Exploring the Risky Terrain of Entrepreneurship With Support From Developmental Relationships: Narratives From Indian Women Entrepreneurs

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Sanghamitra Chaudhuri ◽  
Rajashi Ghosh ◽  
Yogita Abichandani
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Venture Capitalists ◽  
Developmental Relationships ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Strategic Perspective

The Problem There has been a burgeoning interest in studies on women entrepreneurs in the past decade, but in most studies conducted thus far, the scope has remained narrow with the focus mostly on strategic perspective and not so much on the individual-level understanding of the entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the limited number of studies that have looked into novice women entrepreneurs are restricted to western hemisphere, and to our knowledge, no study has looked into narratives on how women entrepreneurs in India benefit from various developmental relationships over the course of their entrepreneurial journey. The Solution Using narrative inquiry, we explore the stories of six urban women entrepreneurs in India illustrating how and why they started their careers in entrepreneurship, the challenges they experienced along the way, and how the varied developmental relationships they nurtured over time supported them to cope with those challenges. The Stakeholders The article aimed at venture capitalists that extend support to women entrepreneurs and to women who are considering to pursue entrepreneurship. The findings can guide them to anticipate the challenges and opportunities commonly experienced by women entrepreneurs and appreciate the value of developmental relationships that help to sustain motivation to be entrepreneurs.

Inequality in active ageing: evidence from a new individual-level index for European countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIKKEL BARSLUND ◽  
MARTEN VON WERDER ◽  
ASGHAR ZAIDI
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTIn the context of emerging challenges and opportunities associated with population ageing, the study of inequality in active-ageing outcomes is critical to the design of appropriate and effective social policies. While there is much discussion about active ageing at the aggregate country level, little is known about inequality in active-ageing experiences within countries. Based on the existing literature on active ageing, this paper proposes an individual-level composite active ageing index based on Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data. The individual-level nature of the index allows us to analyse inequality in experiences of active ageing within selected European countries. One important motivation behind measuring active ageing at the individual level is that it allows for a better understanding of unequal experiences of ageing, which may otherwise be masked in aggregate-level measures of active ageing. Results show large differences in the distribution of individual-level active ageing across the 13 European countries covered and across age groups. Furthermore, there is a positive association between the country-level active ageing index and the equality of its distribution within a country. Hence, countries with the lowest average active ageing index tend to have the most unequal distribution in active-ageing experiences. For nine European countries, where temporal data are also available, we find that inequality in active-ageing outcomes decreased in the period 2004 to 2013.

scholarly journals Drug Use Changes at the Individual Level: Results from a Longitudinal, Multisite Survey in Young Europeans Frequenting the Nightlife Scene

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Meryem Grabski ◽  
Jon Waldron ◽  
Tom P. Freeman ◽  
Claire Mokrysz ◽  
Ruben J.J. van Beek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Alkyl Nitrates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
The Individual

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Monitoring emerging trends in the increasingly dynamic European drug market is vital; however, information on change at the individual level is scarce. In the current study, we investigated changes in drug use over 12 months in European nightlife attendees. <b><i>Method:</i></b> In this longitudinal online survey, changes in substances used, use frequency in continued users, and relative initiation of use at follow-up were assessed for 20 different substances. To take part, participants had to be aged 18–34 years; be from Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, or the UK; and have attended at least 6 electronic music events in the past 12 months at baseline. Of 8,045 volunteers at baseline, 2,897 completed the survey at both time points (36% follow-up rate), in 2017 and 2018. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The number of people using ketamine increased by 21% (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), and logarithmized frequency of use in those continuing use increased by 15% (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001; 95% CI: 0.07–0.23). 4-Fluoroamphetamine use decreased by 27% (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), and logarithmized frequency of use in continuing users decreased by 15% (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001, 95% CI: −0.48 to −0.23). The drugs with the greatest proportion of relative initiation at follow-up were synthetic cannabinoids (73%, <i>N</i> = 30), mephedrone (44%, <i>N</i> = 18), alkyl nitrites (42%, <i>N</i> = 147), synthetic dissociatives (41%, <i>N</i> = 15), and prescription opioids (40%, <i>N</i> = 48). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In this European nightlife sample, ketamine was found to have the biggest increase in the past 12 months, which occurred alongside an increase in frequency of use in continuing users. The patterns of uptake and discontinuation of alkyl nitrates, novel psychoactive substances, and prescription opioids provide new information that has not been captured by existing cross-sectional surveys. These findings demonstrate the importance of longitudinal assessments of drug use and highlight the dynamic nature of the European drug landscape.

