scholarly journals The digital ecosystem: The new politics of party organization in parliamentary democracies

2020 ◽  
pp. 135406882090766
Author(s):  
Katharine Dommett ◽  
Glenn Kefford ◽  
Sam Power
Keyword(s):  
Party Organization ◽  
Organizational Boundaries ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
New Politics ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Different Types ◽  
External Actors

Since at least the 1980s, scholars have highlighted parties’ reliance on external actors, with Panebianco’s ‘electoral–professional’ party model spotlighting the increasing role of professionals in supporting party activities and campaigns. Over successive decades, our understanding of the role of external actors, and particularly consultants, has grown. As parties have begun to embrace digital tools and technologies, however, it has become apparent that our understanding of party organization does not reflect the array of actors who support party activities. In this article, we draw on extensive interview data from Australia and the United Kingdom to offer a new conceptual framework – that we call the ‘party-centred digital ecosystem’ – to highlight the functions that different types of external actor provide for parties. Introducing the classification of CLANS to describe these different actors, we discuss the significance of this trend, highlighting the potential for increasingly porous organizational boundaries as parties call on different types of external actor for support.

The Human Factor of Cybercrime

2021 ◽  
pp. 089443932110115
Author(s):  
Benoît Dupont ◽  
Thomas Holt
Keyword(s):  
Human Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Qualitative Methodologies ◽  
Societal Dimensions ◽  
Individual Human

This volume highlights the central role of the human factor in cybercrime and the need to develop a more interdisciplinary research agenda to understand better the constant evolution of online harms and craft more effective responses. The term “human factor” is understood very broadly and encompasses individual, institutional, and societal dimensions. It covers individual human behaviors and the social structures that enable collective action by groups and communities of various sizes, as well as the different types of institutional assemblages that shape societal responses. This volume is organized around three general themes whose complementary perspectives allow us to map the complex interplay between offenders, machines, and victims, moving beyond static typologies to offer a more dynamic analysis of the cybercrime ecology and its underlying behaviors. The contributions use quantitative and qualitative methodologies and bring together researchers from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Australia, and Canada.

scholarly journals Qualitative Analysis of the Dynamics of a Two-Component Chiral Cosmological Model

Universe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Viktor Zhuravlev ◽  
Sergey Chervon
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Behavior ◽  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Asymptotic Dynamics

We present a qualitative analysis of chiral cosmological model (CCM) dynamics with two scalar fields in the spatially flat Friedman–Robertson–Walker Universe. The asymptotic behavior of chiral models is investigated based on the characteristics of the critical points of the selfinteraction potential and zeros of the metric components of the chiral space. The classification of critical points of CCMs is proposed. The role of zeros of the metric components of the chiral space in the asymptotic dynamics is analysed. It is shown that such zeros lead to new critical points of the corresponding dynamical systems. Examples of models with different types of zeros of metric components are represented.

Grain boundary structure intergranular fracture and the role of segregants as embrittling agents

1980 ◽  
Vol 295 (1413) ◽  
pp. 165-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Intergranular Fracture ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Orientation Relation ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Grain Boundary Structure ◽  
Different Types

There is substantial evidence, from studies of annealed and crept aluminium, which indicates that once a dislocation has entered the boundary region between two grains it dissociates to form several grain boundary dislocations of Burgers vectors determined by the orientation relation between the grains. Subsequent behaviour depends on boundary structure, the dissociation products remaining bunched together in certain boundaries and moving apart in others, indicative of a friction type stress active in the boundary. A simple classification of the different types of boundary, where friction stresses were either high or low, into coincidence and non-coincidence boundaries, however, was not possible.

scholarly journals Evaluation Methods for the Impacts of Shared Mobility: Classification and Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10504
Author(s):  
Anastasia Roukouni ◽  
Gonçalo Homem de Almeida Correia
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pros And Cons

In recent years, shared mobility services have had a growing presence in cities all over the world. Developing methodologies to measure and evaluate the impacts of shared mobility has therefore become of critical importance for city authorities. This paper conducts a thorough review of the different types of methods that can be used for this evaluation and suggests a classification of them. The pros and cons of each method are also discussed. The added value of the paper is twofold; first, we provide a systematic recording of the state of the art and the state of the practice regarding the evaluation of the impacts of shared mobility, from the perspective of city authorities, reflecting on their role, needs, and expectations. Second, by identifying the existing gaps in the literature, we highlight the specific needs for research and practice in this field that can help society figure out the role of urban shared mobility.

