Tobacco Use Among the Youth in India: Evidence From Global Adult Tobacco Survey-2 (2016-2017)

Background: Worldwide, tobacco use is a serious public health concern affecting the youth. A vast majority of tobacco users start using tobacco well before the age of 18 years which has enormous psychosocial and health effects. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of individual forms of tobacco usage among youth aged 15 to 24 years and to assess the association of sociodemographic factors with tobacco use. Methods: The source of data was a cross-sectional GATS-2 survey in India (analysed using SPSSv17.0) which used a multistage, geographically stratified cluster sampling method. Bivariate analysis was done for evaluation of the possible association of tobacco use with sociodemographic factors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the relative strength of association between those factors and tobacco use. Results: There were 13 329 respondents (44.9% males and 55.1% females) aged 15 to 24 years. Overall, 11.9% of respondents were using tobacco. The prevalence of smoke and smokeless tobacco usage was 5% and 10.9%, respectively, whereas 2% of respondents reported dual usage. The odds of using any form of tobacco were significantly higher among respondents aged 20 to 24 years (odds ratio [OR]: 2 [1.76-2.77]) who were primarily residing in rural areas (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.36 [1.2-1.54]) and were unmarried (aOR: 1.56 [1.37-1.88]). The odds of using any form of tobacco were significantly lower among females (aOR: 0.21 [0.19-0.24]), literate individuals (aOR: 0.33 [0.29-0.37]), and those who were unemployed/students/homemakers (aOR: 0.44 [0.39-0.50]). Conclusions: The overall tobacco usage of 11.9% among young people in the age group of 15 to 24 years is a matter of concern. The study identified several sociodemographic factors significantly associated with tobacco use, implying the need for designing interventions considering social vulnerabilities of youth.

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Tobacco use and associated factors among Rwandan youth aged 15-34 years: Findings from a nationwide survey, 2013

10.1101/543843 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

François Habiyaremye ◽

Samuel Rwunganira ◽

Clarisse Musanabaganwa ◽

Marie Aimée Muhimpundu

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southern Province ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Current Tobacco

AbstractIntroductionTobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death in the world. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of current tobacco use and identify associated factors among Rwandans aged 15-34 years.MethodsThis cross-sectional analytical study analysed secondary data collected during the nationally representative Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Surveillance survey conducted in 2013 to explore the prevalence of tobacco use in Rwanda and identify factors associated with tobacco use. This study analysed data collected from 3,900 youth participants (15-34 years old), selected using multistage cluster sampling technique. The overall proportion of current smokers, as well as demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample were determined and multivariable logistic regression employed to identify factors independently associated with current tobacco use.ResultsThe prevalence (weighted) of current tobacco use (all forms) was 8% (95%CI: 7.08-9.01). Prevalence statistically significant was found in the following group: higher prevalence was found among males, young adults aged 24-34, youth with primary school education or less, those from Southern province, people with income (work in public, private organizations and self-employed) and young married adults.There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of tobacco use between participants from urban or rural areas (7.8% vs. 8.0%). Factors that were found to be associated with current tobacco use through the multivariate analysis included being a male, aged 25 years and above, having an income, and residing in Eastern, Kigali City and Southern Province compared to Western province.ConclusionThe association between smoking and sociodemographic characteristics among Rwandan youth identified in this study provides an opportunity for policy makers to tailor future policies, and implement coordinated, high-impact interventions to prevent initiation of tobacco use among the youth.

