Cytokines and Antitumor Immunity

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Müller ◽  
Graham Pawelec
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Immune Selection ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Cytokine Milieu ◽  
Successful Immunotherapy

Currently, the notion of immunosurveillance against tumors is enjoying something of a renaissance. Even if we still refuse to accept that tumors arising in the normal host are unable to trigger an immune response because of the lack of initiation (“danger”) signals, there is no doubt that the immune system can be manipulated experimentally and by implication therapeutically to exert anti-tumor effects. For this activity to be successful, the appropriate cytokine milieu has to be provided, making cytokine manipulation central to immunotherapy. On the other hand, the major hurdle currently preventing successful immunotherapy is the ability of tumors to evolve resistant variants under the pressure of immune selection. Here, too, the cytokine milieu plays an essential role. The purpose of this brief review is to consider the current status of the application of cytokines in facilitating antitumor immunity, as well their role in inhibiting responses to tumors. Clearly, encouraging the former but preventing the latter will be the key to the effective clinical application of cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Cannabis, the Endocannabinoid System and Immunity—the Journey from the Bedside to the Bench and Back

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osnat Almogi-Hazan ◽  
Reuven Or
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Regulatory Properties

The Cannabis plant contains numerous components, including cannabinoids and other active molecules. The phyto-cannabinoid activity is mediated by the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids affect the nervous system and play significant roles in the regulation of the immune system. While Cannabis is not yet registered as a drug, the potential of cannabinoid-based medicines for the treatment of various conditions has led many countries to authorize their clinical use. However, the data from basic and medical research dedicated to medical Cannabis is currently limited. A variety of pathological conditions involve dysregulation of the immune system. For example, in cancer, immune surveillance and cancer immuno-editing result in immune tolerance. On the other hand, in autoimmune diseases increased immune activity causes tissue damage. Immuno-modulating therapies can regulate the immune system and therefore the immune-regulatory properties of cannabinoids, suggest their use in the therapy of immune related disorders. In this contemporary review, we discuss the roles of the endocannabinoid system in immunity and explore the emerging data about the effects of cannabinoids on the immune response in different pathologies. In addition, we discuss the complexities of using cannabinoid-based treatments in each of these conditions.

scholarly journals CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Shearer ◽  
G. Cudkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Marrow Cell ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Function ◽  
Thymus Cells ◽  
Marrow Cells

Marrow cell suspensions of unprimed donor mice have been transplanted into X-irradiated syngeneic hosts. 5–46 days later, bone cavities and spleens contained regenerated cells of the immune system which required interaction with thymocytes (from intact donors) and antigen (SRBC) to form antigen-sensitive units (ASU) and to generate mature immunocytes. These cells were capable of differentiating either into direct or indirect hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC). The precursors of PFC regenerated earlier than the other cell type necessary for immunocompetence, the antigen-reactive cell (ARC). The latter was not found until 10 or more days after transplantation. Availability of ARC was inferred from PFC responses elicited by grafted mice challenged with SRBC at varying intervals. In a second series of experiments, graded numbers of marrow cells (ranging from 107 to 5 x 107) were transplanted with 5 x 107 or 108 thymocytes into irradiated mice, and SRBC were given 18 hr later. After 9–12 days the recipient spleens contained all or some of the following immunocytes: direct and indirect PFC, and hemagglutinating cluster-forming cells. The frequency of each immune response varied independently of the others, but in relation to the number of marrow cells grafted. This was interpreted to indicate that ASU formed in irradiated mice by interaction of marrow and thymus cells were similar to those of intact mice. In particular, they were specialized for the molecular class (IgM or IgG) and function (lysis or agglutination) of the antibody to be secreted by their descendent immunocytes. Hence, class-differentiation appeared to be conferred upon ASU by their marrow-derived components.

scholarly journals Moms, babies, and bugs in immune development

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 2141
Author(s):  
Katie Alexander ◽  
Charles O. Elson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
The One

Bacteria and mammals have co-evolved with one another over millennia, and it has become impossible to interpret mucosal immunity without taking the microbiota into consideration. In fact, the primary role of the mucosal immune system is regulating homeostasis and the host relationship with the microbiota. Bacteria are no longer seen as simply invading pathogens, but rather a necessary component to one’s own immune response. On the one hand, the microbiota is a vital educator of immune cells and initiator of beneficial responses; but, on the other, dysbiosis of microbiota constituents are associated with inflammation and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we will consider recent advances in the understanding of how the microbiota influences host mucosal immunity, particularly the initial development of the immune response and its implications.

IMMUNOLOGISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN HYPOPHYSENVORDERLAPPENHORMONEN MIT ANTIKÖRPERN VON SÄUGETIEREN UND FISCHEN

1968 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Blüm
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Cichlid Fishes ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Distinct Separation

ABSTRACT Tropical Cichlid fishes (Tilapia mariae) and guinea pigs are able to produce antibodies to ovine anterior pituitary hormones. The immune response in fish is weaker than in mammals. Antisera of both animal groups are suitable specific ones but the fish immune system does not react very sensitively to small contaminations of the antigens. Electrophoretical examinations of anterior pituitary hormones (LTH, STH, FSH, LH and TSH) on gelatinized cellulose acetate strips show that except STH all the other hormones consist of several components. This is confirmed by immunological methods. There is some evidence that LH occurs in several molecular forms or components. Cross reactions and immunoelectrophoreses show a distinct separation of the immunological properties of the protein LTH and its antibody resp. and the glycoproteids FSH, LH, TSH and their antibodies. The protein STH and its homologous antibody, however, precipitate with all other hormones and their antibodies tested, except TSH. This possibly depends on the contamination of these hormones one with another.

Characteris Tics and Causes of Immune Dysfunction Related to Uremia and Dialysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Borsato Hauser ◽  
Andréa E. M. Stinghen ◽  
Sawako Kato ◽  
Sérgio Bucharles ◽  
Carlos Aita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Pathologic Processes

From the immunologic viewpoint, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by disorders of both the innate and adaptive systems, generating a complex and still not fully understood immune dysfunction. Markers of a chronically activated immune system are closely linked to several complications of CKD and represent powerful predictors for mortality in the CKD population. On the other hand, CKD patients respond poorly to vaccination and to challenges such as bacterial infection. Interestingly, the main causes of death in patients with CKD are cardiovascular and infectious diseases, both being pathologic processes closely linked to immune function. Therefore, accelerated tissue degeneration (as a consequence of chronic inflammation) and increased rate of sepsis (because of a poorly orchestrated immune response) represent the most important targets for interventions aiming to reduce mortality in CKD patients. Understanding the mechanisms behind the immune dysfunction that is peculiar to CKD generates a perspective to improve outcomes in this group of patients.

Dangerous liaisons: the role of “danger” signals in the immune response to gene therapy

Blood ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1133-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Brown ◽  
David Lillicrap
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Insight Into

Recent studies in gene transfer suggest that the innate immune system plays a significant role in impeding gene therapy. In this review, we examine factors that might influence the recruitment and activation of the innate system in the context of gene therapy. We have adopted a novel model of immunology that contends that the immune system distinguishes not between self and nonself, but between what is dangerous and what is not dangerous. In taking this perspective, we provide an alternative and complementary insight into some of the failures and successes of current gene therapy protocols.

scholarly journals The effect of influenza vaccine immunization on natural antibodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-223
Author(s):  
Irena Živković ◽  
Lina Muhandes ◽  
Vladimir Petrušić ◽  
Rajna Minić ◽  
Ljiljana Dimitrijević
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Natural Antibodies ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
First Time

Natural, polyreactive, low-affinity antibodies are known to play an important role not only in the immediate defense against pathogens, but also in shaping the acquired immune response. On the other hand, antigen specific, high-affinity antibodies can affect the balance of natural antibodies and lead to autoimmune diseases. In this study, we have analyzed the changes that occur in the IgM and IgG pool of natural antibodies after immunization with split or whole virion influenza vaccine. For this purpose, "in-house" developed ELISAs were used. The subjects were divided, according to the vaccination status, into those who had been immunized with the influenza vaccine in previous years and those who had been immunized for the first time. The analysis indicated that the pool of natural antibodies was not impaired by the immunization, evidenced by the lack of changes in any of the groups, and that certain fluctuations were induced in order to maintain the homeostasis of the immune system.