Team Creativity and Innovation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Reiter-Palmon ◽  
Mackenzie Harms
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Organizational Success ◽  
Team Creativity ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Context Variable ◽  
The Past ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Creativity And Innovation

For the past two decades, creativity and innovation have been viewed by researchers as critical to organizational success and survival. Understanding the factors that facilitate or inhibit creativity and innovation at the individual level has been the focus of much of the research in the area. In recent years, research in organizational psychology and management has focused on understanding creativity and innovation in teams. However, while earlier work on teams and creativity focused on the team as a context variable, and individual creativity as the outcome, more recent research emphasizes creativity as the outcome. This chapter provides an overview of the state of research and practice as it relates to team creativity and innovation in organizations.

scholarly journals Predicting the Future: Art and Algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-911
Author(s):  
Akos Rona-Tas
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Predictive Algorithms ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Political Governance

Abstract Predictive algorithms are replacing the art of human judgement in rapidly growing areas of social life. By offering pattern recognition as forecast, predictive algorithms mechanically project the past onto the future, embracing a peculiar notion of time where the future is different in no radical way from the past and present, and a peculiar world where human agency is absent. Yet, prediction is about agency, we predict the future to change it. At the individual level, the psychological literature has concluded that in the realm of predictions, human judgement is inferior to algorithmic methods. At the sociological level, however, human judgement is often preferred over algorthms. We show how human and algorithmic predictions work in three social contexts—consumer credit, college admissions and criminal justice—and why people have good reasons to rely on human judgement. We argue that mechanical and overly successful local predictions can result in self-fulfilling prophecies and, eventually, global polarization and chaos. Finally, we look at algorithmic prediction as a form of societal and political governance and discuss how it is currently being constructed as a wide net of control by market processes in the USA and by government fiat in China.

scholarly journals India's Women Entrepreneurship Program Initiatives: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54
Author(s):  
Mukta Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Motivational Influences ◽  
Medium Businesses

The transformation of Indian society's social content, in terms of increased educational status for women and various ambitions for a better life, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. In every walk of life, she has competed with man and successfully stood up to him, and company is no exception. These female leaders are confident and willing to take risks. With their efforts, diligence, and perseverance, they were able to survive and succeed in this cutthroat rivalry. The aim of this paper is to investigate the main factors that encourage women to pursue entrepreneurial endeavors, as well as their role in growing women's entrepreneurial intentions in Indian micro, small, and medium businesses and the reasons for women's slow progress in India, suggestions for women's development, and schemes for promoting and developing women's entrepreneurship in India.  The study discovers that antecedents such as motivational influences, perceived viability, and entrepreneurial ability play a significant role in the actions of women entrepreneurs. The results have been very significant in the few cases where training has been designed and delivered. This paper will discuss the current state of women entrepreneurs in India, as well as the obstacles and problems they face in establishing and managing their businesses in a highly competitive market. Primary sources, such as published studies, essays, and academic papers, are included in this paper's conceptual design.

The Power to Alter Personal Provisions in Collective Agreements

1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Raday
Keyword(s):  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The Other ◽  
Collective Agreement ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Collective Agreements ◽  
The Past ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

On two notable occasions in the past two years, it was found necessary to use legislation in order to buttress the potency of general collective agreements. The first of these occasions was when legislation was used to give overriding legal force to a general collective agreement between the Histadrut and the Government incorporating the tax reform recommendations of the Ben Shachar Committee. The second was a similar use of legislation with regard to the general collective agreement between the Histadrut and the Government incorporating the special increments recommendations of the Barkai Committee. The two collective agreements concerned shared one important quality: They both purported to derogate from rights previously enjoyed by employees under existing collective agreements. One of the reasons for legislative intervention to support these agreements was the existence of doubt as to the legal effectiveness of their attempt to derogate from the individual employees' rights.The source of the doubt as to the legal effectiveness of such agreements lies in the existence of two distinct levels at which a collective agreement functions: the collective and the individual levels. At the collective level, conditions are determined by the collective bargaining parties, the employer or employers' organisation on one hand and the employees' organisation on the other; at this level, the collective agreement is a consensual arrangement between the parties to it, the parties fix the terms and have a contractual right to demand their enforcement. The terms fixed at the collective level take effect, however, also at the individual level; the individual employees of an employer bound by the agreement are both bound by the agreement and entitled to enjoy the rights bestowed by the agreement. The Collective Agreements Law gives forceful expression to the effect of the collective agreement's personal provisions at the individual level, giving them immediate and mandatory effect as part of each individual employee's employment contract.

