Aggressive behaviour in first-degree family member had no influence on aggressive behaviour of patients with schizophrenia.ConclusionFamily history of schizophrenia does not affect the severity of disease nor aggressive behaviour.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

“Everything Flows”: Mark Tushnet's Rights Revolution and the Impact of Constitutional Dialogue

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

It is my pleasure to contribute to the workshop on Mark Tushnet's manuscript. Good literature is sometimes identified by its ability to elicit responses on different levels. While reading Tushnet's compelling manuscript, my thoughts about the validity of the historical analysis were supplemented by immediate comparisons to the much shorter history of the rise of “rightspeak” in Israel. Then there were some thoughts about the possible links between this manuscript and Tushnet's earlier works and between this manuscript and other studies of the subject. Finally, I found myself linking and comparing Tushnet's implicit normative arguments with my own views on the role of courts in liberal democracy.

Child Abuse as a Predictor of Alcohol Consumption Among Brazilian University Students

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidnei R. Priolo-Filho ◽  
Lúcia C. A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
University Students ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Abuse History ◽  
Higher Alcohol ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

Alcohol use among university students has received considerate attention in recent years due to its serious consequences. There is insufficient data in terms of the relationship between child abuse history and future use of alcohol in such a group. In addition, little is known about the effects of polyvictimization (lifetime multiple victimization experiences) on the consumption of these young adults. This study has examined whether a history of exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and/or child abuse is related to alcohol consumption. Particular attention was given to different forms of victimization (physical, psychological, sexual abuse, and exposure to IPV) occurring over the life of the individual. A questionnaire that underwent a process of adaptation in two pilot studies, incorporating the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and questions about child abuse history, was used. The questionnaire was applied to 1,452 students in Brazil. Child abuse and polyvictimization were related to higher alcohol intake and binge consumption in the last 3 months. Physical, psychological, and exposure to IPV were polyvictimization forms with the most impact on alcohol consumption. The study points out the need to initiate prevention strategies among Brazilian university students for a decrease of harmful alcohol consumption, as well as prevention of family violence.

Modeling Daily Partner Violence and Substance Use Based upon Couple’s Reporting

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110501
Author(s):  
David Katerndahl ◽  
Sandra K. Burge ◽  
Maria del Pilar Montanez Villacampa
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Variable Parameters ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Contextual Dependence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Household Environment ◽  
The Impact

While agent-based models (ABMs) have successfully modeled violence and women’s decision-making, they relied upon studies of her daily reports of violence and household environment; these models were not based upon descriptions of his emotions and perceptions. The purpose of this study was to improve our understanding of the triggers of violent events within violent relationships through agent-based modeling by including men’s perceptions and emotions. An agent-based model was created of couples with history of violence based upon results of a study involving multiple time series of partner violence, including couples’ daily reports of their emotions and perceptions. To explore factors that may alter model results, seven continuous variable parameters were created based upon significant ( p ≤ .05) but discrepant (opposite directions) in prior studies. To assess the potential impact that influencing factors such as random stress as well as his and her feelings and behaviors could have on violence and stalking, the impact of these factors was also assessed. Results found that, at baseline, which included no extremes in variable parameters, no violence emerged. One prior-day→same-day relationship (HerConcern→HerConcern) was particularly important in this ABM. Men’s and women’s drug use and refraining from arguments had little impact on any outcome, but his and her alcohol use, his sense of insult and her violence all had significant effects. In fact, women’s alcohol use interacted with other influencing variables and was a source of atypical patterns. In conclusion, incorporating men’s perceptions into an ABM of partner violence resulted in important differences compared with ABMs based solely on women’s input. Not only were women’s daily concerns about the effect of violence on children was critical to results, but this ABM demonstrated the complexity of partner violence in response to influences as illustrated by contextual dependence, interaction effects and synergy.

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