Determinants of Sanitation and Hygiene Status Among Food Establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Introduction: Despite advancements in food science and technology, foodborne disease remains one of the major public health problems. Poor sanitation and hygiene conditions of food establishments are the major causes for the occurrence of foodborne disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate core determinants of sanitation and hygiene status among food establishments. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Addis Ababa city. A stratified random sampling technique was deployed to select 413 study participants. Data were collected through interview and using observational checklist. Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula. To analyze the data, binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. In all analysis, P-value less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The study revealed that 57.4% of the food establishments were under poor sanitation status. In the multivariable analysis, presence of trained managers on hygiene and sanitation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.10 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41-15.45), presence of renewed licenses (AOR = 3.07 with 95% CI: 1.18-7.99), absence of bureaucratic function to obtain permission to renew the food establishment buildings (AOR = 2.43 with 95% CI: 1.25-4.70), and presence of at least 10-m distance between toilet and kitchen (AOR = 9.19, at 95% CI: 5.63-15.02) were associated significantly with sanitation and hygiene status. Conclusions: Above average of the food establishments were found to be in poor sanitation and hygiene state. Many core determinant factors that influence sanitation and hygienic status of food establishments were identified. The researchers suggest that formal training on sanitation and hygiene for managers of food establishments should be provided to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases. Moreover, strong food and water safety policy and strategy should be promulgated to improve sanitation and hygiene status of food establishments.

Download Full-text

Patient satisfaction and associated factors among psychiatry outpatients of St Paulo’s Hospital, Ethiopia

General Psychiatry ◽

10.1136/gpsych-2019-100120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. e100120

Author(s):

Kebebew Wogi Goben ◽

Endalamaw Salelew Abegaz ◽

Samuel Tolesa Abdi

Keyword(s):

Patient Satisfaction ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Mental Healthcare ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Good Health ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male Sex

BackgroundPatient satisfaction with mental healthcare service is recognised as an important integral part of measuring the outcomes and performance of clinical service delivery. It is not well studied in Ethiopia. Therefore, it is essential to improve service in the future.AimsTo assess patient satisfaction and associated factors among psychiatry outpatients at St. Paulo’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted with consecutive sampling technique from May to June 2018. Data were collected using a Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). Both bivariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were used. Variables with p value <0.05 at multivariate analysis were considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 589 participants were enrolled with a response rate of 98.2%. In regard to the magnitude of patient satisfaction, 50.3% (95% CI 46.0 to 54.2) were highly satisfied, 31.0% (95% CI 27.2 to 34.8) were satisfied, and 18.7% (95% CI 15.4 to 22.1) were dissatisfied. Male sex (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.30, 95% CI 1.57 to 3.36), inability to read and write (AOR 2.23, 95% CI 1.10 to 4.66), being unemployed (AOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.47), obtaining services for free (AOR 1.57, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.22), and availability of medication (AOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.23) were significantly associated with patient satisfaction.ConclusionsThe study showed that further improvements in patient satisfaction are required. Male sex, inability to read and write, being unemployed, obtaining services free of charge, and availability of medication were significantly associated with patient satisfaction. More than half of the participants were dissatisfied with the waiting time to receive services. The provision of services within a reasonable timeframe and meeting patient expectations are helpful for good health outcomes.

Download Full-text

Patient’S Knowledge of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors and Associated Factors Among Adult Cardiac Patients in Selected Health Institutions; A Cross Sectional Study, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021 G.C.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1119085/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bezina Damtew ◽

Yoseph Tsige ◽

Ketema Bizuwork ◽

Sosina Workineh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Health Care Policy ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sufficient Knowledge

