Gender equality and sick leave among first-time parents in Sweden

Aims: To examine gender equality in the family and sick leave among first-time parents. Methods: Heterosexuals who became first-time parents between 2002 and 2009 ( N = 223,332) were identified in national registers. Gender equality in the family was evaluated by parental insurance and income from gainful employment representing the domestic and work spheres respectively and was defined as each parent contributing 40–60% of the family total. The risk of a new medically certified sick-leave spell (>14 days) was evaluated by hazard ratio (HR) using the Cox proportional hazard regression, adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Results: Gender equality was associated with an increased risk of sick leave compared with traditional roles where women had the main responsibility in the domestic sphere and men in the work sphere (HR 1.30 in women and 1.19 in men). In addition, situations with one partner exposed to double burden or untraditional settings were associated with an increased risk. Conclusions: Equal sharing or taking the lion’s share of paid work and domestic responsibilities were associated with an increased risk of sick leave among first-time parents in Sweden. Family-friendly policies are important for facilitating the life of dual earner families, but do not fully counteract the work–life demands of first-time parents.

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Association of Dementia-Related Psychosis With Long-term Care Use and Death

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000011632 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 96 (12) ◽

pp. e1620-e1631

Author(s):

James B. Wetmore ◽

Yi Peng ◽

Heng Yan ◽

Suying Li ◽

Muna Irfan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Long Term Care ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Comorbid Conditions ◽

Term Care ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

ObjectiveTo determine the association of dementia-related psychosis (DRP) with death and use of long-term care (LTC); we hypothesized that DRP would be associated with increased risk of death and use of LTC in patients with dementia.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed. Medicare claims from 2008 to 2016 were used to define cohorts of patients with dementia and DRP. Outcomes were LTC, defined as nursing home stays of >100 consecutive days, and death. Patients with DRP were directly matched to patients with dementia without psychosis by age, sex, race, number of comorbid conditions, and dementia index year. Association of DRP with outcomes was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model.ResultsWe identified 256,408 patients with dementia. Within 2 years after the dementia index date, 13.9% of patients developed DRP and 31.9% had died. Corresponding estimates at 5 years were 25.5% and 64.0%. Mean age differed little between those who developed DRP (83.8 ± 7.9 years) and those who did not (83.1 ± 8.7 years). Patients with DRP were slightly more likely to be female (71.0% vs 68.3%) and white (85.7% vs 82.0%). Within 2 years of developing DRP, 16.1% entered LTC and 52.0% died; corresponding percentages for patients without DRP were 8.4% and 30.0%, respectively. In the matched cohort, DRP was associated with greater risk of LTC (hazard ratio [HR] 2.36, 2.29–2.44) and death (HR 2.06, 2.02–2.10).ConclusionsDRP was associated with a more than doubling in the risk of death and a nearly 2.5-fold increase in risk of the need for LTC.

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Risk of Dementia in Patients with Leptospirosis: A Nationwide Cohort Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16173168 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (17) ◽

pp. 3168

Author(s):

Chun-Hsiang Chiu ◽

Po-Chung Chen ◽

Ying-Chuan Wang ◽

Cheng-Li Lin ◽

Feng-You Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Frequency Matching ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Dementia Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Taiwan National Health Insurance ◽

History Of ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽

The Relationship

Background: Studies have linked some bacterial infections with an increased likelihood for development of dementia. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between dementia and leptospirosis. In view of this, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine whether leptospirosis is a risk factor for dementia. Methods: Data were collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Databases (2000–2010) to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for dementia in patients with leptospirosis. Patients with leptospirosis who did not have a history of dementia were enrolled in the study. For each leptospirosis patient, four controls were randomly selected after frequency matching of age, sex, and index date. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for the analyses of dementia risk. Results: A greater risk of dementia was observed in the leptospirosis cohort than in the non-leptospirosis cohort both in patients without any comorbidity (adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.06–1.43) and with a comorbidity (aHR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.7–2.5). Compared with the non-leptospirosis cohort without these comorbidities, the leptospirosis cohort with ≥2 comorbidities exhibited a significantly increased risk of dementia (aHR = 6.11, 95% CI = 3.15–11.9), followed by those with any one comorbidity (adjusted HR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.76–7.46). Conclusions: Patients with leptospirosis were at a 1.89-fold greater risk of subsequent dementia, but potential genetic susceptibility bias in the study group is a major confound.

