EXPRESS: Comparing individual and collective management of referential choices in dialogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110371
Author(s):  
Dominique Knutsen ◽  
Marion Fossard ◽  
Amélie M. Achim
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Discourse Referent ◽  
Collective Management ◽  
Conversational Partner ◽  
Signal Understanding ◽  
Reduced Forms ◽  
Shed Light

Past research shows that when a discourse referent is mentioned repeatedly, it is usually introduced with a full NP and maintained with a reduced form such as a pronoun. Is this also the case in dialogue, where the same referent may be introduced by one person and maintained by another person? An experiment was conducted in which participants either told entire stories to each other or told stories together, thus enabling us to contrast situations in which characters were introduced and maintained by the same person (control condition) and situations in which the introduction and the maintaining of each character were performed by different people (alternating condition). Story complexity was also manipulated through the introduction of one or two characters in each story. We found that participants were less likely to use reduced forms to maintain referents in the alternating condition. The use of reduced forms also depended on the context in which the referent was maintained (in particular, first or second mention of a character) and on story complexity. These results shed light on how the pressure to signal understanding to one’s conversational partner affects referential choices throughout the interaction.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with acute ischemiс stroke is associated with a decrease in plasma glutathione levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Maksimova ◽  
A. V. Ivanov ◽  
K. A. Nikiforova ◽  
F. R. Ochtova ◽  
E. T. Suanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Glutathione Level ◽  
Total Glutathione ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Group ◽  
Reduced Forms

Ischemic stroke (IS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus are factors that affect the homeostasis of low-molecularweight aminothiols (cysteine, homocysteine, glutathione etc.). It has already been shown that IS in the acute period led to a decrease a level of reduced forms of aminothiols, but it is not clear whether type 2 diabetes mellitus has a noticeable effect there. Objective: to reveal the features of homeostasis of aminothiols in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in acute IS. Material and methods. The study involved 76 patients with primary middle cerebral artery IS in the first 10–24 hours after development of neurological symptoms. Group 1 included 15 patients with IS and type 2 diabetes mellitus, group 2 — 61 patients with IS and stress hyperglycemia. Their total plasma levels of cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione, their reduced forms, and redox status were determined at admission (in the first 24 hours after IS). Results. There was a decrease in the level of total glutathione level (1.27 vs. 1.65 μM, p = 0.021), as well as its reduced form (0.03 vs. 0.04 μM, p = 0.007) in patients with IS and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had a low redox status of homocysteine (0.65–1.2%) and glutathione (0.7–2.0%) were also characterized by a decrease in total glutathione level (p = 0.02; p = 0.03). Conclusion. Thus, type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a decrease in the level of total glutathione in acute IS. Probably, type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by a particular relationship between the metabolism of homocysteine, glutathione and glucose. Therefore, the search for homocysteine-dependent approaches to correct glutathione metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus may be of interest as an adjuvant therapy for IS.

scholarly journals Beyond cultural and geographical proximity: delving into the factors that influence the dynamics of academic relationships between students in higher education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José-Vicente Tomás-Miquel ◽  
Jordi Capó-Vicedo
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Academic Networks ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Stage ◽  
The University ◽  
Proximity Dimensions ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractScholars have widely recognised the importance of academic relationships between students at the university. While much of the past research has focused on studying their influence on different aspects such as the students’ academic performance or their emotional stability, less is known about their dynamics and the factors that influence the formation and dissolution of linkages between university students in academic networks. In this paper, we try to shed light on this issue by exploring through stochastic actor-oriented models and student-level data the influence that a set of proximity factors may have on formation of these relationships over the entire period in which students are enrolled at the university. Our findings confirm that the establishment of academic relationships is derived, in part, from a wide range of proximity dimensions of a social, personal, geographical, cultural and academic nature. Furthermore, and unlike previous studies, this research also empirically confirms that the specific stage in which the student is at the university determines the influence of these proximity factors on the dynamics of academic relationships. In this regard, beyond cultural and geographic proximities that only influence the first years at the university, students shape their relationships as they progress in their studies from similarities in more strategic aspects such as academic and personal closeness. These results may have significant implications for both academic research and university policies.

