scholarly journals COGNITIVE RESERVE AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN HEALTHY LATVIAN SENIORS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Kristīne Šneidere ◽  
Sonia Montemurro ◽  
Sara Mondini ◽  
Jelena Harlamova ◽  
Zane Ulmane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Normal Ageing ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
The Relationship

In the next 30 years, a significant increase of the population aged over 65 is expected (WHO, 2015). Ageing can often be associated with cognitive decline; however, recent research indicates that symptoms of age-related cognitive impairment are modulated by Cognitive Reserve (CR), which derives from level of education, working activity, and social activity (Tucker & Stern, 2011). The role of CR in neurodegenerative disease has been extensively researched, but little is known about its contribution to normal ageing. Fifty-four healthy Latvian seniors were recruited for the study. We assessed simple and complex reaction times, associative memory, memory retrieval, attention, working memory. Furthermore, we quantified their CR. We analysed the relationship between CR and reaction times with two separate logistic regressions. Then, four linear regression models were built to analyse the relationship between CR and the scores on the cognitive tasks. CR was not related to the cognitive performance of healthy Latvian seniors. Such results indicate that CR resources may be mostly required when high-demanding tasks have to be performed.

scholarly journals Does our cognitive empathy diminish with age? The moderator role of educational level

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
María José Gutiérrez-Cobo ◽  
Rosario Cabello ◽  
Alberto Megías-Robles ◽  
Raquel Gómez-Leal ◽  
Simon Baron-Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
College Education ◽  
Cognitive Empathy ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Moderator Role ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age

ABSTRACT Introduction: The literature has demonstrated how the relationship between cognitive or emotional intelligence and age exhibits an inverted-U-shape and that this decline can be mitigated by an individual’s cognitive reserve (CR). Rather less is known, however, about the pattern of changes in cognitive empathy or the ability to recognize the thoughts or feelings of others. Objectives: The aim of the present study was firstly to analyze the effect of age, gender, and CR (measured through educational level), on the capacity to show cognitive empathy. Secondly, we aimed to evaluate what type of relationship—linear or quadratic—exists between age and cognitive empathy. We finally aimed to analyze the moderator role of educational level on the relationship between age and cognitive empathy. Participants: Totally, 902 Spanish adults aged between 18 and 79 years (M = 43.53, SD = 11.86; 57% women). Measurements: Participants were asked to indicate their educational level (primary, high school, or college education) and their cognitive empathy was assessed using the Eyes test. Results: Women scored higher than men on cognitive empathy. Participants with a college education had higher scores on cognitive empathy than those with a lower educational level. Additionally, the relationship between age and cognitive empathy fit an inverted-U-shaped curve, consistent with the data found for cognitive and emotional intelligence. Finally, the age-related decrease in cognitive empathy appeared to be mitigated by a higher educational level, but only in those individuals aged 35 years and above. Limitations and clinical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Activity Engagement and Cognitive Performance Amongst Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandria N. Weaver ◽  
Susanne M. Jaeggi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Activity Engagement ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age Related Changes

Research supporting cognitive reserve theory suggests that engaging in a variety of cognitive, social, and physical activities may serve as protective factors against age-related changes in mental functioning, especially if the activities are cognitively engaging. Individuals who participate in a variety of cognitive activities have been found to be more likely to maintain a higher level of cognitive functioning and be less likely to develop dementia. In this study, we explore the relationship between engaging in a variety of activities and cognitive performance amongst 206 healthy older adults between the ages of 65–85. Age and years of education were found to be the most significant predictors of a global composite representing cognitive performance, consistent with previous work linking these variables to age-related changes in cognition and the cognitive reserve. We interpret these results to suggest that age and education are better predictors of global cognitive performance in older adults than self-reported activity engagement.

The Relation Between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Performance

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Hao Wang ◽  
Chun-Ming Shih ◽  
Chia-Liang Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
P3 Amplitude ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. This study aimed to assess whether brain potentials have significant influences on the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition. Behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data was collected from 48 young adults when performing a Posner task. Higher aerobic fitness is related to faster reaction times (RTs) along with greater P3 amplitude and shorter P3 latency in the valid trials, after controlling for age and body mass index. Moreover, RTs were selectively related to P3 amplitude rather than P3 latency. Specifically, the bootstrap-based mediation model indicates that P3 amplitude mediates the relationship between fitness level and attention performance. Possible explanations regarding the relationships among aerobic fitness, cognitive performance, and brain potentials are discussed.