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Traffic-related air pollutants increase the risk for age-related macular degeneration

Journal of Investigative Medicine ◽

10.1136/jim-2019-001007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (7) ◽

pp. 1076-1081 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kuang-Hsi Chang ◽

Po-Yuan Hsu ◽

Chun-Ju Lin ◽

Cheng-Li Lin ◽

Suh-Hang Hank Juo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Macular Degeneration ◽

Population Based ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Age Related ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Taiwan National Health Insurance ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽

Year 2000

The aim of this study was to investigate whether ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) increase the risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This is a longitudinal population-based study using the data on Taiwan National Health Insurance Program between year 2000 and 2010. From the nationwide dataset, we enrolled subjects aged 50 or older and the annually total NO2 and CO exposure was calculated from 1998 to 2010 for each subject. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate the HRs with adjustment for other variables. A total of 39,819 AMD-free residents were enrolled, and 1442 participants developed AMD during the 11 -year follow-up. Compared with the lowest exposure quartile, the highest quartile of each air pollutant was associated with an increased risk for AMD. The adjusted HR was 1.91 (95% CI 1.64 to 2.23, p<0.001) for the highest NO2 quartile, and was 1.84 (95% CI 1.5 to 2.15, p<0.001) for the highest CO quartile. In this study, chronic exposure to the highest quartile of ambient NO2 or CO significantly increases the risk for AMD.

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The association of androgen deprivation therapy and anxiety among 78,000 patients with localized prostate cancer patients.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.19 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (6_suppl) ◽

pp. 19-19

Author(s):

Kathryn T Dinh ◽

Gally Reznor ◽

Vinayak Muralidhar ◽

Neil E. Martin ◽

Peter F. Orio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Androgen Deprivation Therapy ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Androgen Deprivation ◽

Localized Prostate Cancer ◽

Primary Analysis ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Propensity Matching ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

19 Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been associated with cognitive and psychological effects, including depression. ADT may also cause an increased incidence of anxiety; however, most studies have not considered anxiety as an individual outcome. We aimed to determine if receipt of any ADT or longer duration of ADT for prostate cancer is associated with increasing risk of being diagnosed with anxiety. Methods: We identified 78,552 men over 65 with stage I-III prostate cancer using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linked database from 1992-2006, excluding patients with psychiatric diagnoses within the prior year. Our primary analysis was the association of pharmacologic ADT with the diagnosis of anxiety using Cox-proportional hazard regression with propensity matching. Drug-data for treatment of anxiety was not available. Our secondary analysis was the association of ADT duration with a diagnosis of anxiety. Results: Overall, 43% (33,882) of patients who received ADT and had higher 3-year cumulative incidence of anxiety (4.1% vs. 3.5%) than patients without ADT (p < 0.001). Adjusted cox-analyses with propensity matching demonstrated patients with ADT had a 17% increased risk of anxiety (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.17, 95% CI = [1.088-1.263]) compared to patients without ADT (p < 0.0001). The risk of anxiety increased with duration of ADT, from 4.5% with ≤ 6 months, 5.8% with 7-11 months, to 15.7% with ≥ 12 months (p-trend = 0.0123). Conclusions: Pharmacologic ADT is associated with an increased risk of anxiety in this large study of elderly men with localized prostate cancer. This risk increased with longer duration of ADT. Anxiety should be consider among the possible psychiatric effects of ADT and should be discussed along with depression prior to initiating ADT.

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N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Predicts Long-Term Technique Failure in Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm7120557 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 557 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chia-Ter Chao ◽

Chih-Kang Chiang ◽

Jenq-Wen Huang ◽

and Kuan-Yu Hung

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Dialysis ◽

Natriuretic Peptide ◽

Hydration Status ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Hazard Regression ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽

Technique Failure

: It is unclear whether N-terminal pro-brain type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level can be a biomarker for technique failure among long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We prospectively included end-stage renal disease patients undergoing PD from a single center between December 2011 and December 2017. We divided the cohort into high or low NT-proBNP groups and analyzed the risk factors associated with the incidence of technique failure using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. A total of 258 chronic PD patients (serum NT-proBNP, 582 ± 1216 ng/mL) were included. After a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, 49.6% of PD patients developed technique failure and switched to hemodialysis, while 15.5% died. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses accounting for age, gender, diabetes, renal clearance, C-reactive protein, and hydration status, showed that higher natural log transformed NT-proBNP levels (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13, p < 0.01) were predictive of an increased risk of technique failure, and were also predictive of an increased risk of mortality (HR 1.56, p < 0.01). Consequently, NT-proBNP might be an under-recognized biomarker for estimating the risk of technique failure, and regular monitoring NT-proBNP levels among PD patients may assist in their care.