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Factors Associated with Smokeless Tobacco Use among Pregnant Women in Rural Areas of the Southern Terai, Nepal

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council ◽

10.3126/jnhrc.v15i1.18007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 12-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jitendra Kumar Singh ◽

Dilaram Acharya ◽

Rajendra Kadel ◽

Samaj Adhikari ◽

Daniel Lombard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Smokeless Tobacco Use ◽

Pregnant Mothers

Background: Tobacco use among women during pregnancy leading to poor maternal and child health outcomes has been well documented. However, factors influencing use of smokeless tobacco in Nepal has not yet been well established. This study aims at exploring the factors related to smokeless tobacco use among pregnant women in rural southern Terai of Nepal.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was performed at 52 wards within 6 Village Development Committee in Dhanusha district of Nepal. A total of 426 expectant mothers in their second trimester were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. Descriptive and regression analyses were done to explore the factors that influence smokeless tobacco use.Results: In a total of 426 pregnant mothers, one in five used tobacco in any form. Among the users, 13.4% used smokeless tobacco. Pregnant mothers who were smoking tobacco (AOR 6.01; 95% CI (1.88-19.23), having alcohol consumption (AOR 3.86; 95% CI (1.23-12.08), stressed (AOR 5.04; 95% CI (1.81-14.03), non-vegetarian (AOR 3.31;(1.84-13.03), not attending regular mothers’ group meetings (AOR 4.63; (1.41-15.19), and not-exposed to mass media (AOR 5.02; (1.89-13.33) were significantly associated with smokeless tobacco use. Similarly, mothers of age group 20-34 years, dalit, aadibasi and janajati, hill origin, no education and primary education were more likely to use smokeless tobacco than their counterparts.Conclusions: Factors such as smoking tobacco, alcohol consumption, stress, and poor education were found to be significantly associated with smokeless tobacco use among pregnant women in southern Terai of Nepal. This requires an immediate attention develop an effective strategy to prevent and control smokeless tobacco use among pregnant women in southern Terai of Nepal.

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Depressive Symptom and Associated Factors Among School Adolescents of Urban, Semi-Urban and Rural Areas in Bangladesh: A Scenario Prior to COVID-19

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.708909 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Afifa Anjum ◽

Sahadat Hossain ◽

M. Tasdik Hasan ◽

Sayma Islam Alin ◽

Md. Elias Uddin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Depressive Symptom ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Residential Setting ◽

Image Perception ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptom and the factors associated with this condition among urban, semi-urban and rural adolescents in the Dhaka district of Bangladesh.Methods: A cross sectional study using two stage cluster sampling procedure was performed. A self-administered questionnaire was conveyed to 2,355 adolescents from nine secondary schools of Dhaka district of Bangladesh. Of the respondents, 2,313 completed the nine item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Besides, sociodemographic information, self-reported body image as well as modification of Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and WHO Global PA Questionnaire (GPAQ) were used to determine the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with depressive symptom among adolescents.Results: A total of 30.1% adolescents were found to be suffering from moderate to severely severe depressive symptom. Females (60.8%) were found suffering significantly more than males (39.2%). Sociodemographic factors, for example, residential setting and family size were found significantly associated with depressive symptom among adolescents. Adjusted estimate of logistic regression shows that physical inactivity (AOR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.14–1.84), >2 h/day screen time (AOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.39–2.03), sleep dissatisfaction (AOR: 3.23; 95% CI: 2.64–3.96), and underweight body image perception (AOR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.70–3.13) were significantly associated with depressive symptom among adolescents.Conclusions: Among urban, semi-urban and rural school adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh, depressive symptom is quite prevalent. To lessen the spread of depressive symptom among Bangladeshi adolescents, urgent steps should therefore be taken.

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Creencias de contagio casual, estigma y discriminación relacionados al VIH, en adolescentes que asisten a colegios oficiales en áreas urbanas de Panamá [HIVrelated beliefs of casual contagion, stigma, and discrimination among adolescents who attend public schools in urban areas of Panama]

Revista Médica de Panamá - ISSN 2412-642X ◽

10.37980/im.journal.rmdp.2020x1525 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Anet Murillo ◽

Amanda Gabster ◽

Elisa Mendoza ◽

Gonzalo Cabezas Talavero ◽

Juan Miguel Pascale

Keyword(s):

