scholarly journals Cognitive Reserve as an Emerging Concept in Stroke Recovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Rosenich ◽  
Brenton Hordacre ◽  
Catherine Paquet ◽  
Simon A. Koblar ◽  
Susan L. Hillier
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Health Promotion Intervention ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Prognosis And Prediction ◽  
The Relationship

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. It is a complex and largely heterogeneous condition. Prognosis for variations in impairment and recovery following stroke continues to be challenging and inaccurate, highlighting the need to examine the influence of other currently unknown variables to better predict and understand interindividual differences in stroke impairment and recovery. The concept of “cognitive reserve,” a feature of brain function said to moderate the relationship between brain pathology and clinical outcomes, might provide a partial explanation. This review discusses the potential significance of cognitive reserve in the context of stroke, with reference to reduced burden of disability poststroke, health promotion, intervention and secondary prevention of cognitive impairment, ease and challenges of translation into clinical practice, prognosis and prediction of recovery, and clinical decisions and trial stratification. Discussions from the review aim to encourage stroke clinicians and researchers to better consider the role of premorbid, lifestyle-related variables, such as cognitive reserve, in facilitating successful neurological outcomes and recovery following stroke.

scholarly journals Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: The Viewpoint of Platelets

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7560
Author(s):  
Patrizia Amadio ◽  
Marta Zarà ◽  
Leonardo Sandrini ◽  
Alessandro Ieraci ◽  
Silvia Stella Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Cardiac Events ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Depression is a major cause of morbidity and low quality of life among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and it is now considered as an independent risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events. Increasing evidence indicates not only that depression worsens the prognosis of cardiac events, but also that a cross-vulnerability between the two conditions occurs. Among the several mechanisms proposed to explain this interplay, platelet activation is the more attractive, seeing platelets as potential mirror of the brain function. In this review, we dissected the mechanisms linking depression and CVD highlighting the critical role of platelet behavior during depression as trigger of cardiovascular complication. In particular, we will discuss the relationship between depression and molecules involved in the CVD (e.g., catecholamines, adipokines, lipids, reactive oxygen species, and chemokines), emphasizing their impact on platelet activation and related mechanisms.

scholarly journals Does our cognitive empathy diminish with age? The moderator role of educational level

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
María José Gutiérrez-Cobo ◽  
Rosario Cabello ◽  
Alberto Megías-Robles ◽  
Raquel Gómez-Leal ◽  
Simon Baron-Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
College Education ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Moderator Role ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age

ABSTRACT Introduction: The literature has demonstrated how the relationship between cognitive or emotional intelligence and age exhibits an inverted-U-shape and that this decline can be mitigated by an individual’s cognitive reserve (CR). Rather less is known, however, about the pattern of changes in cognitive empathy or the ability to recognize the thoughts or feelings of others. Objectives: The aim of the present study was firstly to analyze the effect of age, gender, and CR (measured through educational level), on the capacity to show cognitive empathy. Secondly, we aimed to evaluate what type of relationship—linear or quadratic—exists between age and cognitive empathy. We finally aimed to analyze the moderator role of educational level on the relationship between age and cognitive empathy. Participants: Totally, 902 Spanish adults aged between 18 and 79 years (M = 43.53, SD = 11.86; 57% women). Measurements: Participants were asked to indicate their educational level (primary, high school, or college education) and their cognitive empathy was assessed using the Eyes test. Results: Women scored higher than men on cognitive empathy. Participants with a college education had higher scores on cognitive empathy than those with a lower educational level. Additionally, the relationship between age and cognitive empathy fit an inverted-U-shaped curve, consistent with the data found for cognitive and emotional intelligence. Finally, the age-related decrease in cognitive empathy appeared to be mitigated by a higher educational level, but only in those individuals aged 35 years and above. Limitations and clinical implications are discussed.

What is the Current Role for Vitamin D and the Risk of Stroke?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
Antonio Siniscalchi ◽  
Piergiorgio Lochner ◽  
Sabrina Anticoli ◽  
Domenico Chirchiglia ◽  
Giovambattista De Sarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Prognostic Biomarker ◽  
Haemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Increasing evidence supports the relationship between vitamin D and stroke. Vitamin D has now been proposed as a prognostic biomarker also for functional outcome in stroke patients. Methods: A revision of the data suggests that low vitamin D is associated more with ischemic than with haemorrhagic stroke, even if the role of optimal vitamin D levels for vascular wall is still unclear. Vitamin D deficiency induces with different mechanisms an alteration of vascular wall. Results: However, to date, the research supporting the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in stroke and in post-stroke recovery is still inadequate and conclusive evidences have not been published. Conclusion: In this review, we provide a better understanding of the role of vitamin D in stroke.

Abstract 9180: Importance of Preventing Decreased Levels of Lysophosphatidylcholine—DHA in Brain and Plasma for Attenuating Brain Injury After Cardiac Arrest