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P06 Paternal exposure to methotrexate and the risk of miscarriage – a register based nationwide cohort study

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2019-esdppp.45 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (6) ◽

pp. e19.3-e20

Author(s):

J Andersen ◽

B Askaa ◽

TB Jensen ◽

H Horwitz ◽

C Vermehren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

First Trimester ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

Adjusted Hazard Ratio ◽

Birth Registry ◽

Paternal Exposure ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Increased Risk ◽

First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

ObjectiveTo study the association between paternal exposure to methotrexate within three month before conception and during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide cohort study identifying all registered pregnancies in Denmark from 1997 to 2015. All births were identified using the Medical Birth Registry, and all records of induced abortion and miscarriage were from the National Hospital Register. Data on drug use were from the National Prescription Register. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate the hazard of miscarriage in women with a partner exposed to methotrexate. The study was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (2015-41-4309).ResultsWe identified 1,364,063 registered pregnancies with known paternity, of whom 520 fathers were exposure to methotrexate within the three months before conception to the end of the first trimester. Among these, 46 (8.9%) experienced a miscarriage compared to 122,926 (9.0%) among the unexposed.There was no increased risk of experiencing a miscarriage in pregnancies to men exposed to methotrexate before pregnancy compared to unexposed (adjusted hazard ratio 0.99 (CI95% 0.67- 1.46)). Furthermore, we found no increased risk of experiencing a miscarriage in pregnancies to men exposed to methotrexate during first trimester compared to unexposed (adjusted hazard ratio 0.90 (CI95% 0.61–1.32)).ConclusionWe found no association between paternal exposure to methotrexate before and during early pregnancy and miscarriage. Available data suggest that paternal methotrexate exposure should not be of major concern. Multinational recommendations could be changed accordingly.Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose

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IS OUR CHILD TOO YOUNG TO LEARN ABOUT GENDER EQUALITY? AN INTERPRETATION OF GENDER EDUCATION IN ACEH FAMILIES

Gender Equality: International Journal of Child and Gender Studies ◽

10.22373/equality.v6i2.7719 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Muhammad Zawil Kiram

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Violence Against Women ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Gender Issues ◽

Early Age ◽

Gender Education ◽

The Family ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender ◽

First Time

This study aims to reveal gender-based discrimination, forms of gender education, and the importance of gender education in Acehnese families. This study was conducted by using the method of descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation and interview. The result showed that in Acehnese families, the forms of gender-based discrimination that often faced by women are inequality in housework distribution and childcare. In Aceh, most men still play fewer roles in taking care of children because domestic jobs are seen to be women’s’ responsibilities. Another form of gender-based discrimination in Aceh is domestic violence against women. The result also demonstrated that in Acehnese families there is no gender education because many people do not understand the term of gender equality and gender issues are considered as western culture and still taboo to discuss. Gender education in the family is important because children acquire gender stereotypes at an early age, and they learn about gender equality from their family for the first time. Teaching gender equality to children is never too early, and they never too young to learn about it, they would come out and bring the gender equality in the family and society in general as they will be the pioneer or gender equality when they reach adulthood.

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Pediatric Ischemic Stroke and Epilepsy: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.121.034796 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Heléne E.K. Sundelin ◽

Torbjörn Tomson ◽

Johan Zelano ◽

Jonas Söderling ◽

Peter Bang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Population Based ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Future Planning ◽