Effect of thiol oxidation and thiol export from erythrocytes on determination of redox status of homocysteine and other thiols in plasma from healthy subjects and patients with cerebral infarction

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Andersson ◽  
A Lindgren ◽  
B Hultberg
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reduced Forms

Abstract Changes in concentration of reduced and oxidized low-M(r) thiols were measured in blood and plasma before and after the separation of blood cells. If centrifugation of blood was postponed, the reduced form of homocysteine in plasma increased with time at 22 degrees C; in contrast, the concentrations of other reduced thiols (cysteine, glutathione, and cysteinylglycine) decreased. In plasma the reduced forms of all thiols disappeared at a rate that followed first-order kinetics. The rates of disappearance ("half-lives") were temperature-dependent; they were about the same for glutathione and homocysteine (11.7 and 14.3 min, respectively, at 22 degrees C) and somewhat higher for cysteinylglycine and cysteine. After establishing proper sampling conditions for reduced thiols, we measured this thiol fraction as well as free (non-protein-bound) and total thiols in 10 reference subjects and 19 patients with cerebral infarction. Mild but significant hyperhomocysteinemia involving total and free homocysteine (but not reduced homocysteine) was found in the patients.

scholarly journals Arsenic Detoxification by Geobacter Species

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Dang ◽  
David J. F. Walker ◽  
Kaitlin E. Vautour ◽  
Steven Dixon ◽  
Dawn E. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sedimentary Environments ◽  
Arsenic Mobility ◽  
Subsurface Environments ◽  
Detoxification System ◽  
Arsenic Detoxification ◽  
Arsenic Transformation ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT Insight into the mechanisms for arsenic detoxification by Geobacter species is expected to improve the understanding of global cycling of arsenic in iron-rich subsurface sedimentary environments. Analysis of 14 different Geobacter genomes showed that all of these species have genes coding for an arsenic detoxification system (ars operon), and several have genes required for arsenic respiration (arr operon) and methylation (arsM). Genes encoding four arsenic repressor-like proteins were detected in the genome of G. sulfurreducens; however, only one (ArsR1) regulated transcription of the ars operon. Elimination of arsR1 from the G. sulfurreducens chromosome resulted in enhanced transcription of genes coding for the arsenic efflux pump (Acr3) and arsenate reductase (ArsC). When the gene coding for Acr3 was deleted, cells were not able to grow in the presence of either the oxidized or reduced form of arsenic, while arsC deletion mutants could grow in the presence of arsenite but not arsenate. These studies shed light on how Geobacter influences arsenic mobility in anoxic sediments and may help us develop methods to remediate arsenic contamination in the subsurface. IMPORTANCE This study examines arsenic transformation mechanisms utilized by Geobacter, a genus of iron-reducing bacteria that are predominant in many anoxic iron-rich subsurface environments. Geobacter species play a major role in microbially mediated arsenic release from metal hydroxides in the subsurface. This release raises arsenic concentrations in drinking water to levels that are high enough to cause major health problems. Therefore, information obtained from studies of Geobacter should shed light on arsenic cycling in iron-rich subsurface sedimentary environments, which may help reduce arsenic-associated illnesses. These studies should also help in the development of biosensors that can be used to detect arsenic contaminants in anoxic subsurface environments. We examined 14 different Geobacter genomes and found that all of these species possess genes coding for an arsenic detoxification system (ars operon), and some also have genes required for arsenic respiration (arr operon) and arsenic methylation (arsM).

scholarly journals The civics test: a political or educational tool for creating the perfect citizen? A historical overview of forms and processes of naturalization in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Sarah Van Ruyskensvelde ◽  
Mary Kathryn Ketch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Memory Testing ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
American Citizenship ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Shed Light

