The impact of the 2008 economic crisis on imprisonment in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 845-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Rodríguez-Menés ◽  
José M. López-Riba
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

We explore how the worldwide economic downturn of the early 2000s affected imprisonment rates across Europe. We test three hypotheses: (i) the recession caused an increase in incarceration rates directly, regulating the excess in labour supply; (ii) it did it indirectly, by affecting crime; (iii) its effects varied according to the institutional context – countries’ welfare states and criminal justice traditions. We use cross-national panel data to fit fixed, random and mixed-effects models and to explain variations in incarceration rates within and across countries during 12 years. The results show that the economic crisis had multiple effects on imprisonment and that these were moderated by the institutional context, increasing it in countries with less comprehensive welfare states and more punitive penal traditions and decreasing it in countries with penal-welfarist policies.

scholarly journals Association of body condition with lameness in dairy cattle: a single-farm longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Michaela Kranepuhl ◽  
Detlef May ◽  
Edna Hillmann ◽  
Lorenz Gygax
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This research communication describes the relationship between the occurrence of lameness and body condition score (BCS) in a sample of 288 cows from a single farm that were repeatedly scored in the course of 9 months while controlling for confounding variables. The relationship between BCS and lameness was evaluated using generalised linear mixed-effects models. It was found that the proportion of lame cows was higher with decreasing but also with increasing BCS, increased with lactation number and decreased with time since the last claw trimming. This is likely to reflect the importance of sufficient body condition in the prevention of lameness but also raises the question of the impact of overcondition on lameness and the influence of claw trimming events on the assessment of lameness. A stronger focus on BCS might allow improved management of lameness that is still one of the major problems in housed cows.

FDI determinants in an idiosyncratic country. A reappraisal over the Russian regions during transition years

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concetta Castiglione ◽  
Yulia Gorbunova ◽  
Davide Infante ◽  
Janna Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Investment Pattern ◽  
Transition Experience ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fdi Determinants

We investigate the factors attracting FDI into highly diversified Russian regions during the phase of transition, and verify the impact of transition experience on the current FDI inflow. Using cross-sectional and panel data, we demonstrate that the highly inhomogeneous investment pattern is explained, in addition to classical demand factors, by specific economic and socio-institutional regional characteristics. Russia appears as an idiosyncratic country where foreign investors seek a stable social and institutional context. Using recent FDI data we show that transition experiences influence current FDI inflow, particularly when the strength of the institutional environment and availability of infrastructures are taken into account.

Unemployment Insurance

2021 ◽  
pp. 572-588
Author(s):  
Ola Sjöberg ◽  
Eero Carroll ◽  
Joakim Palme
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Macroeconomic Stabilization ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Institutional Differences ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Cross National

Unemployment is one of the ‘old risks’ that modern welfare states can be seen to have responded to, but continues to be of great importance in the twenty-first century. Unemployment insurance also appears to be more ridden by political conflicts than other social policy programmes. This chapter describes the evolution of unemployment insurance schemes in eighteen long-standing welfare states. It dates the emergence of the first laws and traces the expansion of the coverage and replacement levels of benefits during the ‘Golden Age’ to more recent periods marked by economic crisis and retrenchment in the quality of unemployment protection. Four models of unemployment insurance are identified: voluntary state-subsidized, targeted, state corporatist, and comprehensive schemes. These models sum up institutional differences that are important for understanding the cross-national variation in a broad set of outcomes—ranging from individual conditions and behaviours, such as poverty and labour supply, to macroeconomic stabilization. The quality of unemployment insurance contributes to explain, among other things, differences in poverty rates over time and among nations.

The Effects of High Stakes Educational Testing on Enrollments in an Era of Hyper-Expansion: Cross-National Evidence, 1960–2010

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Furuta ◽  
Evan Schofer ◽  
Shawn Wick
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Nation States ◽  
High Stakes Exams ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

Abstract How do national high-stakes exams affect educational expansion across the world? High-stakes exams are conventionally viewed as systems of exclusion that constrain enrollments. In this paper, we situate exams within a broader historical and institutional context and argue that the constraining effect of exams on educational enrollments is a recent phenomenon. Exam systems diffused globally at a time when schooling was a limited enterprise, linked to just a few occupational roles. The later emergence of more inclusive visions of education, culminating in the Education for All (EFA) movement, propelled rapid global educational expansion. In this context, national high-stakes exam systems institutionalize earlier logics of selective education and consequently blunt the impact of more recent expansionary norms. Using panel regression models and a newly constructed dataset of 142 countries from 1960 to 2010, we show that high-stakes exams are associated with lower enrollments. However, this association is strongest in recent years, and exams interact negatively with measures of international pro-educational norms and pressures on nation-states. These findings are consistent with our historical/institutional argument: Exams constrain enrollments in recent years, in part by rendering nations less responsive to global expansionary pressures.

