Prediction of internal geometry and tensile behavior of 3D woven solid structures by mathematical coding

2021 ◽  
pp. 152808372110013
Author(s):  
Vivek R Jayan ◽  
Lekhani Tripathi ◽  
Promoda Kumar Behera ◽  
Michal Petru ◽  
BK Behera
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Tensile Behavior ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Internal Geometry ◽  
Unit Cells

The internal geometry of composite material is one of the most important factors that influence its performance and service life. A new approach is proposed for the prediction of internal geometry and tensile behavior of the 3 D (three dimensional) woven fabrics by creating the unit cell using mathematical coding. In many technical applications, textile materials are subjected to rates of loading or straining that may be much greater in magnitude than the regular household applications of these materials. The main aim of this study is to provide a generalized method for all the structures. By mathematical coding, unit cells of 3 D woven orthogonal, warp interlock and angle interlock structures have been created. The study then focuses on developing code to analyze the geometrical parameters of the fabric like fabric thickness, areal density, and fiber volume fraction. Then, the tensile behavior of the coded 3 D structures is studied in Ansys platform and the results are compared with experimental values for authentication of geometrical parameters as well as for tensile behavior. The results show that the mathematical coding approach is a more efficient modeling technique with an acceptable error percentage.

An advanced geometrical model for laminated woven fabrics using Lamé exponents with enhanced accuracy

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1443-1455
Author(s):  
Mike Mühlstädt ◽  
Wolfgang Seifert ◽  
Matthias ML Arras ◽  
Stefan Maenz ◽  
Klaus D Jandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Level Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Precise Prediction ◽  
Microscopy Images

Three-dimensional stiffness tensors of laminated woven fabrics used in high-performance composites need precise prediction. To enhance the accuracy in three-dimensional stiffness tensor prediction, the fabric’s architecture must be precisely modeled. We tested the hypotheses that: (i) an advanced geometrical model describes the meso-level structure of different fabrics with a precision higher than established models, (ii) the deviation between predicted and experimentally determined mean fiber-volume fraction ( cf) of laminates is below 5%. Laminates of different cf and fabrics were manufactured by resin transfer molding. The laminates’ meso-level structure was determined by analyzing scanning electron microscopy images. The prediction of the laminates’ cf was improved by up to 5.1 vol% ([Formula: see text]%) compared to established models. The effect of the advanced geometrical model on the prediction of the laminate’s in-plane stiffness was shown by applying a simple mechanical model. Applying an advanced geometrical model may lead to more accurate simulations of parts for example in automotive and aircraft.

Three-dimensional braided composites with zero, negative and isotropic thermal expansion behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (13) ◽  
pp. 1761-1781
Author(s):  
SA Pottigar ◽  
B Santhosh ◽  
RG Nair ◽  
P Punith ◽  
PJ Guruprasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Braided Composites ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Braided Composite ◽  
Expansion Behavior ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Composite Configuration

Three-dimensional braided composites with zero, negative and isotropic coefficient of thermal expansion are presented based on an analytical homogenization technique. The configuration of the braided composites is worked out considering the exact jamming condition leading to higher fiber volume fraction. A total of four configurations of three-dimensional-braided composite representative unit cells were analyzed. Among these, two arrangements are 4-axes and the other two are 5-axes. Special emphasis is given on the detailed description of the representative unit cells. Analysis reveals that a three-dimensional-braided composite configuration with thermoelastic isotropic properties having same coefficient of thermal expansion along x-, y-, and z-axes is achievable. As a special case, the homogenization model is used to predict, for the first time, a configuration of braided architecture and material leading to zero coefficient of thermal expansion along x-, y- and z-directions.

Meso-structure and modeling of a new three-dimensional braided tubular material

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 310-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wensuo Ma ◽  
Zhenyu Ma ◽  
Bingjie Ren ◽  
Weifeng Fan
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Volume Unit ◽  
Symmetry Operations

A new three-dimensional braided tubular preform was introduced in this study. The new preform structure can be derived from the representative volume unit which was deduced by the symmetry operations of space group P4. The braiding process of the tubular preform has been discussed. A mathematical model was established to analyze the structural properties of the three-dimensional braided tubular preform. The interrelation of geometrical parameters is analyzed. The fiber volume fraction of the preform was predicted. The new tubular preform was obtained in laboratory to verify the feasibility of the braiding process.

