scholarly journals Aerobic Exercise Interventions for Patients in Opioid Maintenance Treatment: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117822182091888
Author(s):  
Danielle E Jake-Schoffman ◽  
Meredith S Berry ◽  
Marissa L Donahue ◽  
Demetra D Christou ◽  
Jesse Dallery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Opioid Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Supervised Exercise

Background: Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) is the standard for treatment of opioid use disorder, but some individuals on OMT experience disrupted sleep, heightened sensitivity to pain, and continued relapse to non-medical opioid use. An adjunctive treatment that has potential to address these shortcomings of OMT is aerobic exercise. Objective: The aim of the present review was to identify and evaluate components of aerobic exercise interventions targeting OMT patients. Methods: For this PROSPERO-registered review (ID CRD42020139626), studies were identified via electronic bibliographic databases, funded research ( NIH RePORTER) and clinical trials databases ( ClinicalTrials.gov), and reference sections of relevant manuscripts. Studies that evaluated the effects of an aerobic exercise intervention using a comparison condition or pretest-posttest design in adult OMT patients were included. Results: Of 2971 unique records, three primary studies and one supplemental manuscript comprised the final sample. All studies were randomized trials involving supervised exercise interventions enrolling small samples of middle-aged OMT patients. Exercise interventions included a variety of aerobic and non-aerobic activities (e.g. flexibility exercises), and none controlled the dose of aerobic exercise. Few studies used objective measures of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness and there were no significant effects of adjunctive exercise on substance use outcomes, but tests of the latter were likely underpowered. Conclusions: Though early in the accumulation of evidence, interventions targeting aerobic exercise for OMT patients appear feasible, acceptable to patients, and beneficial. Longer-term studies that employ larger samples, include assessments of behavioral and biological mechanisms of change, more rigorous measurement of physical activity, and controlled doses of aerobic activity are warranted.

scholarly journals Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Amie Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Supervised Exercise

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex, heterogeneous endocrinopathy affecting metabolic, reproductive, and cardiovascular health in women. Evidence indicates that women with PCOS present with a cluster of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Physical activity (PA) interventions have been shown to reduce various CVD risk factors in women with PCOS. Research also suggests that sedentary behaviours have a distinct deleterious effect on cardiometabolic health. Thus, increasing PA and reducing sedentary behaviour may be a worthwhile therapeutic target to improve cardiovascular health in women with PCOS. The programme of research presented in this thesis investigates the feasibility and acceptability of two PA interventions to improve markers of CVD risk in women with PCOS using both quantitative and qualitive methods. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise interventions on CVD risk factors in women with PCOS provided an evidence base on which to design a supervised exercise intervention. A feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) of two physical activity interventions for women with PCOS was conducted. Participants were randomised to either a supervised exercise intervention, a lifestyle physical activity intervention (LPAG) aimed at reducing sedentary behaviours, or a control group, for 12 weeks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of participants from each group on completion of the RCT to explore the acceptability of the interventions, and barriers and facilitators to PA. Results The systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that moderate intensity aerobic exercise interventions of ≥three months in duration, with a frequency of three sessions/week, had favourable effects on CVD risk factors. These results informed the design of the RCT. Thirty-six women with PCOS were enrolled onto the feasibility RCT (12 per group). The recruitment rate was 56% and adherence rate to the exercise intervention was considered moderate at 53%. The retention rate was high at 89%, with only five participants lost to follow-up. Adherence to the LPAG was 100%. Two non-serious adverse events were reported in the exercise group, unrelated to trial procedures. For the secondary outcomes, trend data indicates a 14% reduction in oxidised LDL concentrations in the exercise group. In addition, the data indicates weight loss (kg) of 3.4% and 3.6% in the exercise group and the LPAG, respectively. Qualitative data from the interviews (n=11) indicated that the interventions were well received, but acceptability could be improved by providing social connectivity and implementing measures that encourage the adoption of long-term health-promoting behaviours. Conclusions iii The findings suggest that the procedures for recruitment, allocation, and outcome measurements were acceptable. However, adherence to the supervised exercise intervention was below an acceptable rate. The qualitative component provides valuable contextual data that will be crucial to addressing adherence for both the progression to a full-scale RCT, and community interventions for women with PCOS.

