Influence of Post-deposition Heating Time and the Presence of Water Vapor on Sputter-coated Calcium Phosphate Crystallinity

2003 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 833-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yang ◽  
K.-H. Kim ◽  
C.M. Agrawal ◽  
J.L. Ong
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Bone Response ◽  
Post Deposition

Extensive research suggested that calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings on titanium implants are essential for early bone response. However, the characterization of CaP crystallinity and the means to control coating crystallinity are not well-established. In this study, the effect of a 400°C heat treatment for 1, 2, or 4 hours, and in the presence or absence of water vapor, on CaP crystallinity was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy indicated dense as-sputtered coatings. Increase in coating crystallinity was observed to be consistent with the increasing number of PO4 peaks observed as a result of different heat treatments. In addition, x-ray diffraction analyses indicated amorphous as-sputtered coatings, whereas crystalline CaP coatings in the range of 0-85% were observed after different post-deposition heat treatments. It was concluded that the presence of water vapor and post-deposition heat treatment time significantly affect the crystallinity of CaP coatings, which may ultimately affect bone healing.

Correlation between microstructural evolution during high-pressure torsion and isothermal heat treatment of amorphous Al85Gd8Ni5Co2 alloy

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1388-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Henits ◽  
Ádám Révész ◽  
Erhard Schafler ◽  
Péter J. Szabó ◽  
János L. Lábár ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Isothermal Heat Treatment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Continuous Heat Treatment ◽  
Isothermal Heat Treatments ◽  
Continuous Heat

Al85Gd8Ni5Co2 metallic glass was subjected to partial devitrification by high-pressure torsion, continuous heat treatment, and isothermal annealing. The fully amorphous alloy exhibits a well-defined transition in its first devitrification product during isothermal heat treatments from τm + α-Al phase mixture to primary α-Al by increasing the annealing temperature above 555 K. This thermal sensitivity predestinates the composition to identify the controversial thermal contribution of the plastic deformation in metallic glasses. Thermal stability and structure of the partially devitrified samples were systematically analyzed and compared by calorimetry, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. It seems that the effect of severe deformation cannot be singled out by a simple isothermal heat treatment; i.e., high-pressure torsion acts as a spectrum of heat treatments performed at different annealing temperatures.

Intermixing at the CdS/CdTe Interface and its Effect on Device Performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Dhere ◽  
D. S. Albin ◽  
D. H. Rose ◽  
S. E. Asher ◽  
K. M. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Device Performance ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Substrate Temperatures ◽  
Post Deposition

AbstractA study of the CdS/CdTe interface was performed on glass/SnO2/CdS/CdTe device structures. CdS layers were deposited by chemical solution growth to a thickness of 80–100 nm, and CdTe was deposited by close-spaced sublimation at substrate temperatures of 500°, 550°, and 600°C. Post-deposition CdCl2 heat treatment was performed at 400°C. Samples were analyzed by optical spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), spectral response, and current-voltage measurements. SIMS analysis shows that the intermixing of CdS and CdTe is a function of substrate temperature and post-deposition CdCl2 heat treatment. The degree of intermixing increases with increases in substrate temperature and the intensity of CdCl2 heat treatment. Optical analysis and X-Ray diffraction data show that the phases of CdSxTe1-x are also a function of the same parameters. Formation of a Te-rich CdSxTe1-x alloy is favored for films deposited at higher substrate temperatures. Spectral response of the devices is affected by the degree of alloying at the interface. The degree of alloying is indicated by simultaneous changes in long wavelength response (due to the formation of lower bandgap intermixed CdSxTe1-x) and the short wavelength response (due to the change in CdS thickness). Device performance is heavily influenced by alloying at the interface. With optimized intermixing, improvements in Voc, and diode quality factors are observed in the resulting devices.

scholarly journals UV-Heat Treatments for the Control of Foodborne Microbial Pathogens in Chicken Broth

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gouma ◽  
E. Gayán ◽  
J. Raso ◽  
S. Condón ◽  
I. Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Mild Heat ◽  
Chicken Broth ◽  
Uv Dose ◽  
Pathogen Populations

This investigation established the process criteria for using UV-C light and mild heat (UV-H treatment) to inactivate 5-Log10cycles (performance criterion) of common foodborne pathogen populations,Escherichia coli,SalmonellaTyphimurium,Listeria monocytogenes, andStaphylococcus aureus, when inoculated in chicken broth. To define the target microorganism and the proper UV-H treatment conditions (including UV dose, treatment time, and temperature) that would achieve the stated performance criterion, mathematical equations based on Geeraerd’s model were developed for each microorganism. For the sake of comparison, inactivation equations for heat treatments were also performed on the same chicken broth and for the same microorganisms.L. monocytogeneswas the most UV-H resistant microorganism at all temperatures, requiring a UV dose between 6.10 J/mL (5.6 min) and 2.26 J/mL (2.09 min) to achieve 5-Log10reductions. In comparison with UV treatments at room temperatures, the combination of UV and mild heat allowed both the UV dose and treatment time to be reduced by 30% and 63% at 55°C and 60°C, respectively. Compared to heat treatments, the UV-H process reduced the heating time for 5-Log10reductions of all the investigated microorganisms in chicken broth from 20-fold to 2-fold when the operating temperature varied from 53 to 60°C.

WEATHERING OF CLAY MINERALS IN PODZOLS FROM THE APPALACHIAN HIGHLANDS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Mineralogical Properties

The clay fraction from various horizons of two Podzols sampled in the Appalachian Highlands was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and by a quantitative mineralogical procedure. Different cation saturation and heat treatments made it possible to detect differences in the mineralogical properties of the clays of the Ae horizon, but did not cause appreciable differences in the spectra of B and C horizon samples. In the Ae horizon, the clays were shown to have properties of both vermiculites and smectites. The paragonite-like structure induced by Na-saturation and moderate heat treatment is characteristic of minerals in the early stages of weathering from dioctahedral illites.

