scholarly journals Economic performance and electoral volatility: Testing the economic voting hypothesis on Indian states, 1957–2013

2020 ◽  
pp. 135406882092370
Author(s):  
Bharatee Bhusana Dash ◽  
J Stephen Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Economic Voting ◽  
The State ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Electoral Volatility ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Party Vote Shares ◽  
State Average

The consequences of variations in economic growth for vote volatility are analyzed on a panel of 14 Indian states between 1957 and 2013. Two measures of volatility are used: changes in party vote shares at the assembly level and changes in the state average of vote volatilities constructed at the constituency level. While the results find that both vary inversely with income growth rates, volatility at the constituency level is found to be more sensitive to growth rates. Examination of the periodicity of income growth’s impact finds that growth in the final year of governance has a stronger effect on volatility than does the average growth rate arising over the incumbent’s tenure. We confirm for Indian states that vote volatility responds more to negative changes than positive changes in the growth rate and, by decomposing volatility and find, contrary to most studies, that growth rates affect internal vote shifting more than between exiting parties and newcomers. The responsiveness of volatility to economic and political characteristics of the state reinforces the hypothesis that theories of economic voting have an important role to play in understanding electoral volatility and may provide a more insightful way of approaching the political business cycle.

Early Growth and Milk-Composition in Southern Elephant Seals (Mirounga-Leonina)

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Hindell ◽  
MM Bryden ◽  
HR Burton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mirounga Leonina ◽  
Maternal Condition ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Elephant Seals ◽  
Southern Elephant Seals

Growth rates and changes in body composition of pups were monitored during the 3-week lactation period of southern elephant seals at Macquarie Island. Despite a slight decrease in weight in the first days post-partum, pups attained a mass of 114+/-16.6 kg (mean+/-s.d.) at weaning, representing an average growth rate of 3.53+/-0.80 kg day-1 over the entire lactation period. The proportion of body mass represented by fat was less than 3% at birth, increasing to 40.8+/-12.7% at weaning. Lean tissue mass altered little for most of the lactation period, but did show an increase in the last four days. The fat content of the milk reflected these changes, starting at 16.1+/-6.98% on Day 1 of lactation and increasing to 39.5+/-15.2% about the time of weaning. Fat content of the milk was, however, highly variable and at weaning ranged from 7% to 55%. Although the growth rate of the pup was correlated with mass lost by its mother during lactation, there was no relationship between maternal mass and weaning weight of pups. It is suggested that growth rates may be related to maternal condition and not simply mass, and, further, that differences in growth rates between populations of southern elephant seals are related to maternal energy reserves.

The roughage requirement of early weaned calves

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (60) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Kellaway ◽  
T Grant ◽  
JW Chudleigh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Average Growth

Eighty-four calves were weaned at five weeks of age on to barley-based pellets containing 0, 15 or 30 per cent oat pollards. An additional treatment was to provide access or no access to long straw. Growth rates from six to ten weeks were 0.75 and 0.50 kg day-1 for calves with and without access to long straw, respectively (P < 0.001 ). As the content of oat pollards in the pellets increased, pellet intake increased so that growth rates were maintained when calves had access to long straw, and increased when long straw was not available. However, the highest growth rate of calves without long straw was still 0.14 kg day-1 lower than the lowest average growth rates of calves with access to long straw. These results are discussed in relation to the buffering capacity of the rumen in young calves.

scholarly journals Assessing the lockdown effect from excess mortalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexej Weber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractBackground and AimsThe reported case numbers of COVID-19 are often used to estimate the reproduction number or the growth rate. We use the excess mortality instead, showing the difference between most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (mrNPIs) and less restrictive NPIs (lrNPIs) with respect to the growth rate and death counts.MethodsWe estimate the COVID-19 growth rate for Sweden, South Korea, Italy and Germany from the excess mortality. We use the average growth rate obtained for Sweden and South Korea, two countries with lrNPIs, to estimate additional death numbers in Germany and Italy (two countries with mrNPIs) in a hypothetic lrNPIs scenario.ResultsThe growth rate estimated from excess mortality decreased faster for Germany and Italy than for Sweden and South Korea, suggesting that the mrNPIs have a non-negligible effect. This is not visible when the growth rate is calculated using the reported case numbers of COVID-19. This results in approximately 4 500 and 12 000 more death numbers for Germany and Italy, respectively.ConclusionThe reproduction numbers or growth rates obtained from reported COVID-19 cases are most likely biased. Expanding testing capacity led to an overestimation of the growth rate across all countries analyzed, masking the true decrease already visible in the excess mortality. Using our method, a more realistic estimate of the growth rate is obtained. Conclusions made for the reproduction number derived from the reported case numbers like the insignificance of most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (lockdowns) might be wrong and have to be reevaluated using the growth rates obtained with our method.