Naturalization, or the process through which citizenship is granted to a foreigner, is a process that has begun to increasingly look like that of the school. In the United States, as in many other countries, one of the main features of the naturalization is the civics test. This paper aims to document the historical development of naturalization procedures in the United States and shed light on how schoolish tools were introduced to decide who can be offered or denied American citizenship. Much of past research has critiqued the civics test for its unreliability, or difficulty for even natives. We argue, however, that the current civics test is rather a product of a system that began without a solid foundation. In an attempt to avoid fraud and control efficiency, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has promoted the use of a test that devalues the importance of the choice to re-align loyalties to a country and regulates it to memory testing.

scholarly journals Can hearing puter activate pupil? Phonological competition and the processing of reduced spoken words in spontaneous conversations

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193-2220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Brouwer ◽  
Holger Mitterer ◽  
Falk Huettig
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Visual World Paradigm ◽  
Casual Speech ◽  
Reduced Forms

In listeners' daily communicative exchanges, they most often hear casual speech, in which words are often produced with fewer segments, rather than the careful speech used in most psycholinguistic experiments. Three experiments examined phonological competition during the recognition of reduced forms such as [pjutər] for computer using a target-absent variant of the visual world paradigm. Listeners' eye movements were tracked upon hearing canonical and reduced forms as they looked at displays of four printed words. One of the words was phonologically similar to the canonical pronunciation of the target word, one word was similar to the reduced pronunciation, and two words served as unrelated distractors. When spoken targets were presented in isolation (Experiment 1) and in sentential contexts (Experiment 2), competition was modulated as a function of the target word form. When reduced targets were presented in sentential contexts, listeners were probabilistically more likely to first fixate reduced-form competitors before shifting their eye gaze to canonical-form competitors. Experiment 3, in which the original /p/ from [pjutər] was replaced with a “real” onset /p/, showed an effect of cross-splicing in the late time window. We conjecture that these results fit best with the notion that speech reductions initially activate competitors that are similar to the phonological surface form of the reduction, but that listeners nevertheless can exploit fine phonetic detail to reconstruct strongly reduced forms to their canonical counterparts.

Modeling the Dynamics of the Hong Kong Office Market under Economic Structural Change

10.1068/b3198 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winky K O Ho
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Adjustment Mechanism ◽  
Office Space ◽  
Office Market ◽  
Office Employment ◽  
Office Rent ◽  
The One ◽  
Shed Light

The author adopts reduced-form equilibrium models to investigate the relations among vacancy, employment, space consumption, and rent in the Hong Kong office market under economic structural change. The models are estimated with the aid of data from Hong Kong during the period 1980–2002—a total of twenty-three yearly observations. It is hoped that empirical results will shed light on the adjustment mechanism of the local office market. In line with the existing literature, the author shows that, on the one hand, office rent is positively related to office employment, but inversely related to office stock. On the other hand, the demand for office space is inversely related to rent, but positively related to office employment. Moreover, the elasticity of space consumption with respect to rent is estimated to be inelastic. Historical simulations of the model are performed, and it is suggested that the equations simulate reasonably well as indicated by Theil's inequality.

scholarly journals Triangulations of root polytopes and reduced forms (Extended abstract)

2009 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AK,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karola Mészáros
Keyword(s):  
Convex Hull ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Vertex Set ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Reduced Forms ◽  
Root Polytope