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 144 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuaki Nishikimi ◽  
Muhammad Shoaib ◽  
Tomoaki Aoki ◽  
Rishabh Choudhary ◽  
Santiago J Miyara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) was found to be decreased in plasma in the early phase of resuscitation after cardiac arrest (CA), including a species containing docosahexaenoic acid (LPC-DHA). Supplementing this deficiency of plasma LPC-DHA post-CA significantly attenuated brain dysfunction implicating a causative role of plasma decreased LPC-DHA for brain injury. Previous studies showed the importance of LPC-DHA as a carrier of DHA to maintain proper brain function. However, the role of LPC-DHA for brain function has not been fully understood. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the importance of maintaining proper brain LPC-DHA level via plasma supplementation to prevent brain damage after CA using human patients, animal model, and in-vitro cell studies. Methods and Results: We first evaluated associations between the plasma LPC-DHA levels and neurological outcomes using 45 post-CA patients. We then measured LPC-DHA levels and histological, biochemical, metabolic alterations in the plasma and brain after 10 min CA rat model and examined how these alterations were attenuated by supplementing LPC-DHA. Finally, we further investigated the beneficial effect of LPC-DHA using cell cultures. We found that the decreased plasma LPC-DHA was strongly associated with neurological outcomes and disappearance of difference between gray and white matter in the brain after CA in human patients. In rats, the decreased plasma LPC-DHA was associated with decreased level of brain LPC-DHA after CA, and supplementing plasma LPC-DHA normalized the brain levels of LPC-DHA and alleviated neuronal cell death, activation of astrocyte, and expression of various inflammatory and mitochondrial dysfunction genes. We also found normalized overall metabolic alterations from the untargeted metabolomics analysis. Furthermore, LPC treatment showed a similar protective effect for neurons and astrocytes in mixed primary brain cell cultures. Conclusion: The attenuation of biochemical and physiologic alterations, and the normalization of decreased brain LPC-DHA post-CA with LPC-DHA supplementation demonstrate plasma LPC-DHA is important for the maintenance of proper brain LPC-DHA levels, which is essential for preventing brain damage post-CA.

scholarly journals The musical brain: A meeting of minds

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
Gary Burd
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Public Forum ◽  
Human Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Royal Institution ◽  
Music Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Youth Orchestra

The Royal Institution's special summer event this year was a day-long public forum on one of the most rapidly developing fields of human research. The examination of the relationship between music and brain-function has been going on in earnest for around a decade. Several leading experts in the field gave presentations, and following the forum, there were two evening performances by the National Youth Orchestra and the Orpheus Centre. The event was sponsored by the International Foundation for Music Research and the Kohn Foundation. Baroness Susan Greenfield demonstrated the role of the Royal Institution to the audience by showing the mixture of disciplines present at the public forum, as both scientists, musicians and members of the public come together to discuss science.

scholarly journals COGNITIVE RESERVE AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN HEALTHY LATVIAN SENIORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Kristīne Šneidere ◽  
Sonia Montemurro ◽  
Sara Mondini ◽  
Jelena Harlamova ◽  
Zane Ulmane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Normal Ageing ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
The Relationship

In the next 30 years, a significant increase of the population aged over 65 is expected (WHO, 2015). Ageing can often be associated with cognitive decline; however, recent research indicates that symptoms of age-related cognitive impairment are modulated by Cognitive Reserve (CR), which derives from level of education, working activity, and social activity (Tucker & Stern, 2011). The role of CR in neurodegenerative disease has been extensively researched, but little is known about its contribution to normal ageing. Fifty-four healthy Latvian seniors were recruited for the study. We assessed simple and complex reaction times, associative memory, memory retrieval, attention, working memory. Furthermore, we quantified their CR. We analysed the relationship between CR and reaction times with two separate logistic regressions. Then, four linear regression models were built to analyse the relationship between CR and the scores on the cognitive tasks. CR was not related to the cognitive performance of healthy Latvian seniors. Such results indicate that CR resources may be mostly required when high-demanding tasks have to be performed.

The role of cognitive reserve in the relationship between metabolic syndrome and cognitive functioning

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jessica Strong ◽  
Jennifer R. Fonda ◽  
Laura Grande ◽  
William Milberg ◽  
Regina McGlinchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Cultural intelligence and managerial relational performance: a resource advantage perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Egwuonwu ◽  
David Sarpong ◽  
Chima Mordi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Cultural Intelligence ◽  
Psychic Distance ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Exchange Relationships ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resource Advantage Theory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resource Advantage

PurposeDrawing on the resource-advantage theory, the authors examine the effect of import managers' cultural intelligence (CQ) on their foreign counterpart's psychic distance and relational performance.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data collected from 228 Nigerian automobile import managers were analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the relationship among the study variables. The measure of CQ in this study comprises metacognitive and motivational CQs to examine the relations between metacognitive and motivational CQs on psychic distance and their ultimate effect on relational performance.FindingsThis study suggests that metacognitive CQ reduces the effect of psychic distance in buyer–seller exchange relationships, and in the presence of a low-level psychic distance, relational performance increases. Confirming the intervening role of CQ on performance relationship, the study highlights the role of CQ and its influence on psychic distance in facilitating (or impeding) relational exchanges in international buyer–seller transactions.Originality/valueThe authors present the concept of CQ as a human capital that has the potential to improve managerial relational performance. The authors go further to advance the potential significance and relevance of CQ in improving international buyer–seller exchanges.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Visual Evoked-Response Correlates of Speechreading Performance in Normal-Hearing Adults

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent J. Samar ◽  
Donald G. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Visual Evoked Response ◽  
Latency Measure ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visual Evoked

The relationship between the latency of the negative peak occurring at approximately 130 msec in the visual evoked-response (VER) and speechreading scores was investigated. A significant product-moment correlation of -.58 was obtained between the two measures, which confirmed the fundamental effect but was significantly weaker than that previously reported in the literature (-.90). Principal components analysis of the visual evoked-response waveforms revealed a previously undiscovered early VER component, statistically independent of the latency measure, which in combination with two other components predicted speechreading with a multiple correlation coefficient of S4. The potential significance of this new component for the study of individual differences in speechreading ability is discussed.

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