scholarly journals Regular Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity and Walking Are Associated with Divergent but Not Convergent Thinking in Japanese Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Chong Chen ◽  
Yasuhiro Mochizuki ◽  
Kosuke Hagiwara ◽  
Masako Hirotsu ◽  
Shin Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Convergent Thinking ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vigorous Intensity

The beneficial effects of regular physical activity (PA) on cognitive functions have received much attention. Recent research suggests that regular PA may also enhance creative thinking, an indispensable cognitive factor for invention and innovation. However, at what intensity regular PA brings the most benefits to creative thinking remains uninvestigated. Furthermore, whether the levels of regular PA affect the acute PA effects on creative thinking is also unclear. In the present study, using a previous dataset that investigated the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on creative thinking in healthy Japanese young adults (22.98 ± 1.95 years old) in the year 2020, we tested the association between different intensities of regular PA (i.e., vigorous, moderate, and walking) and creative thinking with the cross-sectional baseline data using multiple linear regression. We also investigated whether regular PA levels were associated with the acute aerobic exercise intervention effects on creative thinking. The results showed that cross-sectionally, the regular PAs were differentially associated with divergent but not convergent thinking. Specifically, whereas the amount of vigorous-intensity PA was positively associated with fluency and flexibility, the amount of walking was positively associated with novelty on the alternate uses test (AUT) measuring divergent thinking. Importantly, the explained variances of fluency, flexibility, and novelty were 20.3% (p = 0.040), 18.8% (p = 0.055), and 20.1% (p = 0.043), respectively. None of the regular PAs predicted convergent thinking (i.e., an insight problem-solving task), nor were they associated with the acute aerobic exercise intervention effects on divergent and convergent thinking. These findings suggest that engaging in regular vigorous-intensity PA and walking may be useful strategies to enhance different aspects of divergent thinking in daily life.

scholarly journals Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal blood flow for hypertensive Apolipoprotein E4 carriers

2021 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2199034
Author(s):  
Carolyn S Kaufman ◽  
Robyn A Honea ◽  
Joseph Pleen ◽  
Rebecca J Lepping ◽  
Amber Watts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Apolipoprotein E4

Cerebrovascular dysfunction likely contributes causally to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, Apolipoprotein E4 ( APOE4), may act synergistically with vascular risk to cause dementia. Therefore, interventions that improve vascular health, such as exercise, may be particularly beneficial for APOE4 carriers. We assigned cognitively normal adults (65–87 years) to an aerobic exercise intervention or education only. Arterial spin labeling MRI measured hippocampal blood flow (HBF) before and after the 52-week intervention. We selected participants with hypertension at enrollment (n = 44). For APOE4 carriers, change in HBF (ΔHBF) was significantly ( p = 0.006) higher for participants in the exercise intervention (4.09 mL/100g/min) than the control group (−2.08 mL/100g/min). There was no difference in ΔHBF between the control (−0.32 mL/100g/min) and exercise (−0.54 mL/100g/min) groups for non-carriers (p = 0.918). Additionally, a multiple regression showed an interaction between change in systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP) and APOE4 carrier status on ΔHBF ( p = 0.035), with reductions in SBP increasing HBF for APOE4 carriers only. Aerobic exercise improved HBF for hypertensive APOE4 carriers only. Additionally, only APOE4 carriers exhibited an inverse relationship between ΔSBP and ΔHBF. This suggests exercise interventions, particularly those that lower SBP, may be beneficial for individuals at highest genetic risk of AD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02000583

A pilot study of individualized exercise prescription to improve physical activity in cancer survivors.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e24030-e24030
Author(s):  
Priyanka Avinash Pophali ◽  
Urshila Durani ◽  
John Shin ◽  
Melissa C. Larson ◽  
Adam Shultz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Solid Tumor ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Supervised Exercise

