scholarly journals The emergence and selection of reputation systems that drive cooperative behaviour

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1886) ◽  
pp. 20181508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Schlaepfer
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Reputation Systems ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Social Image ◽  
Reputation Mechanism ◽  
Initial Evolution ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Selection Of

Reputational concerns are believed to play a crucial role in explaining cooperative behaviour among non-kin humans. Individuals cooperate to avoid a negative social image, if being branded as defector reduces pay-offs from future interactions. Similarly, individuals sanction defectors to gain a reputation as punisher, prompting future co-players to cooperate. But reputation can only effectively support cooperation if a sufficient number of individuals condition their strategies on their co-players' reputation, and if a sufficient number of group members are willing to record and transmit the relevant information about past actions. Using computer simulations, this paper argues that starting from a pool of non-cooperative individuals, a reputation system based on punishment is likely to emerge and to be the driver of the initial evolution of cooperative behaviour. However, once cooperation is established in a group, it will be sustained mainly through a reputation mechanism based on cooperative actions.

Spatial Representations as an Emergent Feature of Perceptual Processing

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Wascher ◽  
C. Beste
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Perceptual Maps ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Selection Of

Spatial selection of relevant information has been proposed to reflect an emergent feature of stimulus processing within an integrated network of perceptual areas. Stimulus-based and intention-based sources of information might converge in a common stage when spatial maps are generated. This approach appears to be inconsistent with the assumption of distinct mechanisms for stimulus-driven and top-down controlled attention. In two experiments, the common ground of stimulus-driven and intention-based attention was tested by means of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the human EEG. In both experiments, the processing of a single transient was compared to the selection of a physically comparable stimulus among distractors. While single transients evoked a spatially sensitive N1, the extraction of relevant information out of a more complex display was reflected in an N2pc. The high similarity of the spatial portion of these two components (Experiment 1), and the replication of this finding for the vertical axis (Experiment 2) indicate that these two ERP components might both reflect the spatial representation of relevant information as derived from the organization of perceptual maps, just at different points in time.

Pulvino-cortical interaction: an integrative role in the control of attention

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexia Bourgeois ◽  
Carole Guedj ◽  
Emmanuel Carrera ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Attention And Executive Control ◽  
Neural Communication ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Theoretical Proposal ◽  
Selection Of

Selective attention is a fundamental cognitive function that guides behavior by selecting and prioritizing salient or relevant sensory information of our environment. Despite early evidence and theoretical proposal pointing to an implication of thalamic control in attention, most studies in the past two decades focused on cortical substrates, largely ignoring the contribution of subcortical regions as well as cortico-subcortical interactions. Here, we suggest a key role of the pulvinar in the selection of salient and relevant information via its involvement in priority maps computation. Prioritization may be achieved through a pulvinar- mediated generation of alpha oscillations, which may then modulate neuronal gain in thalamo-cortical circuits. Such mechanism might orchestrate the synchrony of cortico-cortical interaction, by rendering neural communication more effective, precise and selective. We propose that this theoretical framework will support a timely shift from the prevailing cortico- centric view of cognition to a more integrative perspective of thalamic contributions to attention and executive control processes.

Failed predation in Late Ordovician gastropods (Mollusca) from Manitoulin Island, Ontario, CanadaThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme The dynamic reef and shelly communities of the Paleozoic. This Special is in honour of our colleague and friend Paul Copper.

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ove R. Ebbestad ◽  
Christopher A. Stott
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Georgian Bay ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Shell Repair ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Selection Of

Shell repairs resulting from presumed failed predation are documented in gastropods from the Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian; Richmondian) mid-to-upper Kagawong Submember of the Georgian Bay Formation on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. The bryozoan–mollusc biota and associated sediments generally suggest nearshore, shallow (<10 m), low energy (lagoonal), and perhaps mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions. Two sample sets from this unit have been studied for shell repair. One of the more commonly applied estimates of shell repair frequencies involves division of the number of individuals with at least one scar by the total number of individuals in the sample (the Individuals with scars method). Using this calculation, 207 specimens of Lophospira trilineata Ulrich and Scofield yielded a shell repair frequency of 4.8%; in 28 specimens of Trochonemella sp. the shell repair frequency was 35.7%. Repairs in Trochonemella occur primarily in the larger size class, suggesting that a size refuge was achieved by this species. Low repair frequencies in L. trilineata suggest predation with a higher success rate or fewer encounters. This study demonstrates that the paradigm of a standardized low level of shell repair in Ordovician and Silurian gastropods is oversimplistic and a range of frequency rates can be expected.