scholarly journals Growth of Output and Productivity in Pakistan’s Agriculture: Trends, Sources, and Policy Implications

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhry ◽  
Muhammad Ali Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Agricultural Commodity ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Negative Effect

The paper aims to review the growth performance of Pakistan’s agriculture from 1950 to 1995. The long-term growth rate of agriculture, although respectable, has exhibited considerable yearly fluctuations even between decades. The period of the fifties and early seventies lacked any growth. Accelerating and high growth rates marked the decade of the sixties but the performance has not been satisfactory since 1979-80 and average growth rates have barely exceeded the population growth rate, with widespread implications for growth of national economy, food security, and social welfare of the masses. Area, modern inputs, and technology have been the major determinants of growth but prices were equally important because of their incentive and disincentive effects. The agriculture price policies adopted during the 1980s are known to have had a negative effect on the development and use of technology in agriculture. In order to boost agricultural productivity, a change in price policy is needed to ensure incentive prices. This could be done by setting agricultural commodity prices at par with corresponding import and export parity prices. A higher investment in research and development can hardly be overemphasised. There is an urgent need to remove the bottlenecks in agricultural input markets since these markets represent the typical monopoly position. To break up the monopoly of registered dealers and to promote competition, free sales in the open market by interested parties and individuals may be allowed.

Pasture and the theory of diversification

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Lewis ◽  
C. K. M. Ho ◽  
B. R. Cullen ◽  
B. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
High Rainfall

Diversifying farm activities can reduce the business risk of agricultural production. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of diversifying the types of dairy pastures sown on (1) the average seasonal growth rate (kg DM/ha/day) of pasture and (2) the variability of seasonal growth rate of pasture over time by diversifying the types of pastures grown on a dairy farm. This approach is similar to the approach used to assess the diversification of annual cropping activities, although repeated harvest of pasture by grazing animals and the seasonality of pasture DM production complicates the question. The question investigated was ‘How does substituting chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) monocultures for a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture in increasing proportions affect (1) the average growth rate (kg DM/ha.day) of pasture and (2) the variability of growth rate of pasture in each season?’. The biophysical model DairyMod was used to simulate 30 years growth of a mixed sward of perennial ryegrass and white clover and monocultures of chicory and tall fescue for two rain-fed locations in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia. Including chicory in the pasture base had the potential to increase pasture growth rate during the summer–early autumn period compared with growing perennial ryegrass–white clover alone. This increase in pasture growth rate increased variability, and reduced growth rates in late autumn–winter and spring. The simulated growth rates of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass were strongly correlated in all seasons; hence, tall fescue did not reduce the variability of total DM. Further analysis would include price correlations and variability and consider the whole-farm implications. The analysis presented here for the high-rainfall zone showed that introducing alternative forages may have benefits in terms of increasing pasture growth rates at critical times of the production year, but the variability of the growth rate was not reduced.

Trends and determinants of IT-BPM exports in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzoor Hassan Malik ◽  
Nirmala Velan
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Export Revenue

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of trends of Indian information technology and business processing management (IT-BPM) sector and to analyse the determinants of IT-BPM sector during the period 1991-2014. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on annual data collected from National Association of Software and Service Companies and Department of Electronic and Information Technology for the period 1991 to 2014. The methodology adopted for studying the objectives are simple averages, percentages, ratios, growth rates, graphs prepared on the basis of data from the IT-BPM sector and regression analysis. Trends and patterns in key variables, such as total revenue, domestic revenue, export revenue, employment and exports of the IT-BPM sector have been examined. Factors influencing IT-BPM export growth have been analysed using ordinary least square multiple regression model, with growth rates of gross domestic product (GDP), labour productivity, exchange rate and previous year’s export, as the explanatory variables. Findings The export revenue from IT-BPM sector increased continuously over the years, at an average growth rate of 36.60 per cent during the period 1991 to 2014. Similarly, domestic revenue of IT-BPM sector also increased, but at a lower growth rate. This is because domestic market in India is captured by multinational giants against Indian firms, which do not possess full comparative advantage in the case of IT-BPM sector. Indian firms are producing low skill activities required for production, mainly concentrated only in the export sector. Direct employment, excluding hardware from IT-BPM sector, has grown at an average rate of 18.08 per cent over the study period. The determinants of IT-BPM exports indicated previous year’s export demand to be significantly contributing the highest to export growth rate. This was followed by GDP growth rate, implying that overall growth of the economy leads to significant increase in export growth. Increased labour productivity followed next in significantly encouraging export growth. Research limitations/implications Generalization of the results may not be possible, as Indian conditions and policies vary. Practical implications The paper has implications for the expansion of domestic market, diversification of trade and products, innovations for increasing competitiveness and sustainability in the global market in the wake of stiff competitions from new competitors. Originality/value This paper focuses on originality in analysis of determinants of export growth.

