Trends and determinants of IT-BPM exports in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzoor Hassan Malik ◽  
Nirmala Velan
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Export Revenue

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of trends of Indian information technology and business processing management (IT-BPM) sector and to analyse the determinants of IT-BPM sector during the period 1991-2014. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on annual data collected from National Association of Software and Service Companies and Department of Electronic and Information Technology for the period 1991 to 2014. The methodology adopted for studying the objectives are simple averages, percentages, ratios, growth rates, graphs prepared on the basis of data from the IT-BPM sector and regression analysis. Trends and patterns in key variables, such as total revenue, domestic revenue, export revenue, employment and exports of the IT-BPM sector have been examined. Factors influencing IT-BPM export growth have been analysed using ordinary least square multiple regression model, with growth rates of gross domestic product (GDP), labour productivity, exchange rate and previous year’s export, as the explanatory variables. Findings The export revenue from IT-BPM sector increased continuously over the years, at an average growth rate of 36.60 per cent during the period 1991 to 2014. Similarly, domestic revenue of IT-BPM sector also increased, but at a lower growth rate. This is because domestic market in India is captured by multinational giants against Indian firms, which do not possess full comparative advantage in the case of IT-BPM sector. Indian firms are producing low skill activities required for production, mainly concentrated only in the export sector. Direct employment, excluding hardware from IT-BPM sector, has grown at an average rate of 18.08 per cent over the study period. The determinants of IT-BPM exports indicated previous year’s export demand to be significantly contributing the highest to export growth rate. This was followed by GDP growth rate, implying that overall growth of the economy leads to significant increase in export growth. Increased labour productivity followed next in significantly encouraging export growth. Research limitations/implications Generalization of the results may not be possible, as Indian conditions and policies vary. Practical implications The paper has implications for the expansion of domestic market, diversification of trade and products, innovations for increasing competitiveness and sustainability in the global market in the wake of stiff competitions from new competitors. Originality/value This paper focuses on originality in analysis of determinants of export growth.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for the Growth of Vibrio vulnificus in Postharvest Shellstock Oysters

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1675-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligia DaSilva ◽  
Salina Parveen ◽  
Angelo DePaola ◽  
John Bowers ◽  
Kathy Brohawn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Mobile Bay ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Eastern Oysters

ABSTRACTPostharvest growth ofVibrio vulnificusin oysters can increase risk of human infection. Unfortunately, limited information is available regardingV. vulnificusgrowth and survival patterns over a wide range of storage temperatures in oysters harvested from different estuaries and in different oyster species. In this study, we developed a predictive model forV. vulnificusgrowth in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) harvested from Chesapeake Bay, MD, over a temperature range of 5 to 30°C and then validated the model againstV. vulnificusgrowth rates (GRs) in Eastern and Asian oysters (Crassostrea ariakensis) harvested from Mobile Bay, AL, and Chesapeake Bay, VA, respectively. In the model development studies,V. vulnificuswas slowly inactivated at 5 and 10°C with average GRs of −0.0045 and −0.0043 log most probable number (MPN)/h, respectively. Estimated average growth rates at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C were 0.022, 0.042, 0.087, and 0.093 log MPN/h, respectively. With respect to Eastern oysters, bias (Bf) and accuracy (Af) factors for model-dependent and -independent data were 1.02 and 1.25 and 1.67 and 1.98, respectively. For Asian oysters,BfandAfwere 0.29 and 3.40. Residual variations in growth rate about the fitted model were not explained by season, region, water temperature, or salinity at harvest. Growth rate estimates for Chesapeake Bay and Mobile Bay oysters stored at 25 and 30°C showed relatively high variability and were lower than Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/WHOV. vulnificusquantitative risk assessment model predictions. The model provides an improved tool for designing and implementing food safety plans that minimize the risk associated withV. vulnificusin oysters.