Surface Crystallization of ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 Glass

2007 ◽  
Vol 280-283 ◽  
pp. 1655-1658
Author(s):  
Xiao Dong Li ◽  
Jie Mo Tian ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
Li Min Dong
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Surface Crystallization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystalline Layer ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Electronic Microscope

ZnO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses with different surface conditions were surface crystallized by different heat treatment process. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM) were used to investigate the crystallization behavior of glasses, the crystalline components and microstructure of the as-got glass-ceramics. According to the DTA results, different heat treatment processes of surface crystallization on the glass were adopted. The SEM results show that surface conditions of glasses are important for the surface crystallization, and the thickness of surface crystalline layer increases with heat treatment time.

Effect of Iron Oxide on the Structure, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of (70% mole V2O5- (15-x)% mole P2O5-15% mole B2O3) Semi Conducting Glass System

2007 ◽  
Vol 280-283 ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Assem
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Glass System ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Electrical And Magnetic Properties ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Conductivity Increase ◽  
Before And After

A glass system according to the molar formula (70% mole V2O5- (15-x)% mole P2O5-15% mole B2O3), where x = 0, 1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % mole Fe2O3, was prepared by melting the pure powder chemicals at porcelain crucibles at 1000Co for three hours until the homogenous glass was obtained. The samples were quenched in air and heat-treated at 500 Co for 1, 2 and 3 h. The density, the molar volume, the electrical conductivity and magnetic properties were measured before and after the heat-treatment. The crystalline phases due to heat-treatment were determined using x-ray diffraction. The heat-treatment causes change of BO3 to BO4 and forming non-bridging oxygen. Replacing the phosphorus oxide with the iron oxide increases the magnetic properties while the conductivity increase up to 5% mole and then decreases. The changes of electrical and magnetic properties with heat-treatment time have a random behavior due to the change of the structure if the samples with heat treatment.

scholarly journals Synthesis of LiNiO2 by two-step solid-state method

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuiping Li ◽  
Qisheng Wu ◽  
Chun Zhang ◽  
Huajun Zhu ◽  
Changsen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Perfect Crystal ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mechanochemical Method ◽  
Solid State Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Grinding Speed

AbstractLiNiO2 was prepared through two-step solid-state reaction by mechanochemical method and heat treatment, using LiOH (Li2CO3) and Ni(OH)2 as starting materials. The influence of grinding speed and time, heat treatment time, and starting materials on the structure of LiNiO2 was studied. The as-milled samples and products were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that uniform as-milled samples can be obtained at grinding speed of 580 rpm for 0.5 h, using LiOH and Ni(OH)2 as raw materials. Perfect crystal LiNiO2 has been prepared by calcining the as-milled samples at 700 °C for 15 h. Composite material powders consisting of Li2Ni8O10 and LiNiO2 have been obtained using Li2CO3 as lithium source.

High Efficiency Sputtered CdS/CdTe Cells without CdCl2 Activation

2011 ◽  
Vol 1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. Paudel ◽  
K.A. Wieland ◽  
A.D. Compaan
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Minority Carrier ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Cdte Film ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Polycrystalline Thin Film ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Post Deposition

ABSTRACTPolycrystalline thin-film CdS/CdTe PV cells nearly always require “activation” with vapors containing chlorine and oxygen near 400 oC in order to realize the highest cell performance, even when growth occurs near 600 oC. In this study we have used film growth near 270 oC by magnetron sputtering in an oxygen-free ambient and have studied the effects of post-deposition heat treatments for 20 minutes at 400, 425 and 450 oC without CdCl2 in a dry air ambient. The heat treatments enhanced grain growth and produced re-crystallization of the CdTe film at all three temperatures, but 450 oC was required to reach the best electrical performance. Grain size increased from a couple of hundred nanometers to more than a micron as the preferred (111) growth orientation decreased. Efficiencies up to 11.6% were achieved with no CdCl2 compared to ~13% with activation at 387 oC in the presence of CdCl2 vapors. X-ray diffraction and quantum efficiency measurements show interdiffusion of CdS and CdTe at 450 oC comparable with a standard CdCl2 treatment at 387 oC. The results are discussed in terms of CdSTe alloy gradients and minority-carrier diffusion lengths.

Evaluation of the Bactericidal Properties of the Biomimetic Coating of Ha Doped with AgNO3

2018 ◽  
Vol 930 ◽  
pp. 362-367
Author(s):  
Lucíola Lucena de Sousa ◽  
Deborah Gouvêa Prado ◽  
Mariny Fabiéle Cabral Coelho ◽  
Virgilio Pereira Ricci ◽  
Guilherme Vilela Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Commercially Pure Titanium ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Total Treatment Time ◽  
Biomimetic Coating ◽  
Total Treatment

Commercially pure titanium and its alloys have been widely applied as implant materials with excellent long-term results and present benefits compared to other metal biomaterials because of the good mechanical strength and modulus of elasticity with values close to those of the bone. Titanium implants coated with hydroxyapatite give the metal a bioactive surface, which induces a direct connection between the implant and the bone tissue. As a consequence, the time for osseointegration, and hence the total treatment time, may be reduced. This paper aimed at studying the bactericidal effect of silver nitrate at 10 ppm and 100 ppm, incorporated in the layer on the surface of commercial titanium. The results showed efficiency in both osseointegration and bactericidal effect, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and corrosion tests. The bacterial culture tests, by means of the halo inhibition tests, indicate that the doping with AgNO3in concentrations 10 and 100 ppm did not present significant variation.

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