scholarly journals Growth Rates of Natural Amazonian Forest Trees Based on Radiocarbon Measurements

Radiocarbon ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Mozeto ◽  
Peter Fritz ◽  
M Z Moreira ◽  
E Vetter ◽  
Ramon Aravena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Average Growth

Evergreen trees in the tropical rain forest of the Amazonas Basin can produce growth rings which are not necessarily related to annual events. Therefore, estimation of growth rate cannot be done by dendrochronology. This report presents a technique for determining the growth rate of these trees based on radiocarbon measurements of two segments of equal radial distance from the outer part of the tree trunk. The measured 14C activity is compared to local 14C fallout and growth rates are derived from models taking into account bomb 14C effects. Eleven trees from various parts of the Amazon Basin were analyzed. The average growth rates range from ca 5 to > 40 yr per centimeter corresponding to extrapolated ages from ca 60 to > 400 yr.

The Effects of Nano-SiO2 and Nano-ZnO on the Concentration of Chlorophyll-a in Seawater

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Xiao Mei Wu ◽  
Chun Yu Ma ◽  
Ai Rong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Nano Zno ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Different Content

Effects of nano-SiO2 and nano-ZnO on the concentration of chlorophyll-a in seawater were studied. Different particle size of nano-SiO2 and nano-ZnO (10~500nm) were added into seawater with different content ranging between 5~100mg/L, led to the v (growth rate) of chlorophyll-a were -11.4~-44.8% and -39.6~-74.0% respectively, and v decreased with the increasing of the concentration of nanoparticles and raised with the increasing of the nanoparticles size, and nano-ZnO had the stronger inhibitory effect than nano-SiO2. While to nano-ZnO and Zn2+(concentrations of zinc were 0.05~1.00mmol/L), chlorophyll-a growth rate decreased as the concentration of zinc increased and the average growth rates were -60.2～-68.8%, meant that nano-ZnO and Zn2+ have the same toxical mechanism. Concentrations of Zn2+ released from nano-ZnO (30nm and 90nm) with content of 5~100mg/L were 1.56~4.29mg/L, and rose with the increasing of nano-ZnO concentration, and 30nmZnO released more Zn2+ than 90nm. To nano-ZnO, percentage of the concentration of Zn2+ released by it and its v values have linear correlation, indicated that the released Zn2+ is the main reason for toxicity of nano-ZnO.

A Comparison of Growth Rates of Acoustic Neuromas: Nonsurgical Patients vs. Subtotal Resection

1993 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth I. Rosenberg ◽  
Herbert Silverstein ◽  
Michael A. Gordon ◽  
John M. Flanzer ◽  
Thomas O. Willcox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tumor Growth Rate ◽  
Subtotal Resection ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Patients Âgés ◽  
Acoustic Neuromas

A conservative approach to the management of acoustic neuromas in elderly patients has been used since 1971. Elderly patients without symptoms of brain stem compression are initially treated by observation and yearly radiographic imaging. A translabyrinthine radical-subtotal resection is performed if brain stem compression is present or if tumor is growing rapidly. Twenty-three patients, ages 65 to 86 years, had initial nonsurgical management of their tumors. Growth rates could be determined for 16 patients. Thirteen patients not requiring surgery had an average tumor growth rate of 0.6 mm/yr. Three patients with an average growth rate of 6.8 mm/yr eventually required surgery. No patient whose tumor was < 15 mm at initial evaluation has experienced brain stem symptoms or demonstrated rapid tumor growth. Twenty-four patients ages 65 to 86 years underwent planned subtotal tumor excision. Eighteen patients followed postoperatively for more than 1 year demonstrated an average rate of regrowth of tumor of 0.7 mm/yr. (OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG 1993;109:482-7.)

scholarly journals Determination of the in situ growth rate of Microcystis based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope fractionation

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 984-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shucong Zhen ◽  
Wei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
Nitrogen Stable Isotope ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Stable Isotope Fractionation

Abstract Stable isotope fractionation of carbon and nitrogen in algal cells can be affected by photosynthesis, temperature, nutrient and CO2 concentrations, and cell size. As a consequence, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope techniques are not popular for determining algal growth rates. To counter these issues, this study used BG11 medium to cultivate Microcystis in the laboratory. First, the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values of the culture medium and the algae are determined. Then, based on changes in isotope fractionation before and after cell division, a function μ = 1.32(1 + x)−0.52 relating growth rate and stable isotope fractionation is established. By substituting stable isotope values from Taihu Lake water and Microcystis into this function, the growth rate of the Microcystis in Taihu Lake is calculated to be 0.64 d−1 in May and 0.12 d−1 in September, with an average growth rate of 0.42 d−1. By incorporating most of the above-mentioned factors influencing isotope fractionation, this method can determine the growth rate of algae based directly on the stable isotope fractionation relationship, enabling simple and practical determination of algae growth rates.

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