scholarly journals Campylobacter Colonization and Proliferation in the Broiler Chicken upon Natural Field Challenge Is Not Affected by the Bird Growth Rate or Breed

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (21) ◽  
pp. 6733-6738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraser J. Gormley ◽  
Richard A. Bailey ◽  
Kellie A. Watson ◽  
Jim McAdam ◽  
Santiago Avendaño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Pure Line ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Commercial Flock ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Market Needs

ABSTRACTThe zoonotic association betweenCampylobacterbacteria in poultry and humans has been characterized by decades of research which has attempted to elucidate the epidemiology of this complex relationship and to reduce carriage within poultry. While much work has focused on the mechanisms facilitating its success in contaminating chicken flocks (and other animal hosts), it remains difficult to consistently excludeCampylobacterunder field conditions. Within the United Kingdom poultry industry, various bird genotypes with widely varying growth rates are available to meet market needs and consumer preferences. However, little is known about whether any differences inCampylobactercarriage exist across this modern broiler range. The aim of this study was to establish if a relationship exists between growth rate or breed and cecalCampylobacterconcentration after natural commercial flockCampylobacterchallenge. In one investigation, four pure line genotypes of various growth rates were grown together, while in the second, eight different commercial broiler genotypes were grown individually. In both studies, theCampylobacterconcentration was measured in the ceca at 42 days of age, revealing no significant difference in cecal load between birds of different genotypes both in mixed- and single-genotype pens. This is important from a public health perspective and suggests that other underlying reasons beyond genotype are likely to control and affectCampylobactercolonization within chickens. Further studies to gain a better understanding of colonization dynamics and subsequent proliferation are needed, as are novel approaches to reduce the burden in poultry.

scholarly journals Attenuated Virulence and Biofilm Formation in Staphylococcus aureus following Sublethal Exposure to Triclosan

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 3092-3100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Latimer ◽  
Sarah Forbes ◽  
Andrew J. McBain
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Small Colony Variant ◽  
Small Colony ◽  
Repeated Passage

ABSTRACTSubeffective exposure ofStaphylococcus aureusto the biocide triclosan can reportedly induce a small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype.S. aureusSCVs are characterized by low growth rates, reduced pigmentation, and lowered antimicrobial susceptibility. While they may exhibit enhanced intracellular survival, there are conflicting reports regarding their pathogenicity. The current study reports the characteristics of an SCV-like strain ofS. aureuscreated by repeated passage on sublethal triclosan concentrations.S. aureusATCC 6538 (the passage 0 [P0] strain) was serially exposed 10 times to concentration gradients of triclosan to generate strain P10. This strain was then further passaged 10 times on triclosan-free medium (designated strain ×10). The MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations of triclosan for P0, P10, and ×10 were determined, and growth rates in biofilm and planktonic cultures were measured. Hemolysin, DNase, and coagulase activities were measured, and virulence was determined using aGalleria mellonellapathogenicity model. Strain P10 exhibited decreased susceptibility to triclosan and characteristics of an SCV phenotype, including a considerably reduced growth rate and the formation of pinpoint colonies. However, this strain also had delayed coagulase production, had impaired hemolysis (P< 0.01), was defective in biofilm formation and DNase activity, and displayed significantly attenuated virulence. Colony size, hemolysis, coagulase activity, and virulence were only partially restored in strain ×10, whereas the planktonic growth rate was fully restored. However, ×10 was at least as defective in biofilm formation and DNase production as P10. These data suggest that although repeated exposure to triclosan may result in an SCV-like phenotype, this is not necessarily associated with increased virulence and adapted bacteria may exhibit other functional deficiencies.