Population Based Study ◽

First Degree Relatives ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Background and Purpose: The risk of epilepsy after stroke has not been thoroughly explored in pediatric ischemic stroke. We examined the risk of epilepsy in children with ischemic stroke as well as in their first-degree relatives. Methods: In Swedish National Registers, we identified 1220 children <18 years with pediatric ischemic stroke diagnosed 1969 to 2016, alive 7 days after stroke and with no prior epilepsy. We used 12 155 age- and sex-matched individuals as comparators. All first-degree relatives to index individuals and comparators were also identified. The risk of epilepsy was estimated in children with ischemic stroke and in their first-degree relatives using Cox proportional hazard regression model. Results: Through this nationwide population-based study, 219 (18.0%) children with ischemic stroke and 91 (0.7%) comparators were diagnosed with epilepsy during follow-up corresponding to a 27.8-fold increased risk of future epilepsy (95% CI, 21.5–36.0). The risk of epilepsy was still elevated after 20 years (hazard ratio [HR], 7.9 [95% CI, 3.3–19.0]), although the highest HR was seen in the first 6 months (HR, 119.4 [95% CI, 48.0–297.4]). The overall incidence rate of epilepsy was 27.0 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 21.1–32.8) after ischemic stroke diagnosed ≤day 28 after birth (perinatal) and 11.6 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 9.6–13.5) after ischemic stroke diagnosed ≥day 29 after birth (childhood). Siblings and parents, but not offspring, to children with ischemic stroke were at increased risk of epilepsy (siblings: HR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.08–2.48] and parents: HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.01–1.98]). Conclusions: The risk of epilepsy after ischemic stroke in children is increased, especially after perinatal ischemic stroke. The risk of epilepsy was highest during the first 6 months but remained elevated even 20 years after stroke which should be taken into account in future planning for children affected by stroke.

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Leucocyte Telomere Length and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a Cohort of 1,397 Danish Men and Women

Cardiology ◽

10.1159/000441819 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 133 (3) ◽

pp. 173-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hanne Ellehoj ◽

Laila Bendix ◽

Merete Osler

Keyword(s):

Telomere Length ◽

Regression Models ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Men And Women ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Objectives: Short leucocyte telomere length (LTL) might be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The present study examines the relation between LTL and incident fatal or non-fatal CVD, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in a Danish cohort followed for 29 years. Methods: In total, 1,397 men and women who participated in health examinations with blood sampling in 1981-1984 were followed for CVD outcomes until the end of 2012 by linkage to national registers. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to analyse the relation between LTL and CVD adjusting for potential confounding CVD risk factors. Results: During the follow-up, 603 participants experienced an incident fatal or non-fatal CVD. The survival analysis showed that baseline LTL was not associated with CVD outcomes. In the subanalysis with IHD as outcome, those with middle and short LTL had an increased hazard rate ratio of 1.97 (95% CI 1.31-2.93) and 1.55 (95% CI 1.02-2.35), respectively, which was attenuated when confounding factors were adjusted for. For stroke, the pattern of associations was similar but less precisely estimated. Conclusions: In this study short, LTL was not associated with an increased risk of CVD, but modestly associated with an increased risk of IHD.

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Interface of Multiple Sclerosis, Depression, Vascular Disease, and Mortality

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000012610 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 97 (13) ◽

pp. e1322-e1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Raffaele Palladino ◽

Jeremy Chataway ◽

Azeem Majeed ◽

Ruth Ann Marrie

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Vascular Disease ◽

Population Based ◽

Proportional Hazard ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard ◽

Hazard Ratios ◽

Depression Status ◽

Increased Risk ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

Cox Proportional Hazard Regression

Background and ObjectivesTo assess whether the association among depression, vascular disease, and mortality differs in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with age-, sex-, and general practice–matched controls.MethodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective matched cohort study between January 1, 1987, and September 30, 2018, that included people with MS and matched controls without MS from England, stratified by depression status. We used time-varying Cox proportional hazard regression models to test the association among MS, depression, and time to incident vascular disease and mortality. Analyses were also stratified by sex.ResultsWe identified 12,251 people with MS and 72,572 matched controls. At baseline, 21% of people with MS and 9% of controls had depression. Compared with matched controls without depression, people with MS had an increased risk of incident vascular disease regardless of whether they had comorbid depression. The 10-year hazard of all-cause mortality was 1.75-fold greater in controls with depression (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59–1.91), 3.88-fold greater in people with MS without depression (95% CI 3.66–4.10), and 5.43-fold greater in people with MS and depression (95% CI 4.88–5.96). Overall, the interaction between MS status and depression was synergistic, with 14% of the observed effect attributable to the interaction. Sex-stratified analyses confirmed differences in hazard ratios.DiscussionDepression is associated with increased risks of incident vascular disease and mortality in people with MS, and the effects of depression and MS on all-cause mortality are synergistic. Further studies should evaluate whether effectively treating depression is associated with a reduced risk of vascular disease and mortality.

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