Understanding the Location and Role of Producer Services in the United Kingdom

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
J N Marshall ◽  
P Damesick ◽  
P Wood
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
Producer Services ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Service Activities

The growth of output and employment in services and their dominance in many local economies have increased academic interest in service activities. This paper is an examination of the contribution of producer services to the economy and their role in uneven development. Questions of definition plague the analysis of services, and a definition and classification of producer services are proposed. Existing research on producer services is reviewed and a framework for understanding their location and role outlined.

scholarly journals The culture of participation and participatory strategies in museum pedagogics

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Keyword(s):  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Participatory Practices

The article covers the following issues: notions of „participation culture”, participatory museum, classification of participatory strategies. The author suggests examples from domestic and foreign participatory practices, conditions for successful implementation of participatory strategies and the role of volunteers in this process. The article deals with the peculiarities of organizing a participatory museum and the directions of its activities. The author draws attention to theoretical aspects of the problem and gives the most striking examples of the implementation of participatory strategies in various museums in Russia and abroad. The article contains different approaches to the classification of the participative strategies, the influence of different types of strategies on the museum’s activity with a visitor and its results is analyzed. The author also cites possible risks of the museum in organizing participatory activities.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SOCIAL MEDIA USERS’ ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 160-181
Author(s):  
O. P. Sosniuk ◽  
I. V. Оstapenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Civic Competence

The article deals with the analysis of psychological features of social media users’ activity. The authors discuss the main approaches to the classification of social media, clarify the definition of this concept. The article presents the analysis of the typologies of social media users. According to the results of the qualitative study, the authors identified eight types of social media users, (considering the specifics of their activity: 1) generator of creolized content; 2) initiator of the discussion; 3) active participant in the discussion; 4) spreader of the creolized content; 5) imitator; 6) conformist; 7) observer; 8) inactive user. The psychological characteristics of the activity of these types of users of social media are identified. It has been proved that there are some differences in the ratio of different types of users for the most popular social networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) and messengers (Telegram, Viber). It is determined that the leading types of users are: for the Facebook – discussion initiator, active discussion participant, conformist; for the Instagram – generator of creolized content, spreader of the creolized content, and a follower; for the Twitter – generator of creolized content, spreader of the creolized content and a discussion initiator; for Telegram – discussion initiator, active discussion participant, spreader of the creolized content; for Viber messenger – initiator of discussions, active participant of discussions, conformist. The prospects for further research are outlined: verification of the typology of social media users in an expanded sample, specification of the psychological profile of different types of social media users, creation of technologies for development of personality’s media competence, identification of preconditions for constructive social media impact on users, exploration of the role of social media in the process of building a personality’s civic competence.

A House for the Future: Debating Second Chamber Reform in the United Kingdom

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-344
Author(s):  
David E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Royal Commission ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
Responsible Government ◽  
The Future ◽  
Anglo American

The publication of the report of the royal commission on the Reform of the House of Lords, A House for the Future, provides an occasion to look at second chambers and bicameralism in Anglo- American democracies. This limited focus is not for want of subject matter: the Inter-Parliamentary Union reports that of 178 parliamentary democracies in 1996, 58 were bicameral. Nor is the subject of second chambers, while never popular, a neglected area of inquiry at present. In fact, more has been published on the topic in the past four years than at any time in recent memory. The reason for focusing on Anglo-American countries is that they are the democracies where upper chambers are being transformed today. In response to events unique to themselves, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom have of late looked beyond responsible government as traditionally defined and begun to examine the role of their second chambers. The United States warrants inclusion because it is the founder of the theory of modern bicameralism.

scholarly journals Physician Aid in Dying for Dementia: The Problem With the Early vs. Late Disease Stage Distinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Elisabeth Nicolini
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aid In Dying ◽  
Disease Stages ◽  
Late Disease Stage

Background: Physician aid in dying (PAD) based on dementia is a contentious, highly debated topic. Several countries are considering extending their existing laws to include requests in incompetent patients based on a previously written advance directive. Discussions about this issue often invoke a distinction based on disease stage. The Dutch practice uses this distinction in classifications of dementia PAD cases and in guidance for clinicians. This paper explores the problem with this distinction for assessments of persons at the margins of competence.The Problem: Dutch guidance for clinicians uses an early vs. late-stage disease distinction to refer to requests from competent and incompetent persons. However, the use of disease stages is problematic, both conceptually and empirically. Conceptually, because it goes against very functional model of competence that guidance recognizes. Empirically, because it creates problems for classifying and evaluating patients at the margins of competence.Possible Ways Forward: Classification of cases and guidance should be based on competence, not disease stage. This requires rethinking decision-making for patients with dementia. Several possibilities are described, ranging from redefining the scope and role of advance directives in this context to exploring different types of decision-making frameworks.

scholarly journals Listening, Corporeality, Place and Presence

2010 ◽  
pp. 113-127
Author(s):  
Susan Turner
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Film Studies ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Being There

This chapter considers the role of sound, and more specifically, listening, in creating a sense of presence (of “being there”) in “places” recreated by virtual reality technologies. We first briefly review the treatment of sound in place and presence research. Here we give particular attention to the role of sound in inducing a sense of presence in virtual environments that immerse their users in representations of particular places. We then consider the phenomenology of listening, the nature of different types of listening, and their application: listening is active, directed, intentional hearing, and is not merely egocentric, it is body-centric. A classification of modes of listening that draws on work in film studies, virtual reality, and audiology is then proposed as a means of supporting the design of place-centric virtual environments in providing an effective aural experience. Finally, we apply this to a case study of listening in real and simulated soundscapes, and suggest directions for further applications of this work

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