Abstract Background cardiovascular related disorders are a major public health challenge in globally as well as in Ethiopia. It is crucial to improve the life style of the community at the same time it is a key for health care policy to give emphasis for prevention by educating the community by different ways. Therefore, the current study patient’s knowledge about risk factors related to those diseases. Method A facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted. 420 Participants selected by systematic random sampling technique from April 01, 2021 until Jun 28, 2021 and met the criteria were included. Data was collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire. Level of knowledge was assessed by the Heart Disease Fact Questions. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was done to identify factors associated with identified class of knowledge. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as to indicate statistical significances. Result The result showed that most of the study subjects were in the age range of >54. The mean age was 48.7 ± 13 years. 255(62.7%) were females. 300(71.6%) of participants have sufficient knowledge toward cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Age, Sex, Place of residence, Status of education and Marital status was significantly associated with Participant’s knowledge (p<0.05, 95% C. I). Conclusion The majority of participants had sufficient knowledge regarding cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Maintaining good status, implementation of innovative interventions and structured, nurse-led lifestyle counseling would be required to effectively guide patients.

Download Full-text

Post-cesarean section surgical site infection and associated factors in East Gojjam zone primary hospitals, Amhara region, North West Ethiopia, 2020

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0261951 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0261951

Author(s):

Hulubante Bizuayew ◽

Haimanot Abebe ◽

Getachew Mullu ◽

Likinaw Bewuket ◽

Daniel Tsega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Surgical Site Infection ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

P Value ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Site Infection

Purpose Maternal surgical site infection after cesarean delivery is a clinical problem which contributes to significant morbidity and mortality. In Ethiopia admissions following cesarean section due to surgical site infection have been routine activities of health care institutions but there is limited scientific evidence on both the magnitude of the problem and factors associated with it making prevention mechanisms less effective. Therefore, this study aimed to assess magnitude and risk factors of post-cesarean section surgical site infection at primary hospitals of East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution-based cross sectional study with retrospective chart review was conducted from September 10–30 /2020 at 3 randomly selected primary hospitals of east Gojjam zone. The data were entered in Epi data version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science Software version 26. Post-cesarean section surgical site infection was measured based on disease classification and definition of the term by Center for Disease Control and Prevention. After checking for presence of multicollinarity, presence and degree of association of factors with outcome variable were computed through logistic regression analysis. Factors with P value ≤ 0.2 in bi-variable logistic regression analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis and those variables with P-value of <0.05 in multivariable analysis were considered statistically significant. Result From 622 medical records of women who underwent cesarean section, 77 (12.4%) of them developed surgical site infection. Rural residence [(AOR = 2.30, 95%CI: (1.29, 4.09)], duration of labor greater than 24hrs [(AOR = 3.48, 95%CI: (1.49, 8.09)], rupture of membrane>12hrs[(AOR = 4.61,95%CI:(2.34,9.09)], hypertension[(AOR = 3.14,95%CI:(1.29,7.59)] and preoperative Hematocrit ≤30%[(AOR = 3.22,95%CI:(1.25,8.31)] were factors significantly associated with post-cesarean section surgical site infections. Conclusion Magnitude of post-cesarean section surgical site infection was a significant problem in primary hospitals. Minimizing prolonged labor; minimize early rupture of membrane, properly managing patients with comorbidities like hypertension, strengthen prophylaxis and treatment for anemia during antenatal care and raising awareness for rural residents can reduce the problem. Zonal police makers should give emphasis to reduce its burden.

Download Full-text

Three-fourth of children is received early initiation of Breastfeeding in West Belessa District

10.21203/rs.3.rs-18399/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Desalew Degu Ayalew ◽

Belayneh Ayanaw Kassie ◽

Melkamu Tamir Hunegnaw ◽

Kassahun Alemu ◽

Aysheshim Kassahun Belew

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Postnatal Care ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Early Initiation ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