Public Schools ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stigma And Discrimination ◽

Significant Difference

Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia y factores sociodemográficos relacionados con las creencias de contagio casual de VIH. Entender los factores que están asociados a estigmas y discriminación hacia compañeros que viven con el VIH en la población adolescente (14-19 años) en centros educativos de nivel media de áreas urbanas de Panamá. Método: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal con muestreo de conglomerados de dos-etapas, con selección aleatoria en 4 regiones urbanas de Panamá (Panamá, San Miguelito, Colón y Panamá Oeste). Se incluyó estudiantes 14-19 años de centros educativos públicos de educación media entre los meses de junio y agosto de 2015-2018 (una región por año). Se utilizó de regresión logística multivariable con efectos aleatorios. Resultados: Del total de 2466 participantes, el 56.9% era de sexo femenino y el 43.1% de sexo masculino. No se encontró una diferencia significativa entre el sexo de los participantes y la creencia en contagio casual. Después de ajustar el modelo por edad de los participantes, se encontró evidencia de asociación entre participantes de sexo masculino y el estigma (adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=1.44, 95% Intervalo de Confianza [IC]:1.14-1.82) y la discriminación (AOR= 2.02 95%CI:1.40-3.07). Al ajustar por sexo y edad de los participantes, se encontró evidencia de asociación entre creencias de contagio casual y estigma reportado (AOR=2.0, IC95%: 1.4-2.9), como también entre estigma y discriminación reportado (AOR=2.2 CI 95%:1.5-3.2). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes entre los 14-19 años que asisten a centros educativos públicos de nivel Media, presentaron una alta prevalencia de creencia de contagio casual del VIH, estigma y discriminación. Abstract:Objective: To describe the prevalence and sociodemographic factors related to beliefs of casual HIV infection. Understand the factors that are associated with stigma and discrimination towards peers living with HIV in the adolescent population (14-19 years) in high school educational centers in urban areas of Panama. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out with two-stage cluster sampling, using random selection in 4 urban regions of Panama (Panama, San Miguelito, Colón and Panamá Oeste). The study was carried out among 14-19-year-old participants of public schools of secondary education between the months of June and August 2015-2018 (one region per year). Random-effects multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Results: Of the total of 2,466 participants, 56.9% were female and 43.1% male. No significant difference was found between the sex of the participants and the belief of casual contagion. However, after adjusting the model for the age of the participants, we found evidence of an association between stigma (adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.44,95% Confidence Interval[CI]:1.14-1.82) and discrimination (AOR = 2.02 95% CI:1.40-3.07) in the male participants. After adjusting for the sex and age of the participants, evidence of association was found among those with beliefs of casual contagion and reported stigma (AOR = 2.0, 95%CI:1.4-2.9), as well as strong evidence of association between stigma and reported discrimination (AOR = 2.2 95% CI:1.5-3.2). Conclusions: Students between the ages of 14-19 years who attend public schools of medium level, presented a high prevalence of belief of casual HIV infection, stigma and discrimination.

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Awareness on menstrual hygiene management in Bangladesh and the possibilities of media interventions: using a nationwide cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042134 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e042134

Author(s):

Awan Afiaz ◽

Raaj Kishore Biswas

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Health Concern ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Menstrual Hygiene ◽