scholarly journals Concomitant infections, parasites and immune responses

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (S1) ◽  
pp. S23-S38 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. G. COX
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Cytokine Network ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Effector Molecules

Concomitant infections are common in nature and often involve parasites. A number of examples of the interactions between protozoa and viruses, protozoa and bacteria, protozoa and other protozoa, protozoa and helminths, helminths and viruses, helminths and bacteria, and helminths and other helminths are described. In mixed infections the burden of one or both the infectious agents may be increased, one or both may be suppressed or one may be increased and the other suppressed. It is now possible to explain many of these interactions in terms of the effects parasites have on the immune system, particularly parasite-induced immunodepression, and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization to the Th1or Th2arms of the immune response. In addition, parasites may be affected, directly or indirectly, by cytokines and other immune effector molecules and parasites may themselves produce factors that affect the cells of the immune system. Parasites are, therefore, affected when they themselves, or other organisms, interact with the immune response and, in particular, the cytokine network. The importance of such interactions is discussed in relation to clinical disease and the development and use of vaccines.

scholarly journals Photodynamic Therapy and Antitumor Immunity

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (Suppl_2) ◽  
pp. S-40-S-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra O. Gollnick
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Clinical Strategy

Preclinical studies have shown that local photodynamic therapy (PDT) enhances systemic antitumor immunity. In addition, it has long been known that the long-term efficacy of PDT depends on the presence of an intact adaptive immune system. Years of research in the laboratory have attempted to shed light on the mechanisms of the PDT-enhanced antitumor immune response, suggesting that increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines may play a key role. This overview on the immunologic potential of PDT briefly explores these proposed mechanisms and addresses preliminary results with PDT vaccines in combination with surgery as perhaps a new clinical strategy for cancer treatment outside the laboratory.

scholarly journals Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in COVID-19: correlation of the autopsy findings of bone marrow haemophagocytosis with HScore

2021 ◽  
pp. jclinpath-2020-207337
Author(s):  
Claudia Núñez-Torrón ◽  
Ana Ferrer-Gómez ◽  
Esther Moreno Moreno ◽  
Belen Pérez-Mies ◽  
Jesús Villarrubia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Multiorgan Failure ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis ◽  
Bone Marrow Tissue ◽  
Autopsy Findings ◽  
Specific Finding ◽  
Clinical Records

BackgroundSecondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) is characterised by a hyper activation of immune system that leads to multiorgan failure. It is suggested that excessive immune response in patients with COVID-19 could mimic this syndrome. Some COVID-19 autopsy studies have revealed the presence of haemophagocytosis images in bone marrow, raising the possibility, along with HScore parameters, of sHLH.AimOur objective is to ascertain the existence of sHLH in some patients with severe COVID-19.MethodsWe report the autopsy histological findings of 16 patients with COVID-19, focusing on the presence of haemophagocytosis in bone marrow, obtained from rib squeeze and integrating these findings with HScore parameters. CD68 immunohistochemical stains were used to highlight histiocytes and haemophagocytic cells. Clinical evolution and laboratory parameters of patients were collected from electronic clinical records.ResultsEleven patients (68.7%) displayed moderate histiocytic hyperplasia with haemophagocytosis (HHH) in bone marrow, three patients (18.7%) displayed severe HHH and the remainder were mild. All HScore parameters were collected in 10 patients (62.5%). Among the patients in which all parameters were evaluable, eight patients (80%) had an HScore >169. sHLH was not clinically suspected in any case.ConclusionsOur results support the recommendation of some authors to use the HScore in patients with severe COVID-19 in order to identify those who could benefit from immunosuppressive therapies. The presence of haemophagocytosis in bone marrow tissue, despite not being a specific finding, has proved to be a very useful tool in our study to identify these patients.

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