North West ◽

Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽

Antenatal And Postnatal Care

Abstract Background : The world is now suffering from malnutrition and remains one of the major causes of under-five mortality. Children from developing countries, including Ethiopia also suffer from undernutrition due to suboptimal breastfeeding practice. Hence, the study aims were to assess early initiation of breastfeeding among children aged less than two years, months in West Belessa district, North West Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2019 in the West Belessa district. A total of 569 Children was selected by a simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed by using Epi-Info version 7 and SPPS version 20, respectively. Bi-variable logistic regression analysis was used to check predictor variables associated with the dependent variable. Variables having a p-value of less than 0.20 in the bi-variable analysis were fitted into the multivariable model. Multivariable binary logistic regression with a 95% confidence interval and Odds Ratio (OR) were computed. Variables having p-value < 0.05 were taken as significantly associated with the dependent variables. Result : The prevalence of EIBF was 77.7 % (95%CI, 74.3-81.0). Age of the mother (AOR= 2.76, 95%CI (1.21, 6.27)), postnatal Visit (AOR= 1.85, 95%CI (1.03, 3.85)), and Antenatal care (AOR= 2.58, 95%CI (1.18, 9.94)) was significantly associated with EIBF. Conclusion and Recommendation: We observed, the prevalence of early initiation of Breastfeeding was low in West Belessa District. Age of the mother, Antenatal and postnatal care were associated with EIBF. Hence, improving antenatal and postnatal care services through increase accessibility and providing counseling during this contact time. Keywords: early initiation of breastfeeding, Children, West Belessa

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pain Among Academic Staff of Mekelle University, Ethiopia

Clinical Medicine Insights Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1177/1179544120974671 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 117954412097467

Author(s):

Habtamu Meaza ◽

Melaku Hailu Temesgen ◽

Getachew Redae ◽

Teklehaimanot Tekle Hailemariam ◽

Abayneh Alamer

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Musculoskeletal Pain ◽

Academic Staff ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Working Hours ◽

Female Gender ◽

Developed Countries ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mekelle University

Background: Musculoskeletal pain is a leading cause of morbidity, low productivity. Thus; not only affecting the individual’s quality of life; it also creates a burden in the health system and affects the productivity of their institution and the country at large. The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among academic staff in developed countries ranges from 47% to 85%. However, there was a scarce of studies in developing country, particularly in the study area. Purpose: the aim of the research was to assess the burden of musculoskeletal pain and associated factors among Mekelle University academic staff. Patients and Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was enrolled on 449 participants with a response rate of 92.2%. Multistage sampling technique was deployed to select representatives. Participants under the selected schools, institutes and departments were selected using random sampling method. Data was collected through face to face interview using structured and standardized Nordic questionnaire by trained data collectors at Mekelle University. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. In bivariate logistic regression variables which have P value of <.25 were modeled to multivariate logistic regression. Those variables with P-value of <.05 with 95% CI in multivariate model were taken as statistically significant. Results: This study found that burden of musculoskeletal pain among Mekelle University academic staff in the previous 12 month was 65.2%, and in the last 7 days was 29%. Neck pain (41.5%) was most prevalent followed by low back pain (40.3%). Female gender (OR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.58-5.76), Body mass index ⩾25 (OR = 3.68, 95% CI: 1.15-11.39), working hours per day (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.54-6.38), and physical inactivity (OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.69-7.16), were the independent factors positevly associated with musculoskeletal pain. Conclusion: The burden of musculoskeletal pain among Mekelle University academic staff was common. Female gender, being overweight and obese, working >5 hours per day, and being physically inactive increase the odds of experiencing musculoskeletal pains among academicians. Therefore the university authorities and all academicians are recommended that to take preventable measures of musculoskeletal pain.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and correlates of job loss among schizophrenia outpatients at St. AmanuelMental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; cross sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0242352 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0242352

Author(s):

Yohannes Kifle Chafi ◽

Tadele Amare ◽

Kelemua Haile ◽

Woynabeba Damene ◽

Getaneh Tesfaye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Job Loss ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Positive Symptoms ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