Menstrual Hygiene Management ◽

Hygiene Management

ObjectivesMenstrual hygiene management (MHM) has become a growing public health concern in many low-income and middle-income nations for its association with several health risks. This study observed types of menstrual absorbents used among women in Bangladesh and analysed the associated sociodemographic factors with the hypothesis that mass media can increase awareness regarding MHM. The study includes recommendations for possible intervention strategies designed to address this lack of awareness.Design and participantsThe analysis used the data from the nationally representative Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019 that employed a two-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach, with a study sample of 54 242 women aged between 15 and 49 years. A generalised linear model was fitted to the data adjusting for survey weights and cluster/strata variations along with bivariate analyses and spatial mapping.ResultsOnly a quarter of women (24.3%) used modern absorbents for MHM with most resorting to unhygienic traditional practices. Spatial distribution showed that the use of modern absorbent of MHM was limited to the major cities. The women who had mobile phones and regular access to the media were nearly 43% (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.43 with 95% CI 1.33 to 1.54) and 47% (AOR 1.47 with 95% CI 1.35 to 1.60) more likely to use the modern absorbents of MHM, respectively. Furthermore, educated women living in urban solvent households with educated house heads were also found to use modern absorbents of MHM.ConclusionsThere appeared to be scope for interventions through a combined national effort to raise awareness using multifaceted media channels regarding MHM among women in order to meet the Sustainable Development Goals 3.7 and 6.2 of addressing women’s healthcare and hygiene needs.

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Are Shopkeepers Suffering from Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Tuberculosis Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2017/2569598 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn

Keyword(s):

Health Education ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Health Concern ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Bahir Dar ◽

Early Screening ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pulmonary Tb

Background. Despite several interventions, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries. Objective. To determine pulmonary TB prevalence and associated factors among shopkeepers in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 among 520 shopkeepers who had TB signs and symptoms using questionnaire interview and sputum samples processing. Shopkeepers were considered TB positive if two sputum slides became positive. Data were edited and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors. Results. A total of 520 shopkeepers were interviewed and gave sputum samples. About 256 (49.2%) of them were under the ≤30 years’ age category, 22.0% can read and write, 65.0% were Muslims, and 32.0% originated from rural areas. Pulmonary TB prevalence was 7.0% (37/520), and positivity proportion was 57.0% (21/37) in males and 70.0% (26/37) in urban residents. Smaller (44.0%) shopkeepers got health education on TB. Illiteracy, no health education, contact history, cigarette smoking, nonventilated shops, and comorbidities were factors to TB infection (p value < 0.05). Conclusions. Significant numbers of shopkeepers were infected by TB. Factors to TB infection were either personal or related to comorbidities or the environment. Therefore, TB officials need to specially emphasize awareness creation, occupational health, and early screening to prevent TB.

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Changes in Tobacco Use Patterns during COVID-19 and Their Correlates among Older Adults in Bangladesh

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041779 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1779

Author(s):

Sabuj Kanti Mistry ◽

Armm Mehrab Ali ◽

Md. Ashfikur Rahman ◽

Uday Narayan Yadav ◽

Bhawna Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Telephone Interviews ◽

Related Information ◽

Structured Questionnaire

The present study explored the changes in tobacco use patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic and their correlates among older adults in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1032 older adults aged ≥60 years in Bangladesh through telephone interviews in October 2020. Participants’ characteristics and COVID-19-related information were gathered using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Participants were asked if they noted any change in their tobacco use patterns (smoking or smokeless tobacco) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to pre-pandemic (6 months prior to the survey). Nearly half of the participants (45.6%) were current tobacco users, of whom 15.9% reported increased tobacco use during the COVID-19 pandemic and all others had no change in their tobacco use patterns. Tobacco use was significantly increased among the participants from rural areas, who had reduced communications during COVID-19 compared to pre-pandemic (OR = 2.76, 95%CI:1.51–5.03). Participants who were aged ≥70 years (OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.14–0.77), widowed (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.13–1.00), had pre-existing, non-communicable, and/or chronic conditions (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.25–0.78), and felt themselves at the highest risk of COVID-19 (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.15–0.62), had significantly lower odds of increased tobacco use. Policy makers and practitioners need to focus on strengthening awareness and raising initiatives to avoid tobacco use during such a crisis period.

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Knowledge and attitude about tobacco use among school personnel in Bangalore South-a Cross Sectional Study.