scholarly journals Wpływ kryzysu na zmiany produkcji przemysłowej w Polsce

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
Tomasz Rachwał
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Growth Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of the global economic crisis on changes in industrial production in Poland compared to other European countries. The paper examines the changes in indicators such as industrial production growth, changes in production of major products, employment in industry, labor productivity and economic climate. This analysis shows that current negative effects f economic crisis on Polish industry are not as major as expected and are comparable with previous periods of economic downturn (eg. the late 90’s of the 20th century). It also implies, that very often the changes in industrial production are affected by number of other socio-economic factors, the economic crisis being only one of the external factors.

scholarly journals Labour Market Integration and Public Perceptions of Immigrants: A Comparison between Germany and Spain During the Economic Crisis

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Godenau ◽  
Dita Vogel ◽  
Vesela Kovacheva ◽  
Yan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Intensive Growth

Since the start of the global economic downturn,GermanyandSpainhave experienced highly-divergent impacts of the crisis on the labour market in general and on immigrant workers in particular. This can be mainly explained by looking at the economic growth patterns prior to the crisis. Spain’s higher, more labour-intensive growth was enabled by growth in the labour supply that was fuelled by immigration and fostered by a de facto permissive immigration policy, while restrictive migration policy prevented growth in labour supply in Germany and encouraged more capital-intensive growth in which both Germans with a low level of skills, and immigrants in particular, found it difficult to integrate. We therefore argue that institutional features of the labour market promoted these patterns. The high level of importance of the temporary and informal labour market segments inSpainwhich were hit hardest by the crisis placed immigrant workers and young workers in a vulnerable position.The economic crisis has made parts of the population more sceptical about immigration in both countries. However, there appear to be no links between the severity of the crisis and public debates on migration. Although Spain was definitely hit harder by the crisis than Germany, and immigrants were affected more severely, public debates on migration and integration issues seem to be at least as fierce in Germany as in Spain. The legacy of past migrations and migration policies exerts a more significant influence on the public perception of migration as a risk than economic factors do.

scholarly journals Neo-liberalism translated into preconditions for women entrepreneurs – two contrasting cases

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Tillmar ◽  
Helene Ahl ◽  
Karin Berglund ◽  
Katarina Pettersson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Institutional Changes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
Women’S Entrepreneurship ◽  
Women's Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Contrasting two countries with different gender regimes and welfare states, Sweden and Tanzania, this paper aims to analyse how the institutional context affects the ways in which a neo-liberal reform agenda is translated into institutional changes and propose how such changes impact the preconditions for women’s entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach This study uses document analysis and previous studies to describe and analyse the institutions and the institutional changes. This paper uses Scandinavian institutional theory as the interpretative framework. Findings This study proposes that: in well-developed welfare states with a high level of gender equality, consequences of neo-liberal agenda for the preconditions for women entrepreneurs are more likely to be negative than positive. In less developed states with a low level of gender equality, the gendered consequences of neo-liberal reforms may be mixed and the preconditions for women’s entrepreneurship more positive than negative. How neo-liberalism impacts preconditions for women entrepreneurs depend on the institutional framework in terms of a trustworthy women-friendly state and level of gender equality. Research limitations/implications The study calls for bringing the effects on the gender of the neo-liberal primacy of market solutions out of the black box. Studying how women entrepreneurs perceive these effects necessitates qualitative ethnographic data. Originality/value This paper demonstrates why any discussion of the impact of political or economic reforms on women’s entrepreneurship must take a country’s specific institutional context into account. Further, previous studies on neo-liberalism have rarely taken an interest in Africa.

Effect of the worldwide crises on mental health

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 561-561
Author(s):  
K.H. Ng ◽  
M. Agius ◽  
R. Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The Impact

The events that unfolded towards the end of 2008 led to the worst global economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. While the economic and political implications have been studied in detail, the impact on health – especially that of mental health – has received much less attention. This essay aims to achieve a critical evaluation of causality (or lack thereof) between an economic crisis and mental health, using a combination of psychological theories, statistical review and common logic.From a theoretical perspective, establishing the value-laden concept of mental health is core to this evaluation. We reflect on Professor Warr's component-based model of mental health and how/whether the economic downturn relates to these ‘components’ individually. On the statistical front, an analysis of data from previous global economic crises reveals a close association between job-related insecurities and psychological morbidities.We found that both psychological theory and epidemiological data support causation between a recession and conditions like depression, anxiety and substance abuse. Further, we also explore the effects of the crisis on the family unit, society and international relations. This will highlight issues like child abuse, the psychological impacts on the socially deprived, and effects of the crisis on the developing world.We also review the effectiveness of efforts of different nature and magnitude to mitigate the effects of this downturn. All this will hopefully impact on our understanding of the causes of mental health problems in times of economic insecurity and assist in developing strategies to ameliorate them.

scholarly journals The main factors of the recent development of European welfare states: Swedish case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksei Chekmazov ◽  
Vladyslav Butenko
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Swedish Model ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
European Welfare States ◽  
The Welfare State

This analytical essay is devoted to identifying the features of the formation and development of the Swedish model of the welfare state. The authors study the factors that played the main role in the development of the Swedish model. The authors also assess the impact of the 2008 economic crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic on the Swedish welfare state.

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