scholarly journals Higher Handgrip Strength Is Linked to Better Cognitive Performance in Chinese Adults with Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 985
Author(s):  
Shenghua Lu ◽  
Fabian Herold ◽  
Yanjie Zhang ◽  
Yuruo Lei ◽  
Arthur F. Kramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: There is growing evidence that in adults, higher levels of handgrip strength (HGS) are linked to better cognitive performance. However, the relationship between HGS and cognitive performance has not been sufficiently investigated in special cohorts, such as individuals with hypertension who have an intrinsically higher risk of cognitive decline. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between HGS and cognitive performance in adults with hypertension using data from the Global Ageing and Adult Health Survey (SAGE). Methods: A total of 4486 Chinese adults with hypertension from the SAGE were included in this study. Absolute handgrip strength (aHGS in kilograms) was measured using a handheld electronic dynamometer, and cognitive performance was assessed in the domains of short-term memory, delayed memory, and language ability. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to examine the association between relative handgrip strength (rHGS; aHGS divided by body mass index) and measures of cognitive performance. Results: Overall, higher levels of rHGS were associated with higher scores in short-term memory (β = 0.20) and language (β = 0.63) compared with the lowest tertiles of rHGS. In male participants, higher HGS was associated with higher scores in short-term memory (β = 0.31), language (β = 0.64), and delayed memory (β = 0.22). There were no associations between rHGS and cognitive performance measures in females. Conclusion: We observed that a higher level of rHGS was associated with better cognitive performance among hypertensive male individuals. Further studies are needed to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms, including sex-specific differences driving the relationship between measures of HGS and cognitive performance in individuals with hypertension.

scholarly journals Motivation as a Mediator of the Relation Between Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1205
Author(s):  
Fanny Vallet ◽  
Nathalie Mella ◽  
Andreas Ihle ◽  
Marine Beaudoin ◽  
Delphine Fagot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Global Measure ◽  
Interindividual Differences

Abstract Objectives Interindividual differences in cognitive aging may be explained by differences in cognitive reserve (CR) that are built up across the life span. A plausible but underresearched mechanism for these differences is that CR helps compensating cognitive decline by enhancing motivation to cope with challenging cognitive situations. Theories of motivation on cognition suggest that perceived capacity and intrinsic motivation may be key mediators in this respect. Method In 506 older adults, we assessed CR proxies (education, occupation, leisure activities), motivation (perceived capacity, intrinsic motivation), and a global measure of cognitive functioning. Results Perceived capacity, but not intrinsic motivation, significantly mediated the relation between CR and cognitive performance. Discussion Complementary with neurobiological and cognitive processes, our results suggest a more comprehensive view of the role of motivational aspects built up across the life span in determining differences in cognitive performance in old age.

COGNITIVE AGING AND COGNITIVE RESERVE: POINT OF CONTACT

2020 ◽  
pp. 256-264
Author(s):  
В. С. Мякотных ◽  
А. П. Сиденкова ◽  
Е. С. Остапчук ◽  
И. А. Кулакова ◽  
Н. А. Белых ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One

Высокий риск когнитивных расстройств у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста заставляет, с одной стороны, искать их причины, с другой - возможности профилактики. В связи с этим в последние годы получило распространение понятие когнитивного резерва, подразумевающего совокупность количественных параметров головного мозга и его способности сохранять высокую функциональную активность в процессе старения и на фоне связанной с возрастом патологии головного мозга. Представленный в статье материал на основе обзора научной литературы освещает два основных момента, касающихся возможности сохранения когнитивного резерва, - гендерный и образовательный факторы. Указывается на разные возможности женщин и мужчин, связанные со структурными и функциональными особенностями ЦНС у представителей разного пола, и на особую роль поддерживаемого в течение всей жизни образовательного процесса. Обозначена авторская позиция о необходимости разделения понятий образования и образованности, то есть уровня общей культуры и создания удобного инструмента для определения последнего. Это, в свою очередь, помогло бы в разработке модели когнитивного резерва, нацеленной на предотвращение трансформации физиологического когнитивного старения в патологическое. The high risk of cognitive disorders in the elderly and senile age makes, on the one hand, to look for their causes, on the other - the possibility of prevention. In this regard, in recent years, the concept of cognitive reserve has become widespread, implying a set of quantitative parameters of the brain and its ability to maintain high functional activity in the process of aging and against the background of age-related brain pathology. The material presented in the article on the basis of the review of scientific literature highlights two main points concerning the possibility of preserving the cognitive reserve-gender and educational factors. It is pointed to the different opportunities of women and men associated with the structural and functional characteristics of the Central nervous system in representatives of different sexes and the special role of the educational process supported throughout life. The author’s position on the need to separate the concepts of education and the level of General culture, and the creation of a convenient tool for determining the latter is indicated. This, in turn, would help in the development of a cognitive reserve model aimed at preventing the transformation of physiological cognitive aging into pathological aging.