Post-witness, counter-bystander and the (unclaimed) experience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Sendyka
Keyword(s):  
Social Experience ◽  
Trauma Theory ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Frame ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Public Witness

Selected videos by Miroslaw Bałka are discussed within the theoretical frame of witnessing and post-witnessing. The concepts of bystander, counter-public witness, and implicated subject allow to understand the artist’s site and point toward Holocaust bystanders in Poland. Localized experience of the past violence is analyzed in the article in relation to trauma theory but trauma is understood here beyond the individual level, as a shared, cultural, and social experience.

Living the past? Do historical legacies moderate the relationship between national chauvinism/cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes toward immigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 002071522110615
Author(s):  
Gal Ariely
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Longevity Index ◽  
Historical Legacies

This study seeks to understand how national chauvinism and cultural patriotism are related to xenophobic attitudes toward immigrants. It does this by examining the extent to which historical legacy, in terms of geopolitical threats and national identity, moderates this relationship. A multilevel analysis across 24 European countries combines measures of national chauvinism, cultural patriotism, and xenophobic attitudes at the individual level with historical data, the geopolitical threat scale, and the national identity longevity index at the country level. Findings demonstrate that, according to these measures, historical legacies of threats and conflicts do not have an interaction effect, but the longevity of national identity moderates the relationship between national chauvinism/cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes. That is, in countries with greater national identity longevity, the positive relations between national chauvinism and xenophobic attitudes are weaker, but the negative relations between cultural patriotism and xenophobic attitudes are stronger. These findings contribute to the understanding of national identity by suggesting how it is related to a nation’s historical legacy.

scholarly journals The Idiographic Ising model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Marsman
Keyword(s):  
Ising Model ◽  
Graphical Models ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Graphical Model ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Data ◽  
The Individual

The Ising model is a graphical model that has played an essential role in the field of network psychometrics, where it has been used as a theoretical model to re-conceptualize psychometric concepts and as a statistical model for the analysis of psychological data. But in network psychometrics, the psychological data that are analyzed often come from cross-sectional applications, and the practice of using graphical models such as the Ising model to analyze these data has been heavily critiqued in the past few years. The primary voiced concern centers around the inability of the Ising model to express heterogeneity in the population, and the necessity to then assume that the population is homogeneous w.r.t. the network's structure in practice. But associations at the group-level may be entirely different from associations at the individual level, and it is unclear what the estimated relations from cross-sectional data imply for associations at the individual level. In this paper, an idiographic interpretation of the Ising model is developed that does not require that persons are exchangeable replications of a single topological structure. Working with a clear, formal connection between network relations at the individual- and the group level, we have unique topological structures that characterize individuals and aggregate into an Ising model cross-sectionally.

scholarly journals Reducing Sedentary Time among Older Adults in Assisted Living: Perceptions, Barriers, and Motivators

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lauren Voss ◽  
J. Paige Pope ◽  
Jennifer L. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Assisted Living ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Barriers And Motivators

Older adults accumulate more sedentary time (ST) than any other age group, especially those in assisted living residences (ALRs). Reducing prolonged ST could help maintain function among older adults. However, to develop effective intervention strategies, it is important to understand the factors that influence sedentary behavior. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of ST as well as barriers and motivators to reducing ST among older adults in assisted living, in the context of the Social Ecological Model (SEM). Using a qualitative description approach, we sought to learn about participants’ perceptions of sedentary time in their daily lives. Semi-structured focus groups were held at six ALRs with 31 participants (84% women, 83.5 ± 6.5 years). Data were transcribed and coded using an inductive thematic approach. Themes were categorized based on four levels of the SEM: individual, social, physical environment, and organization. Many reported barriers were at the individual level (e.g., lack of motivation, pain, fatigue) while others were associated with the organization or social environment (e.g., safety concerns, lack of activities outside of business hours, and social norms). These findings suggest that there are unique challenges and opportunities to consider when designing ST interventions for assisted living.

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