scholarly journals A Review of Coumarins and Coumarin-Related Compounds for Their Potential Antidiabetic Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117955142110420
Author(s):  
Sara Ranđelović ◽  
Robbert Bipat
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Diabetic Animal ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Common Application ◽  
Related Compounds

Background and aims: Worldwide, type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for a considerable burden of disease, with an estimated global cost of >800 billion USD annually. For this reason, the search for more effective and efficient therapeutic anti-diabetic agents is continuing. Coumarins are naturally derived and synthetic molecules with a wide variety of biological actions. The most common application of these molecules in medicine is for their thrombostatic activity. This study aims to give an overview of the current knowledge about the applicability of these chemical products in the therapeutic strategy against diabetes and its complications. Methods: For this purpose, we searched internet databases for publications and abstracts in English that investigated the effects of coumarins or coumarin-like agents with potential anti-diabetic activity. Results: The result is that a variety of these agents have proven in in vitro, in silico, and simple animal models to possess properties that may reduce the glucose absorption rate in the intestines, increase the level of insulin, increase the cellular uptake of glucose or reduce the gluconeogenesis. In addition, some of these agents also reduced the level of glycation of peptides in diabetic animal models and showed antioxidant properties. Conclusion: In conclusion, we can summarize that coumarins and their related derivatives may be potential antidiabetic agents. Useful formulations with appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties must be developed and tested for their efficacy and toxicity in comprehensive animal models before they can enter clinical trials.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge on Functionality and Potential Therapeutic Uses of Donkey Milk

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1382
Author(s):  
Mina Martini ◽  
Iolanda Altomonte ◽  
Domenico Tricò ◽  
Riccardo Lapenta ◽  
Federica Salari
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
High Concentration

The increase of knowledge on the composition of donkey milk has revealed marked similarities to human milk, which led to a growing number of investigations focused on testing the potential effects of donkey milk in vitro and in vivo. This paper examines the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of donkey milk on human health. Most clinical studies report a tolerability of donkey milk in 82.6–98.5% of infants with cow milk protein allergies. The average protein content of donkey milk is about 18 g/L. Caseins, which are main allergenic components of milk, are less represented compared to cow milk (56% of the total protein in donkey vs. 80% in cow milk). Donkey milk is well accepted by children due to its high concentration of lactose (about 60 g/L). Immunomodulatory properties have been reported in one study in humans and in several animal models. Donkey milk also seems to modulate the intestinal microbiota, enhance antioxidant defense mechanisms and detoxifying enzymes activities, reduce hyperglycemia and normalize dyslipidemia. Donkey milk has lower calorie and fat content compared with other milks used in human nutrition (fat ranges from 0.20% to 1.7%) and a more favourable fatty acid profile, being low in saturated fatty acids (3.02 g/L) and high in alpha-linolenic acid (about 7.25 g/100 g of fat). Until now, the beneficial properties of donkey milk have been mostly related to whey proteins, among which β-lactoglobulin is the most represented (6.06 g/L), followed by α-lactalbumin (about 2 g/L) and lysozyme (1.07 g/L). So far, the health functionality of donkey milk has been tested almost exclusively on animal models. Furthermore, in vitro studies have described inhibitory action against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. From the literature review emerges the need for new randomized clinical trials on humans to provide stronger evidence of the potential beneficial health effects of donkey milk, which could lead to new applications as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases, malnutrition, and aging.

Beneficial effects of pyridoxamine in endothelial dysfunction of type 2 diabetic animal models

2021 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. e100
Author(s):  
C. Sena ◽  
D. Carvalho ◽  
A. Pereira ◽  
M. Queiroz ◽  
R. Seiça
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Diabetic Animal ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Animal Research for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Its Limited Translation for Clinical Benefit, and the Way Forward

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeeshan Ali ◽  
P. Charukeshi Chandrasekera ◽  
John J. Pippin
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Research Findings

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reached pandemic proportions worldwide, and considerable research efforts have been dedicated to investigating disease pathology and therapeutic options. The two hallmark features of T2DM, insulin resistance and pancreatic dysfunction, have been studied extensively by using various animal models. Despite the knowledge acquired from such models, particularly mechanistic discoveries that sometimes mimic human T2DM mechanisms or pathways, many details of human T2DM pathogenesis remain unknown, therapeutic options remain limited, and a cure has eluded research. Emerging human data have raised concern regarding inter-species differences at many levels (e.g. in gene regulation, pancreatic cytoarchitecture, glucose transport, and insulin secretion regulation), and the subsequent impact of these differences on the clinical translation of animal research findings. Therefore, it is important to recognise and address the translational gap between basic animal-based research and the clinical advances needed to prevent and treat T2DM. The purpose of this report is to identify some limitations of T2DM animal research, and to propose how greater human relevance and applicability of hypothesis-driven basic T2DM research could be achieved through the use of human-based data acquisition at various biological levels. This report addresses how in vitro, in vivo and in silico technologies could be used to investigate particular aspects of human glucose regulation. We do not propose that T2DM animal research has been without value in the identification of mechanisms, pathways, or potential targets for therapies, nor do we claim that human-based methods can provide all the answers. We recognise that the ultimate goal of T2DM animal research is to identify ways to advance the prevention, recognition and treatment of T2DM in humans, but postulate that this is where the use of animal models falls short, despite decades of effort. The best way to achieve this goal is by prioritising human-centred research.