General Psychopathology ◽

Specialized Hospital

Background Job loss in patient with chronic illness like schizophrenia is the most serious public concern in the clinical and socio-economic terms worldwide. Patients with schizophrenia usually have unsatisfactory job termination like quitting or getting fired which results well-established negative outcomes. The complex interplay between one another has made job and mental illness the focus areas. In the developing nations, there is limited study on these areas in spite of higher rates of job loss. Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of job loss among schizophrenia outpatient units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted at Saint Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital among schizophrenia outpatient units in Addis Ababa from May to June 2018. A total of 421 study subjects were interviewed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Perceived devaluation and discrimination scale. Out of the total study participants, female populations were slightly higher (50.4%) and the majorities (38.6%) were orthodox religion followers. Study characteristics was summarized using descriptive statistics and bi-variable and multivariable analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 24. Furthermore, those factors at p value ≤ 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results The prevalence of job loss among patients with schizophrenia was 37.3%. Factors including unmarried [AOR = 2.42:95% CI (1.28, 4.54)], divorced [AOR = 2.34: 95% CI (1.16, 4.71)], severe positive symptoms [AOR = 2.03: 95% CI (1.15, 3.60)], severe general psychopathology [AOR = 1.76: 95% CI (1.01, 3.08)], and poor level of social and occupational functioning [AOR = 5.05: 95% CI (2.81, 9.09)] were significantly associated with job loss among schizophrenia people. Conclusion This study suggested that job loss among schizophrenia outpatients was high. There was significant association among people with unmarried, divorced, severe positive symptoms, poor functionality and higher general psychopathology. Therefore, clinical and psychosocial factors were responsible for job loss which warrant further attention and investigation.

Download Full-text

Association between malnutrition and some water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors among school children in Gombe State, Nigeria

World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences ◽

10.30574/wjbphs.2021.5.1.0006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 055-065

Author(s):

Mela Danjin ◽

Henry O. Sawyerr ◽

Solomon O. Adewoye

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

The State ◽

Nutrition Intervention ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Sanitation And Hygiene

The state of the environment in which we live and certain hygienic practices we indulge in has been known to affect our nutritional status. This study was aimed at examining the association between malnutrition and some selected water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices among school children in Gombe State Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted between March and June, 2019. A total of 745 pupils were selected from 12 public and 6 private schools across 6 LGAs in Gombe state, using multi-stage sampling technique. Anthropometric measurements of heights and weights of the study participants were done using standard instruments and procedures. Other relevant data (age, sex, some environmental variables etc) were collected using a structured template. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 21 and key variables were presented using descriptive statistics, while associations were tested using Chi square. Odd ratio (OR) was used to estimate risks of malnutrition among the subjects and p-value was set at 0.05. The pupils had a mean age of 9.96±2.26 years, 50.9% of whom were males the rest being females. Though 84.6% of them had toilets in their residences not all of them (98.6%) put them to use. A good proportion (79.1%) dispose their refuse by dumping and slightly more than half of them (51.7%) have access to pipe borne water. And though only two (method of refuse disposal and source of drinking water) out of the eight WASH variables studied were found to be associated with underweight (Composite indicator of malnutrition), all the eight variables were found to be associated with stunting (chronic malnutrition). Overall, 20.8% and 22.4% of the subjects were underweight and stunted, respectively. The foregoing raises a germane concern about the role of WASH in malnutrition among school children and the need for a comprehensive and sustainable school feeding programme in the state and country at large. There should also be an integration of a WASH component in all nutrition intervention programmes.

Download Full-text

Post-cesarean section surgical site infection and associated factors in East Gojjam zone primary hospitals, Amhara region, North West Ethiopia, 2020

10.21203/rs.3.rs-301900/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haimanot Geletie Abebe ◽

Hulubante fetene bizuayew ◽

Getachew Kassa Mullu ◽

Likinaw Zeleke Bewuket ◽

Daniel Tefera Tsega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Cesarean Section ◽

Surgical Site Infection ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

P Value ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Site Infection

Abstract Background Women after cesarean section have a five to twenty-times greater chance of getting an infection compared with women who give birth vaginally. Even though many efforts tried by the government and non-government organization in Ethiopia, a non-significant decline achieved and post cesarean section surgical site infection is still a problem. Scientific evidence on this is a step ahead for preventing and reducing post cesarean section surgical site infection. Therefore this study aimed to assess magnitude and risk factors of post cesarean section surgical site infection at primary hospitals of East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study with retrospective chart review was conducted from September 10–30 /2020 at primary hospitals of east Gojjam zone. The data was entered in Epi data version3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science Software version 26. Presence and degree of association of factors with outcome variable were computed through logistic regression analysis. Factors with P value ≤ 0.2 in bi variable logistic regression analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis and those variables with P-value of < 0.05 in multivariable analysis were considered statistically significant. Result From 622 medical records of women who underwent cesarean section, 77 (12.4%) of them were developed surgical site infection. Rural residence [(AOR = 2.30, 95%CI :( 1.295, 4.098)], duration of labor greater than 24hrs [(AOR = 3.48, 95%CI :( 1.495, 8.086)], rupture of