e24030 Background: Physical activity (PA) in cancer survivors improves quality of life (QOL), functioning, fatigue, and reduces the risk of treatment complications, cancer recurrence and death. However, the optimal intervention for increasing PA is not established. Most prospective studies have shown a 6-12-week program to be an effective intervention but this is often not feasible. Therefore, we piloted a one-time individualized exercise prescription in our cardiac rehabilitation center to improve PA in cancer survivors. Methods: We prospectively enrolled cancer survivors who had completed curative intent treatment, with no evidence of active disease in this pilot study. Survivors who consented underwent a consultation with an exercise physiologist for needs assessment followed by a supervised exercise session with a tailored exercise prescription. Survivors also filled out surveys assessing their PA and QOL at baseline (bl), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention. Clinical information was collected via chart review. We estimated longitudinal PA score and change in PA using mixed models incorporating scores from all available time points using SAS (v 9.4). Results: Between May 2018 and January 2020, 50 participants (26 lymphoma and 24 solid tumor survivors) completed the intervention. 20% participants were on maintenance therapy during the study. Clinical characteristics of 42 evaluable participants are summarized in Table. The survey response rate was 82%, 58%, 58%, 46% at bl, 3, 6 and 12 months respectively. The level of PA improved with time [mean (SE) PA score: 58.5 (4.3) bl, 63.9 (4.8) at 3, 57.6 (4.8) at 6, 62.6 (5.3) at 12 months]. The change in PA from baseline to follow-up time-points [bl vs 3m p=0.41; bl vs 6m p=0.88; bl vs 12m p=0.55] or between the lymphoma and solid tumor survivors was not statistically significant and limited by sample size. No significant trend in QOL was seen. Conclusions: Individualized exercise prescription using the cardiac rehabilitation program may be a feasible, widely applicable tool to implement a PA intervention among cancer survivors. The trend towards improvement in PA in this novel one-time intervention provides intriguing evidence and deserves future study in larger sample sizes to understand if it can improve and create sustainable PA change comparable to longer term exercise interventions.[Table: see text]

scholarly journals The Effects of Aerobic Versus Cognitively Demanding Exercise Interventions on Executive Functioning in School-Aged Children: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Anna Meijer ◽  
Marsh Königs ◽  
Irene M.J. van der Fels ◽  
Chris Visscher ◽  
Roel J. Bosker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Randomized Controlled

The authors performed a clustered randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of an aerobic and a cognitively demanding exercise intervention on executive functions in primary-school-age children compared with the regular physical education program (N = 856). They hypothesized that both exercise interventions would facilitate executive functioning, with stronger effects for the cognitively demanding exercise group. The interventions were provided four times per week for 14 weeks. Linear mixed models were conducted on posttest neurocognitive function measures with baseline level as covariate. No differences were found between the exercise interventions and the control group for any of the measures. Independently of group, dose of moderate to vigorous physical activity was positively related to verbal working memory and attention abilities. This study showed that physical exercise interventions did not enhance executive functioning in children. Exposure to moderate to vigorous physical activity is a crucial aspect of the relationship between physical activity and executive functioning.

1. The Effects of an Aerobic Exercise Intervention on Daily Activity Patterns

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Bouma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Daily Activity Patterns

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of participation in an aerobic exercise intervention on daily activity occurring outside of the structured exercise sessions. Participants were randomized into one of the following 4 conditions: 1) No-exercise, 2) Low volume, low intensity exercise (LVLI), 3) High volume, low intensity exercise (HVLI), 4) Low volume, high intensity (LVHI). Physical activity was measured over 7 days with an accelerometer at baseline and during week 8 of the intervention. Activity was defined as: sedentary behaviour (SED; < 100 counts/minute), light physical activity (LPA; 100 to 1951 counts/minute), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; ≥1952 counts/minute), and total physical activity (TPA; LPA + MVPA). Activity was quantified as average total minutes per day of each SED, LPA, MVPA, and TPA. A one-way ANOVA was used to determine if time spent in SED, LPA, MVPA, and TPA changed from baseline to week 8. Seventy-one participants (No-exercise; n=12, LVLI n=17, HVLI n=24, LVHI; n=18,) with a mean age of 54 y and waist circumference of 110 cm completed 8 weeks of the intervention. There were no significant differences in SED, LPA, MVPA, or TPA between groups at baseline. There was no significant change in SED, LPA, MVPA, or TPA at week 8 compared to baseline (p>0.05). Similarly, there were no significant differences in activity variables between exercise conditions. Our observations suggest that daily activity patterns do not change with the implementation of an exercise intervention in men and women.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Effects of Exercise on Hormones in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Grei Shele ◽  
Jessica Genkil ◽  
Diana Speelman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Androgen Levels