Early Growth and Milk-Composition in Southern Elephant Seals (Mirounga-Leonina)

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Hindell ◽  
MM Bryden ◽  
HR Burton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mirounga Leonina ◽  
Maternal Condition ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Elephant Seals ◽  
Southern Elephant Seals

Growth rates and changes in body composition of pups were monitored during the 3-week lactation period of southern elephant seals at Macquarie Island. Despite a slight decrease in weight in the first days post-partum, pups attained a mass of 114+/-16.6 kg (mean+/-s.d.) at weaning, representing an average growth rate of 3.53+/-0.80 kg day-1 over the entire lactation period. The proportion of body mass represented by fat was less than 3% at birth, increasing to 40.8+/-12.7% at weaning. Lean tissue mass altered little for most of the lactation period, but did show an increase in the last four days. The fat content of the milk reflected these changes, starting at 16.1+/-6.98% on Day 1 of lactation and increasing to 39.5+/-15.2% about the time of weaning. Fat content of the milk was, however, highly variable and at weaning ranged from 7% to 55%. Although the growth rate of the pup was correlated with mass lost by its mother during lactation, there was no relationship between maternal mass and weaning weight of pups. It is suggested that growth rates may be related to maternal condition and not simply mass, and, further, that differences in growth rates between populations of southern elephant seals are related to maternal energy reserves.

The roughage requirement of early weaned calves

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (60) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Kellaway ◽  
T Grant ◽  
JW Chudleigh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Average Growth

Eighty-four calves were weaned at five weeks of age on to barley-based pellets containing 0, 15 or 30 per cent oat pollards. An additional treatment was to provide access or no access to long straw. Growth rates from six to ten weeks were 0.75 and 0.50 kg day-1 for calves with and without access to long straw, respectively (P < 0.001 ). As the content of oat pollards in the pellets increased, pellet intake increased so that growth rates were maintained when calves had access to long straw, and increased when long straw was not available. However, the highest growth rate of calves without long straw was still 0.14 kg day-1 lower than the lowest average growth rates of calves with access to long straw. These results are discussed in relation to the buffering capacity of the rumen in young calves.

scholarly journals Assessing the lockdown effect from excess mortalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexej Weber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractBackground and AimsThe reported case numbers of COVID-19 are often used to estimate the reproduction number or the growth rate. We use the excess mortality instead, showing the difference between most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (mrNPIs) and less restrictive NPIs (lrNPIs) with respect to the growth rate and death counts.MethodsWe estimate the COVID-19 growth rate for Sweden, South Korea, Italy and Germany from the excess mortality. We use the average growth rate obtained for Sweden and South Korea, two countries with lrNPIs, to estimate additional death numbers in Germany and Italy (two countries with mrNPIs) in a hypothetic lrNPIs scenario.ResultsThe growth rate estimated from excess mortality decreased faster for Germany and Italy than for Sweden and South Korea, suggesting that the mrNPIs have a non-negligible effect. This is not visible when the growth rate is calculated using the reported case numbers of COVID-19. This results in approximately 4 500 and 12 000 more death numbers for Germany and Italy, respectively.ConclusionThe reproduction numbers or growth rates obtained from reported COVID-19 cases are most likely biased. Expanding testing capacity led to an overestimation of the growth rate across all countries analyzed, masking the true decrease already visible in the excess mortality. Using our method, a more realistic estimate of the growth rate is obtained. Conclusions made for the reproduction number derived from the reported case numbers like the insignificance of most restrictive non-pharmaceutical interventions (lockdowns) might be wrong and have to be reevaluated using the growth rates obtained with our method.

scholarly journals Growth of Output and Productivity in Pakistan’s Agriculture: Trends, Sources, and Policy Implications

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Ghaffar Chaudhry ◽  
Ghulam Mustafa Chaudhry ◽  
Muhammad Ali Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Agricultural Commodity ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Negative Effect