“Red” and “green” flags of risk disclosures – identifying associations between positive and negative key phrases and consecutive cumulative abnormal stock returns

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Yvonne Nagel ◽  
Stephan Fuhrmann ◽  
Thomas W. Guenther
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Abnormal Stock Returns ◽  
Key Phrases ◽  
Risk Disclosures ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose The usefulness of risk disclosures (RDs) to support equity investors’ investment decisions is highly discussed. As prior research criticizes the extensive aggregation of risk information in existing empirical research, this paper aims to provide an attempt to identify disaggregated risk information associated with cumulative abnormal stock returns (CARs). Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 2,558 RDs of companies listed in the S&P 500 index. The RDs were filed within 10 K filings between 2011 and 2017. First, this study automatically extracted 35,685 key phrases that occurred in a maximum of 1.5% of the RDs. Second, this study performed stepwise regressions of these key phrases and identified 67 (78) key phrases that show positive (negative) associations with CARs. Findings The paper finds that investors seem to value most the more common key phrases just below the 1.5% rarest key phrase threshold and business-related key phrases from RDs. Furthermore, investors seem to perceive key phrases that contain words indicating uncertainty (impacts) as a negative (positive) rather than a positive (negative) signal. Research limitations/implications The research approach faces limitations mainly due to the selection of the included key phrases, the focus on CARs and the methodological choice of the stepwise regression analysis. Originality/value The study reveals the potential for companies to increase the information value of their RDs for equity investors by providing tailored information within RDs instead of universal phrases. In addition, the research indicates that the tailored RDs encouraged by the SEC contain relevant information for investors. Furthermore, the results may guide the attention of equity investors to relevant text passages whose deeper analysis might be useful with regard to investors’ capital market decisions.

Exploring the Effectiveness of Seller Reputation Mechanism Using Online Sales Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Lei Huang ◽  
Yi Guo
Keyword(s):  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Sales Performance ◽  
Attribute Selection ◽  
Sales Data ◽  
Reputation Mechanism ◽  
Online Sales ◽  
Seller Reputation ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Significant Factors

This paper attempts to explore the effectiveness of the seller reputation mechanism by an empirical study using online sales data collected from TaoBao.com. A comparison analysis of seller reputation metrics of TaoBao, Amazon, and jd are carried out before the selection of the seller reputation metrics. The seller reputation metrics of small appliances are used as the input for the study considering the quality homogeneity among different sellers of the market, and the sales performance is measured by the sales amount of the recent month. The univariate analysis are performed to find out the effect of different seller reputation metrics on the sales performance, and the attribute selection technique is then applied to reveal the most significant factors contributing to the sales performance. The result indicates the significance of the user subjective assessment on the sales performance.

scholarly journals Impact of reverse globalization on the competition in EU digital markets

Industrija ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Snežana Radukić ◽  
Andrija Popović
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This paper aims to analyze the relationship between reverse globalization, the digital markets, and competition policy within the EU. Based on the review of contemporary literature, this paper provides an insight into the EU adaptation to the changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Reverse globalization is identified through the trends in the international trade and FDI flows, while the digital markets' development is evaluated through the Number of individuals using the Internet to order goods and services and ECommerce sales. While this paper uses secondary data sources, it uniquely connects the identified reverse globalization and digital markets expansion with necessary changes in the competition policy pre and during the COVID19 pandemic. Additionally, this paper provides policymakers and business owners with relevant information and possible avenues to improve the competition policy and business strategy.

scholarly journals The Visual Practice: the Infographic as a Facilitating Tool for Learning in Medical School