International audience The type $A_n$ root polytope $\mathcal{P}(A_n^+)$ is the convex hull in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ of the origin and the points $e_i-e_j$ for $1 \leq i < j \leq n+1$. Given a tree $T$ on vertex set $[n+1]$, the associated root polytope $\mathcal{P}(T)$ is the intersection of $\mathcal{P}(A_n^+)$ with the cone generated by the vectors $e_i-e_j$, where $(i, j) \in E(T)$, $i < j$. The reduced forms of a certain monomial $m[T]$ in commuting variables $x_{ij}$ under the reduction $x_{ij} x_{jk} \to x_{ik} x_{ij} + x_{jk} x_{ik} + \beta x_{ik}$, can be interpreted as triangulations of $\mathcal{P}(T)$. If we allow variables $x_{ij}$ and$x_{kl}$ to commute only when $i, j, k, l$ are distinct, then the reduced form of $m[T]$ is unique and yields a canonical triangulation of $\mathcal{P}(T)$ in which each simplex corresponds to a noncrossing alternating forest. Le polytope des racines $\mathcal{P}(A_n^+)$ de type $A_n$ est l'enveloppe convexe dans $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ de l'origine et des points $e_i-e_j$ pour $1 \leq i < j \leq n+1$. Étant donné un arbre $T$ sur l'ensemble des sommets $[n+1]$, le polytope des racines associé, $\mathcal{P}(T)$, est l'intersection de $\mathcal{P}(A_n^+)$ avec le cône engendré par les vecteurs $e_i-e_j$, où $(i, j) \in E(T)$, $i < j$. Les formes réduites d'un certain monôme $m[T]$ en les variables commutatives $x_{ij}$ sous la reduction $x_{ij} x_{jk} \to x_{ik} x_{ij} + x_{jk} x_{ik} + \beta x_{ik}$ peuvent être interprétées comme des triangulations de $\mathcal{P}(T)$. Si on impose la restriction que les variables $x_{ij}$ et $x_{kl}$ commutent seulement lorsque les indices $i, j, k, l$ sont distincts, alors la forme réduite de $m[T]$ est unique et produit une triangulation canonique de $\mathcal{P}(T)$ dans laquelle chaque simplexe correspond à une forêt alternée non croisée.

scholarly journals Efficient Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate in Methanol Solutions by Mn Functionalized Electrodes in the Presence of Amines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Marocco Studardi ◽  
Arianna Tiozzo ◽  
Laura Rotundo ◽  
Roberto Gobetto ◽  
Carlo Nervi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Carbon Cloth ◽  
Co Catalyst ◽  
Methanol Solutions ◽  
Covalently Bonded ◽  
Electrochemical Mechanism ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Organometallic Catalyst ◽  
Shed Light

Carbon cloth electrode modified by covalently attaching a manganese organometallic catalyst is used as cathode for the electrochemical recuction of CO2 in methanol solutions. Six different amines are employed as co-catalyst in millimolar concentrations, which coupled to the increased solubility of CO2 in methanol enhance the formate production, switch the selectivity toward formate anion, and in the case of pentamethyldiethylentriamine (PMDETA) resulted in an impressive TONHCOO– of 2.8×104. We demonstrate that the protonated PMDETA is formed in methanol solution by simply bubbling CO2, which is the responsible for a barrierless transformation of CO2 to formate via the reduced form of the Mn catalyst covalently bonded to the electrode surface. These findings pave the way for more efficient transformation of CO2 into liquid fuel and shed light on the electrochemical mechanism

Effect of oral administration of folate sources on plasma folate levels in pigs: Comparison between reduced and oxidized forms of folate

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Mizuno ◽  
E. Kokue ◽  
N. Ohnishi ◽  
Y. Toride
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Bacterial Cell ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Plasma Folate ◽  
Single Oral Administration ◽  
Reduced Forms ◽  
Liver Powder

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of plasma folate levels after oral administration of oxidized or reduced forms of folates, using seven Göttingen minipigs. Plasma folate levels, tetrahydrofolate (THF) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5CH3-THF), were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. In exp. 1, the absorption of the oxidized form of folate [(synthetic folic acid(FA)] and the reduced forms of folate (5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5HCO-THF), liver powder and digested bacterial cell powder (DBCP) were evaluated by measuring changes in plasma folate levels after a single oral administration. Liver powder and DBCP contained much reduced forms of folate. The administration of the reduced form of folates increased plasma THF levels while the levels of plasma THF and 5CH3-THF decreased after FA administration. In exp. 2, plasma folate levels were measured after long-term oral administration of FA for 30 d. Immediately after the beginning of the administration, the levels of both THF and 5CH3-THF decreased significantly and remained at a low level during the 30-d administration. Supplementation of sow feed with FA has been recommended in many countries improving reproductive performance. The present study, however, suggests that the oral administration of an oxidized form of folate, FA, may not be as effective as previously thought, and the reduced forms of folate might be preferable for the supplementation of pig feeds. Key words: Folate (reduced), folic acid, pig, oral administration, bacterial cell wall, absorption

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document