Approaching Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Systems Biology

2009 ◽  
pp. 361-376
Author(s):  
Axel Rasche
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
High Throughput Experimentation

We acquired new computational and experimental prospects to seek insight and cure for millions of afflicted persons with an ancient malady. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease with a network of interactions among several tissues and a multifactorial pathogenesis. Research conducted in human and multiple animal models has strongly focused on genetics so far. High-throughput experimentation technics like microarrays provide new tools at hand to amend current knowledge. By integrating those results the aim is to develop a systems biology model assisting the diagnosis and treatment. Beside experimentation techniques and platforms or rather general concepts for a new term in biology and medicine this chapter joins the conceptions with a rather actual medical challenge. It outlines current results and envisions a possible alley to the comprehension of T2DM.

Vitamin D and Insulin Action and Secretion –An Overview of Current Understanding and Future Perspectives

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne L Gulseth ◽  
Cecilie Wium ◽  
Kåre I Birkeland ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Indirect Measures

Impaired vitamin D status has been linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. This review summarises the current knowledge of the effects of vitamin D on insulin action and secretion. Animal andin vitrostudies suggest an effect of vitamin D on insulin action and secretion. The effects of vitamin D status in humans are not as clear, however, and cross-sectional data on insulin sensitivity and secretion are inconclusive. Intervention studies are few and often suffer from inadequate design including short duration, low sample power, low dose of vitamin D or use of indirect measures of insulin sensitivity and secretion. Despite some plausible biological mechanisms for an effect of vitamin D on both insulin secretion and action, more evidence is needed to decide whether vitamin D plays an important role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Epigenetics and maternal nutrition: nature v. nurture

2010 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Epigenetic Modifications ◽  
Epigenetic Gene Regulation ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Under- and over-nutrition during pregnancy has been linked to the later development of diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Epigenetic modifications may be one mechanism by which exposure to an altered intrauterine milieu or metabolic perturbation may influence the phenotype of the organism much later in life. Epigenetic modifications of the genome provide a mechanism that allows the stable propagation of gene expression from one generation of cells to the next. This review highlights our current knowledge of epigenetic gene regulation and the evidence that chromatin remodelling and histone modifications play key roles in adipogenesis and the development of obesity. Epigenetic modifications affecting processes important to glucose regulation and insulin secretion have been described in the pancreatic β-cells and muscle of the intrauterine growth-retarded offspring, characteristics essential to the pathophysiology of type-2 diabetes. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression contributes to both adipocyte determination and differentiation in in vitro models. The contributions of histone acetylation, histone methylation and DNA methylation to the process of adipogenesis in vivo remain to be evaluated.

Animal models of catheter-induced intimal hyperplasia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and the effects of pharmacologic intervention

2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.B. McNamara ◽  
S.N. Murthy ◽  
A.N. Fonseca ◽  
C.V. Desouza ◽  
P.J. Kadowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Vascular Injury ◽  
Intimal Hyperplasia ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Impaired Insulin

Diabetes is a complex disorder characterized by impaired insulin formation, release or action (insulin resistance), elevated blood glucose, and multiple long-term complications. It is a common endocrine disorder of humans and is associated with abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. There are two forms of diabetes, classified as type 1 and type 2. In type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia is due to an absolute lack of insulin, whereas in type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia is due to a relative lack of insulin and insulin resistance. More than 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 with varied degrees of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is often associated with impaired insulin secretion, and hyperglycemia is a common feature in both types of diabetes, but failure to make a distinction between the types of diabetes in different animal models has led to confusion in the literature. This is particularly true in relation to cardiovascular disease in the presence of diabetes and especially the response to vascular injury, in which there are major differences between the two types of diabetes. Animal models do not completely mimic the clinical disease seen in humans. Animal models are at best analogies of the pathologic process they are designed to represent. The focus of this review is an analysis of intimal hyperplasia following catheter-induced vascular injury, including factors that may complicate comparisons between different animal models or between in vitro and in vivo studies. We examine the variables, pitfalls, and caveats that follow from the manner of induction of the injury and the diabetic state of the animal. The efficacy of selected antidiabetic drugs in inhibiting the development of the hyperplastic response is also discussed.

Boerhaavia diffusa inhibits key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes in vitro and in silico; and modulates abdominal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake ex vivo

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 1116-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olajumoke A. Oyebode ◽  
Ochuko L. Erukainure ◽  
Chika I. Chukwuma ◽  
Collins U. Ibeji ◽  
Neil A. Koorbanally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
Boerhaavia Diffusa

scholarly journals Dietary Modulation of Oxidative Stress From Edible Insects: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica D'Antonio ◽  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Natalia Battista
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Cellular Models

Edible insects are proposed as a nutritious and environmentally sustainable alternative source to animal proteins, due to their numerous advantages in terms of reduced ecological impact and high nutritional value. However, the novelty for edible insects relies on the content of bioactive ingredients potentially able to induce a functional effect in the body. The present review summarizes the main findings on the antioxidant properties of edible insects available in the literature. A total of 30 studies involving animals, cell cultures, or in vitro experimental studies evaluating the antioxidant effect of edible insects are presented in this work. When the antioxidant activity was investigated, using a wide variety of in vitro tests and in cellular models, positive results were shown. Dietary supplementation with edible insects was also able to counteract dietary oxidative stress in animal models, restoring the balance of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the formation of oxidation damage markers. On the basis of the reviewed evidences, edible insects might represent a source of novel redox ingredients at low ecological impact able to modulate oxidative stress. However, due to the fact that majority of these evidences have been obtained in vitro and in cellular and animal models, dietary intervention trials are needed to assess the efficacy of edible insect consumption to modulate redox status in humans.

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