An Analytical and Experimental Study of Strength and Failure Behavior of Plain Weave Composites

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ito ◽  
Tsu-Wei Chou
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Random Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Packing Fraction ◽  
Failure Behavior ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Laminate Composites ◽  
Plain Weave ◽  
Geometrical Characteristics

This paper analyzes the strengxth and failure behavior of plain weave composites. First, the geometrical characteristics of yarn shape, laminate stacking configuration, fiber volume fraction, and yarn packing fraction are investigated using three-dimensional geometrical models. Based on the geometrical characteristics, iso-strain approach is developed to predict elastic properties, stress distributions, and strengths under tensile loading. The laminate stacking configuration and fabric waviness ratio have significant influence on the composite failure behavior. Specimens of iso-phase, out-of-phase and random-phase laminate composites are prepared. The mathematical models developed are evaluated by microscopic observation and tensile tests.

Resin Infusion of Triaxially Braided Preforms With Through-the-Thickness Reinforcement

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay R. Sayre ◽  
Alfred C. Loos
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Resin Infusion ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
High Fiber

Abstract Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) has shown potential to significantly reduce the manufacturing cost of high-performance aerospace composite structures. In this investigation, high fiber volume fraction, triaxially braided preforms with through-the-thickness stitching were successfully resin infiltrated by the VARTM process. The preforms, resin infiltrated with three different resin systems, produced cured composites that were fully wet-out and void free. A three-dimensional finite element model was used to simulation resin infusion into the preforms. The predicted flow patterns agreed well with the flow pattern observed during the infiltration process. The total infiltration times calculated using the model compared well with the measured times.

scholarly journals Influence of Fiber Volume Fraction and Fiber Orientation on the Uniaxial Tensile Behavior of Rebar-Reinforced Ultra-High Performance Concrete

Fibers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Roy ◽  
Corey Hollmann ◽  
Kay Wille
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Orientation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tensile Behavior ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Ultra High Performance Concrete ◽  
Load Direction ◽  
Fiber Volume

This paper studied the influence of fiber volume fraction ( V f ), fiber orientation, and type of reinforcement bar (rebar) on the uniaxial tensile behavior of rebar-reinforced strain-hardening ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). It was observed that the tensile strength increased with the increase in V f . When V f was kept constant at 1%, rebar-reinforced UHPC with fibers aligned with the load direction registered the highest strength and that with fibers oriented perpendicular to the load direction recorded the lowest strength. The strength of the composite with random fibers laid in between. Moreover, the strength, as well as the ductility, increased when the normal strength grade 60 rebars embedded in UHPC were replaced with high strength grade 100 rebars with all other conditions remaining unchanged. In addition, this paper discusses the potential of sudden failure of rebar-reinforced strain hardening UHPC and it is suggested that the composite attains a minimum strain of 1% at the peak stress to enable the members to have sufficient ductility.

Effect of Fiber Content on Void Morphology in Resin Transfer Molded E-Glass/Epoxy Composites

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef K. Hamidi ◽  
Sudha Dharmavaram ◽  
Levent Aktas ◽  
M. Cengiz Altan
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Volume Fraction ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Void Formation ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Liquid Composite Molding ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Composite Molding

Effect of fiber volume fraction on occurrence, morphology, and spatial distribution of microvoids in resin transfer molded E-glass/epoxy composites is investigated. Three disk-shaped center-gated composite parts containing 8, 12, and 16 layers of randomly-oriented, E-glass fiber perform are molded, yielding 13.5%, 20.5%, and 27.5% fiber volume fractions. Voids are evaluated by microscopic image analysis of the samples obtained along the radius of these disk-shaped composites. The number of voids is found to decrease moderately with increasing fiber content. Void areal density decreased from 10.5 voids/mm2 to 9.5 voids/mm2 as fiber content is increased from 13.5% to 27.5%. Similarly, void volume fraction decreased from 3.1% to 2.5%. Increasing fiber volume fraction from 13.5% to 27.5% is found to lower the contribution of irregularly-shaped voids from 40% of total voids down to 22.4%. Along the radial direction, combined effects of void formation by mechanical entrapment and void mobility are shown to yield a spatially complex void distribution. However, increasing fiber content is observed to affect the void formation mechanisms as more voids are able to move toward the exit vents during molding. These findings are believed to be applicable not only to resin transfer molding but generally to liquid composite molding processes.