The paper aims to review the growth performance of Pakistan’s agriculture from 1950 to 1995. The long-term growth rate of agriculture, although respectable, has exhibited considerable yearly fluctuations even between decades. The period of the fifties and early seventies lacked any growth. Accelerating and high growth rates marked the decade of the sixties but the performance has not been satisfactory since 1979-80 and average growth rates have barely exceeded the population growth rate, with widespread implications for growth of national economy, food security, and social welfare of the masses. Area, modern inputs, and technology have been the major determinants of growth but prices were equally important because of their incentive and disincentive effects. The agriculture price policies adopted during the 1980s are known to have had a negative effect on the development and use of technology in agriculture. In order to boost agricultural productivity, a change in price policy is needed to ensure incentive prices. This could be done by setting agricultural commodity prices at par with corresponding import and export parity prices. A higher investment in research and development can hardly be overemphasised. There is an urgent need to remove the bottlenecks in agricultural input markets since these markets represent the typical monopoly position. To break up the monopoly of registered dealers and to promote competition, free sales in the open market by interested parties and individuals may be allowed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Correlation between Labour Productivity and Wages in Individual Countries’ Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 11029
Author(s):  
Irina Bogatyreva ◽  
Larisa Ilyukhina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Labour Productivity Growth

The paper is concerned with the problems of evaluating and managing the correlation between labour productivity growth and wages as the most important elements of strategic development of economies in different world countries. A judicious correlation between the growth rate of labour productivity and wages affects the reduction of production costs, increase of profitability, and improvement of production efficiency. This explains the relevance of the study to evaluate interconnection between labour productivity and wages in the digital economy. The authors presented the research results of the dynamics of labour productivity and wages for individual countries in real time of 2014-2018, calculated indicators of the correlation between growth rates of average wages in the countries’ economy, described models, and developed the mechanism to manage the correlation between labour productivity and wages.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Economic Growth and E-Commerce

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Asuman Koc Yurtkur ◽  
Bersu Bahtiyar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Variance Decomposition ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Panel Var ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
The Relationship

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has started to become an important explanatory component of economic growth via innovations in information technology in recent years. Studies within this framework show that countries that invest more in e-commerce have reached higher growth rates. In this regard, this chapter has examined the relationship between e-commerce represented by two sub-components as fixed and mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions and economic growth for chosen countries (BRICS and Turkey) with 2000-2016 annual data by using Panel VAR, impulse response analysis, and variance decomposition. Results of the study show that economic growth and e-commerce are related. These results suggest that countries that want to increase their economic growth rate should focus on policies to increase e-commerce volume.

Pasture and the theory of diversification

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Lewis ◽  
C. K. M. Ho ◽  
B. R. Cullen ◽  
B. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
High Rainfall

Diversifying farm activities can reduce the business risk of agricultural production. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of diversifying the types of dairy pastures sown on (1) the average seasonal growth rate (kg DM/ha/day) of pasture and (2) the variability of seasonal growth rate of pasture over time by diversifying the types of pastures grown on a dairy farm. This approach is similar to the approach used to assess the diversification of annual cropping activities, although repeated harvest of pasture by grazing animals and the seasonality of pasture DM production complicates the question. The question investigated was ‘How does substituting chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) monocultures for a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture in increasing proportions affect (1) the average growth rate (kg DM/ha.day) of pasture and (2) the variability of growth rate of pasture in each season?’. The biophysical model DairyMod was used to simulate 30 years growth of a mixed sward of perennial ryegrass and white clover and monocultures of chicory and tall fescue for two rain-fed locations in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia. Including chicory in the pasture base had the potential to increase pasture growth rate during the summer–early autumn period compared with growing perennial ryegrass–white clover alone. This increase in pasture growth rate increased variability, and reduced growth rates in late autumn–winter and spring. The simulated growth rates of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass were strongly correlated in all seasons; hence, tall fescue did not reduce the variability of total DM. Further analysis would include price correlations and variability and consider the whole-farm implications. The analysis presented here for the high-rainfall zone showed that introducing alternative forages may have benefits in terms of increasing pasture growth rates at critical times of the production year, but the variability of the growth rate was not reduced.

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