Download Full-text

Prevalence and associated factors of hemorrhoids among adult patients visiting the surgical outpatient department in the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0249736 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0249736

Author(s):

Anteneh Ayelign Kibret ◽

Mohammed Oumer ◽

Abebe Muche Moges

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Outpatient Department ◽

P Value ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Specialized Hospital ◽

The University

Introduction Hemorrhoidal disease is a very common benign anorectal disease. It affects millions of people around the world, and represent a major medical and socioeconomic problem. However, studies that determine the magnitude and risk factors are limited. Therefore, the aim this study is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of hemorrhoid among adult patients visiting the surgical outpatient department at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (UoGCSH) Northwest Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select a total of 403 participants. The data were collected then entered using EPI DATA version 3.1 and exported to the STATA 14 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval was used as a measure of association. Variables having P-value < 0.05 from the multivariable analysis were considered to have a significant association with the outcome. Result Out of the 403 study participants, 13.1% (95%CI; 10.1, 16.8) had hemorrhoids. Constipation (AOR = 4.32, 95% CI; 2.20, 8.48) and BMI ≥25kg/m2 (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI; 1.08, 6.23) had a statistically significant association with hemorrhoid. Conclusion The overall prevalence of hemorrhoid was high and its prevalence was higher in male subjects. Constipation and being overweight were found to increase the odds of having hemorrhoids. Screening for early identification and intervention of hemorrhoids, especially for risk groups is better to be practiced by health professionals.

Download Full-text

Determinants of Anemia in Pregnancy: Findings from the Ethiopian Health and Demographic Survey

Anemia ◽

10.1155/2020/2902498 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ataklti Gebretsadik Woldegebriel ◽

Gebremedhin Gebregziabiher Gebrehiwot ◽

Abraham Aregay Desta ◽

Kiros Fenta Ajemu ◽

Asfawosen Aregay Berhe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Anemia During Pregnancy

In Ethiopia, anemia during pregnancy is a major public health problem and affects both the mother’s and their child’s health. There is a scarcity of community-based evidence on determinants of anemia among pregnant women in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinants of anemia among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Method. This study was based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) that used a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 3080 pregnant women. Data analysis was done using STATA v.14. Variables with P value <0.05 in the bivariate analysis were candidates for the multivariable analysis to identify independent determinants of anemia among pregnant mothers. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. The overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women was 41% of which 20% were moderately anemic, 18%, mildly anemic, and 3%, severely anemic. The following were significantly associated with anemia during pregnancy: an age of 30–39 years, receiving no education (AOR = 2.19; 95% CI 1.45, 2.49), belonging to the poorest wealth quintile (AOR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.22, 1.60), being a Muslim (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI 1.69, 2.65), number of house members being 4–6 (AOR = 1.44; 95% CI 1.05, 1.97), number of under-five children being two (AOR = 1.47; 95% CI 1.10, 1.97), head of the household being a female (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.61, 2.54), current pregnancy wanted later (AOR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.23, 1.63), no terminated pregnancy (AOR = 1.49; 95% CI 1.15, 1.93), and an age of 13–17 years at the first sexual intercourse (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.291, 3.00). Conclusions. The study revealed that more than one-third of the pregnant women in Ethiopia were found anemic. Its prevalence varied among regions in which the highest (62.7%) and the lowest (11.9%) were from Somali and Addis Ababa, respectively. Hence, efforts should be made by concerned bodies to intervene in terms of the identified risk factors.

Download Full-text