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diêgo Andrade de Oliveira ◽  
Rosângela Souza Lessa ◽  
Suzana Cristina Silva Ribeiro ◽  
Pedro Fonseca de Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Human Aging ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Information Focus ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract: Introduction: In the context of medical school, the development of methodologies that stimulate the students’ search for learning, autonomy and creativity are essential for medical education in Brazil. The study aims to describe the construction of infographics as a pedagogical proposal for the learning of organic human aging processes by medical students. Method: Medical students attending the 4th period at a Higher Education Institution built infographics, as a requirement for the practical content of the Aging Process module. The static-type infographic was adopted, following criteria such as the definition of the target audience; definition of the objective; choice of topic; selection of the most relevant information (focus); direct and accessible language; organized information; choices of color palettes and style and; infographic sketch. The entire creation process was supervised by the teacher in charge of the project, and evaluation criteria were previously established. Results: The class was divided into seven groups, resulting in the production of an infographic with a specific topic per group. The human aging topics were: Degenerative Joint Diseases, Bone Weakness, Pneumonia in the Elderly, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Vascular Dementia, Atherosclerosis and Herpes Zoster. It is worth noting that in addition to the creation, each group presented the final product to the other colleagues, explaining each item included in the static infographic. Conclusions: We observed that the students satisfactorily met the proposed evaluation requirements, demonstrating their involvement in the construction of infographics and, above all, in simple, creative and objective learning, using a powerful visual tool. We also add that the printed material will be used as aid in the histology laboratory and in extramural activities.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ORIENTED FARMS OF LVIV REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Olga Tsymbala ◽  
Julia Dorosh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Current State ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose. Characterize the development trends of the network of tourist-oriented farms which operate within the Lviv region. Systematize information about their specialization and key areas of work, identify and describe the main groups of farms in Lviv region in view of the priority of their activities, as well as reveal the features of the tourist offers for visitors and tourist groups. Methods. The research used the method of analysis to study the literature and information sources on the research topic; the method of scientific systematization is applied to the selection of tourist oriented farms of Lviv region and the characteristic of key areas of their activities; the cartographic method allowed to visualize the location of the studied farms within the region by forming a map of Lviv region with the indication of settlements where the tourist-oriented farms operate. Results. The role, place and significance of tourist-oriented farms for the development of rural tourism are outlined. The farms of Lviv region that are involved in the tourism sector, focused on the reception of tourists and presented in the information space are highlighted. The dominant group of tourist-oriented farms in Lviv region is formed by those farms that are engaged in the cultivation of cows, goats, sheep, specializing in the manufacture and sale of dairy products, especially various types of cheese. At the same time, a number of cheese factories have been formed within the region, operating on the basis of purchased raw materials. A separate group includes honey eco-farms, berry farms, snail farms, ostriches, etc. Systematized data on the specifics, features of the development of the studied farms are presented in the table, the main products and tourist services they offer on the market of tourist services are highlighted. A map of Lviv region with a presentation of the geography of location of tourist-oriented farms within the region are developed. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the generalization of information about the existing tourist-oriented farms of Lviv region and the analysis of their offer on the tourist market. The practical significance lies in the systematization of relevant information about the current state of development of tourist oriented farms in Lviv region. The obtained scientific results can be used in the process of forming tours in Lviv region as well as in the educational process in the training of future specialists in the specialty «Tourism».

scholarly journals Selection of efficient ships according to the criterion of marginal price at the feasibility study

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-181
Author(s):  
Oksana Y. Vasileva ◽  
Marina V. Nikulina Nikulina ◽  
Juri I. Platov Platov
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
High Level ◽  
Selection Of

The article deals with the problem of selecting efficient ships by the feasibility study in which brake power, main dimensions, payload, speed and fuel consumption are determined. The necessity of using the proposed selection at the initial stage of the ship's design is justified; the problems that arise at the present time are denoted. The purpose of the article is to propose a criterion for the selection of efficient vessels, "tied" to the operating conditions, based on the marginal cost of the ship. A method for its determination is presented. At the same time, annual revenues and operating costs should be determined by modern methods of business planning for the operation of the fleet. When searching for the parameters of the ship, the optimal fuel consumption is determined. The rest of the costs can be found according to the coefficients "tied" to the fuel consumption and calculated on the basis of existing prototypes. The results of calculations by the proposed method are shown; its merits and opportunities for improvement are noted with the availability of relevant information. The conclusion is made about the convenience and applicability of the proposed option for selecting efficient ship for the feasibility study based on optimization methods for determining the parameters of vessels under conditions of a high level of use of information technologies.

Automated Design of Optimum Belt Drives

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipendra K. Sinha ◽  
Michael T. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Database Management ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Automated Design ◽  
Drive System ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Belt Drives ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The paper describes a belt design package which works from within a commercial Computer Aided Design and Drafting package (AutoCAD) environment and utilizes FORTRAN programs for design and selection of lowest weight components for the drive system. The components used in the process are available as stock items in U.S.A. The relevant information on these products is stored in commercial database management systems such as EXCEL and LOTUS 1-2-3. Output from the package consists of scaled drawing and tabular specifications.

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