Permeability Calculations in Three-Dimensional Fiber Networks

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Stylianopoulos ◽  
A. Yeckel ◽  
J. J. Derby ◽  
X. J. Luo ◽  
M. S. Shephard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volume Averaging ◽  
Creeping Flow ◽  
Fibrous Media ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Fiber Networks ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
High Performance Computers

The study of creeping flow in fibrous media is of considerable interest in many biological and biomedical applications. There is little work, however, on permeability calculations in three-dimensional random networks. Computational power is now sufficient to calculate permeabilities directly by constructing artificial fiber networks and simulating flow through them. Even with today’s high-performance computers, however, such an approach would be infeasible for large simulations. It is therefore necessary to develop a correlation based on fiber volume fraction, radius and orientation, preferably by incorporating previous studies on isotropic or structured networks. In this work, the direct calculations were performed, using the finite element method, on networks with varying degrees of orientation, and combinations of results for flow parallel and perpendicular to a single fiber or an array thereof, using a volume averaging theory, were compared to the detailed analysis.

scholarly journals Effects of Hooked-End Steel Fiber Geometry and Volume Fraction on the Flexural Behavior of Concrete Pedestrian Decks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Jung Lee ◽  
Doo-Yeol Yoo ◽  
Do-Young Moon
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Steel Fiber ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Flexural Behavior ◽  
Multiple Cracks ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Steel Rebars

This study investigates the effects of hooked-end fiber geometry and volume fraction on the flexural behavior of concrete pedestrian decks. To achieve this, three different fiber geometries, i.e., three-dimensional (3D), four-dimensional (4D), and five-dimensional (5D), and volume fractions of 0.37%, 0.6%, and 1.0% were considered. Test results indicate that a higher number of hook ends can more effectively enhance the flexural strength and flexural strength margin at all volume fractions than a lower number, so that the order of effectiveness of hooked-end fibers on the flexural strength parameters was as follows: 5D > 4D > 3D. To satisfy the ductility index of 0.39, the amounts of 3D, 4D, and 5D hooked steel fibers should be in the range of 0.98%‒1.10%. Moreover, at a fiber volume fraction of 1.0%, only multiple cracking behaviors were observed, and the numerical results indicated that the volume fraction should be equal to 1.0% to guarantee a deflection-hardening response of pedestrian decks, regardless of the hooked-end fiber geometry. Consequently, a 1.0% by volume of hooked-end steel fiber is recommended to replace the minimum longitudinal steel rebars and guarantee a ductile flexural behavior with multiple cracks for pedestrian decks made of high-strength concrete.

Multiaxis three-dimensional weaving for composites: A review

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 725-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kadir Bilisik
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Layer Sequence ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
End Use ◽  
3D Woven Fabrics ◽  
3D Weaving

The aim of this study is to review three-dimensional (3D) fabrics and a critical review is especially provided on the development of multiaxis 3D woven preform structures and techniques. 3D preforms are classified based on various parameters depending on the fiber sets, fiber orientation and interlacements, and micro–meso unit cells and macro geometry. Biaxial and triaxial two-dimensional (2D) fabrics have been widely used as structural composite parts in various technical areas. However, they suffer delamination between their layers due to the lack of fibers. 3D woven fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to the presence of Z-fibers. However, the 3D woven fabrics have low in-plane properties. Multiaxis 3D knitted fabrics have no delamination and their in-plane properties are enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. However, they have limitations regarding multiple layering and layer sequences. Multiaxis 3D woven fabrics have multiple layers and no delamination due to Z-fibers and in-plane properties enhanced due to the ±bias yarn layers. Also, the layer sequence can be arranged based on end-use requirements. However, the multiaxis 3D weaving technique is at an early stage of development and needs to be fully automated. This will be a future technological challenge in the area of multiaxis 3D weaving.

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