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that is characterized by menstrual irregularity and elevated serum androgens, and is often accompanied by insulin resistance. The etiology of PCOS is unknown. Lifestyle interventions and weight loss, where appropriate, remain first-line treatments for women with PCOS. Regular physical activity is recommended for women with PCOS to maintain a healthy weight and cardiovascular fitness. Purpose: To review the evidence for the impact of various exercise interventions on hormone levels in women with PCOS. Methods: A systematic review of original studies indexed in PubMed that utilized an exercise intervention in women with PCOS and reported hormone values pre- and post-intervention. Studies in which the effects of the exercise intervention could be determined were included. Results: Vigorous aerobic exercise improves insulin measures in women with PCOS. Resistance or strength training may improve androgen levels, though additional studies are warranted. Studies with yoga are limited but suggest improvements in androgens. Limited information is available on the impact of exercise on adipokines and anti-Müllerian hormone, warranting further investigation. Conclusions: Recommended guidelines for women with PCOS include vigorous aerobic exercise and resistance training to improve measures of insulin sensitivity and androgen levels.

Effect of exercise on sleep and bi-directional associations with accelerometer-assessed physical activity in men with obesity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Plekhanova ◽  
Alex V. Rowlands ◽  
Melanie Davies ◽  
Charlotte L. Edwardson ◽  
Andrew Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Post Intervention

This study examined the effect of exercise training on sleep duration and quality and bidirectional day-to-day relationships between physical activity (PA) and sleep. Fourteen inactive men with obesity (49.2±7.9 years, BMI 34.9±2.8 kg/m²) completed a baseline visit, eight-week aerobic exercise intervention, and one-month post-intervention follow-up. PA and sleep were assessed continuously throughout the study duration using wrist-worn accelerometry. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine associations between PA and sleep. Sleep duration increased from 5.2h at baseline to 6.6h during the intervention period and 6.5h at one-month post-intervention follow-up (p<0.001). Bi-directional associations showed that higher overall activity volume and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were associated with earlier sleep onset time (p<0.05). Later timing of sleep onset was associated with lower overall volume of activity, most active continuous 30 minutes (M30CONT), and MVPA (p<0.05). Higher overall activity volume, M30CONT, and MVPA predicted more wake after sleep onset (WASO) (p<0.001), whereas greater WASO was associated with higher overall volume of activity, M30CONT, and MVPA (p<0.001). An aerobic exercise intervention increased usual sleep duration. Day-to-day, more PA predicted earlier sleep onset, but worse sleep quality and vice versa. Novelty: • Greater levels of physical activity in the day were associated with an earlier sleep onset time that night, whereas a later timing of sleep onset was associated with lower physical activity the next day in men with obesity • Higher physical activity levels were associated with worse sleep quality, and vice versa

The effect of aerobic exercise on the metabolic risk profile of breast cancer survivors 2-6 months post chemotherapy.

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (27_suppl) ◽  
pp. 244-244
Author(s):  
E. M. Guinan ◽  
J. M. Hussey ◽  
J. M. Walsh ◽  
M. J. Kennedy ◽  
E. M. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Supervised Exercise

244 Background: Current literature suggests that weight gain during treatment for breast cancer is associated with a poorer prognosis and an increased risk of developing secondary health problems such as the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Physical activity (PA) can alter features of the MetSyn and improve body composition by reducing abdominal adiposity. We report metabolic results of a prospective randomized controlled trial (PEACH trial; Walsh JM, et al. [2010] BMC Cancer. 10[42]) which examines the effect of an exercise intervention on the metabolic risk profile of breast cancer survivors 2-6 months post chemotherapy. Methods: All subjects gave written informed consent and were randomized to an 8-week, twice weekly aerobic exercise intervention programme or a usual care control group consisting of routine medical advice about PA. The five clinical features of the MetSyn were measured: waist circumference (WC), resting blood pressure (BP), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and fasting glucose. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Statistical analysis was carried out using independent sample t-tests with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Twenty-six breast cancer survivors participated (mean (± SD) age 48.13 (8.75) years). At baseline, 50% (n = 13) of subjects were overweight and 23.1% (n = 6) were obese, with 73.1% (n = 19) centrally obese. 34.6% (n = 9) of subjects were classified with the MetSyn. There were no significant differences between groups at baseline. Intention-to-treat analysis showed no significant changes, however, analysis of those who adhered to > 70% of the supervised exercise intervention showed a significant improvement in WC when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Results show that an 8-week aerobic exercise intervention significantly reduced WC but did not modify other features of the MetSyn. The decrease in WC demonstrated by this short intervention may have important implications in terms of improving survival and the metabolic risk profile of breast cancer survivors. Final follow-up assessments are ongoing and will enable change in WC over time to be evaluated further.

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