scholarly journals Subjective wellbeing as a determinant of glycated hemoglobin in older adults: longitudinal findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1820-1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Poole ◽  
Ruth A. Hackett ◽  
Laura Panagi ◽  
Andrew Steptoe
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
Glycated Hemoglobin ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Subclinical Disease ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has shown an association between subjective wellbeing and incident diabetes. Less is known about the role of wellbeing for subclinical disease trajectories as captured via glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). We aimed to explore the association between subjective wellbeing and future HbA1c levels, and the role of sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors in this association.MethodsWe used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing for this study (N = 2161). Subjective wellbeing (CASP-19) was measured at wave 2 and HbA1c was measured 8 years later at wave 6. Participants were free from diabetes at baseline. We conducted a series of analyses to examine the extent to which the association was accounted for by a range of sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors in linear regression models.ResultsModels showed that subjective wellbeing (CASP-19 total score) was inversely associated with HbA1c 8 years later after controlling for depressive symptoms, age, sex, and baseline HbA1c (B = −0.035, 95% CI −0.060 to –0.011, p = 0.005). Inclusion of sociodemographic variables and behavioral factors in models accounted for a large proportion (17.0% and 24.5%, respectively) of the relationship between wellbeing and later HbA1c; clinical risk factors explained a smaller proportion of the relationship (3.4%).ConclusionsPoorer subjective wellbeing is associated with greater HbA1c over 8 years of follow-up and this relationship can in part be explained by sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors among older adults.

scholarly journals Lack of Evidence for Age Differences in Pain Beliefs

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Gagliese ◽  
Ronald Melzack
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Pain Beliefs ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Normal Ageing ◽  
The Relationship

OBJECTIVE: To assess, in two studies, whether there are any age differences in beliefs about the role of psychological, organic and ageing factors in the experience of chronic pain.SUBJECTS: Healthy adults free from chronic pain ranging in age from 18 to 86 years (first study); adults with chronic pain due to arthritis, fibromyalgia or other rheumatological disorders ranging in age from 27 to 79 years (second study).MATERIALS: In both studies, subjects completed the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire which was modified to measure beliefs about the relationship between pain and ageing. In addition, subjects completed various self-assessments of health, pain intensity and depression. Those with chronic pain also completed the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale.RESULTS: There was no evidence of any age differences in beliefs about pain in either the pain-free or chronic pain samples. There was some evidence that elderly patients may report less pain, but there were no age differences found on measures of depression or self-efficacy.CONCLUSIONS: The elderly were no more likely than younger persons to associate pain with the normal ageing process than with organic factors such as tissue damage, nor were they more likely to deny the importance of psychological factors to the pain experience.

Associations of caregiver-oncologist discordance in prognostic understanding with caregiver-reported therapeutic alliance and anxiety.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (31_suppl) ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
Kah Poh Loh ◽  
Huiwen Xu ◽  
Ronald M. Epstein ◽  
Supriya Gupta Mohile ◽  
Holly Gwen Prigerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Therapeutic Alliance ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Patient Death ◽  
System A ◽  
Caregiver Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Clinical Trial Information

15 Background: Discordance in prognostic understanding between caregivers of adults with cancer and the patient’s oncologist is common. However, the relationship between caregiver-oncologist discordance and caregiver bereavement outcomes is unknown. We evaluated the associations of caregiver-oncologist discordance in beliefs about the patient’s curability and life expectancy with caregiver-reported therapeutic alliance and anxiety. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a multicenter study that assessed the effect of a communication intervention among patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers. Prior to intervention exposure, caregivers and oncologists were asked about their belief in the patient’s chances for cure and living ≥2 years: 100%, about 90%, about 75%, about 50/50, about 25%, about 10%, and 0%. Discordance was defined as a difference by 2 response levels on each prognostic understanding item. Outcomes at 7 months after patient death included caregiver-reported therapeutic alliance [modified 5-item Human Connection (THC) scale] and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7). We used multivariable linear regression models to assess the independent associations of discordance with therapeutic alliance and anxiety. Results: We included 97 caregivers (mean age 63, range 22-83). Approximately 40% of caregiver-oncologist dyads had discordant beliefs about curability (caregivers were more optimistic in 100% of dyads) and 63% had discordant beliefs about life expectancy (caregivers were more optimistic in 94% of dyads). On multivariate analysis, discordance in beliefs about prognostic estimates was associated with lower THC score (b = -6.94, SE 3.17, p = 0.03). Discordance in beliefs about curability was associated with lower anxiety levels (b = -1.79, SE 0.90, p = 0.05). Conclusions: Caregiver-oncologist discordance may decrease caregiver-reported therapeutic alliance and anxiety, both of which may shape how caregivers interact with the healthcare system. A better understanding the role of caregivers’ prognostic understanding will guide interventions to improve caregiver-oncologist therapeutic alliance and caregiver anxiety. Clinical trial information: NCT01485627.

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