RGUHS Journal of Dental Sciences ◽

10.26715/rjds.11_1_5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 14-20

Author(s):

Dr. Padma K Bhat ◽

Dr. Sushma S G ◽

Dr. Jayachandra M Y

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

School Personnel ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Second Hand Smoke ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Knowledge And Attitude ◽

The Government

Background: Tobacco use is so addictive among youth and is one of the global epidemics which require constant monitoring and timely appropriate action to prevent usage. School personnel play one of the main roles in taking appropriate action. Aim: To assess knowledge and attitude of tobacco use pattern among school personnel in Bangalore city. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out for a period of six months from May to October 2017. Stratified cluster sampling was done to include the government and English medium schools in Bangalore south. All the school personnel in the selected schools were eligible to participate. The data collection tool was GSPS questionnaire (WHO FCTC Tobacco Control). Chi-square test and Fisher’s Exact Test was used to demonstrate cross tabulation with confidence intervals. Significance level of 0.05 was considered for statistical analyses Results : Majority of both Kannada and English medium school personnel did not use any forms of tobacco. Both the English and Kannada medium school personnel were aware of the addictive effect of tobacco, but majority of the Kannada medium personnel said second hand smoke is not harmful as compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: Tobacco use among school personnel was low. Most of the school personnel were informed about the addictive nature of tobacco.

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Examining the Dietary Diversity of Children in Niger

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13092961 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 2961

Author(s):

Nafissatou Cisse Egbuonye ◽

Ariun Ishdorj ◽

E.L.J. McKyer ◽

Rahma Mkuu

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Health Concern ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Child Factors

Malnutrition is a major public health concern in Niger. The stunting rate in children in Niger is over 50%, one of the highest in the world. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine children’s dietary diversity (CDD) and the maternal factors that impact CDD. A total of 1265 mother–child pairs were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present maternal and child characteristics. To compare the mean scores of CDD in relation to the region, an independent sample t-test was conducted. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to evaluate the CDD score by different age groups. A linear regression model was estimated to identify household, maternal and child factors that affect the CDD score. Our results indicate that most of the participants of our survey resided in rural areas and the majority (80.7%) of the mothers had no education. Factors such as region, children’s age, woman’s empowerment, vitamin A intake and wealth index were significant predictors of CDD (p < 0.05). The children residing in rural areas were more likely to have lower CDD scores (p < 0.05) than the children in urban areas, therefore becoming more susceptible to malnutrition.

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Screening of Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension Among Antenatal Women in Rural West India

Central Asian Journal of Global Health ◽

10.5195/cajgh.2014.140 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Viral R. Dave ◽

Bhavik M. Rana ◽

Kantibhai N. Sonaliya ◽

Suraj J. Chandwani ◽

Samkit V. Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Screening Program ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Screening Guidelines ◽

History Of

Background: Hypertension and gestational diabetes are among the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality, especially in rural areas of developing countries with meager health facilities. With early diagnosis and timely treatment, these adverse events can be decreased. The primary aim of this study was to implement a screening program for gestational diabetes and hypertension, and to assess risk factors associated with these conditions among antenatal women in the rural area of the Gujarat province in India.Methods: A cross–sectional study was conducted at one of the rural areas of Gujarat province in India. Following a random cluster sampling procedure, the village of Davas was selected. A multistage random sampling method was utilized, resulting in a sample of 346 antenatal women. Screening guidelines from the American Diabetes Association were followed for gestational diabetes screening.Results: The majority of antenatal mothers (55.50%) were between 21-25 years of age. 242 antenatal women were multigravida, and among them, 85.96% had institutional delivery at their last pregnancy. Of the total 346 women, 17.60% were prehypertensive. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 1.40%, diastolic hypertension was 0.90%, and gestational diabetes was 1.73%.Conclusion: Socioeconomically upper class, a family history of hypertension, and BMI ≥ 25 were strong risk factors for hypertension during pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Health education should be made readily available to antenatal mothers by paramedical workers regarding symptoms of hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus for early self identification.

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