Ur-Emotions and Your Emotions: Reconceptualizing Basic Emotion

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gerrod Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Basic Emotions

The term ur-emotion is proposed to replace basic emotion as a name for the aspects of emotion that underlie perceived similarities of emotion types across cultures and species. The ur- prefix is borrowed from the German on analogy to similar borrowings in textual criticism and musicology. The proposed term ur-emotion is less likely to be interpreted as referring to the entirety of an emotional state than is the term basic emotion. Ur-emotion avoids reductionism by indicating an abstract underlying structure that accounts for similarities between emotions without implying that the differences are unimportant. This article is dedicated to the memory of Bob Solomon, and is framed in terms of his decades-long analysis and critique of the concept of basic emotions.

scholarly journals Labelling Facial Affect in Context in Adults with and without TBI

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn S. Turkstra ◽  
Sarah G. Kraning ◽  
Sarah K. Riedeman ◽  
Bilge Mutlu ◽  
Melissa Duff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Facial Affect ◽  
Affect Recognition ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Choice Tests

Recognition of facial affect has been studied extensively in adults with and without traumatic brain injury (TBI), mostly by asking examinees to match basic emotion words to isolated faces. This method may not capture affect labelling in everyday life when faces are in context and choices are open-ended. To examine effects of context and response format, we asked 148 undergraduate students to label emotions shown on faces either in isolation or in natural visual scenes. Responses were categorised as representing basic emotions, social emotions, cognitive state terms, or appraisals. We used students’ responses to create a scoring system that was applied prospectively to five men with TBI. In both groups, over 50% of responses were neither basic emotion words nor synonyms, and there was no significant difference in response types between faces alone vs. in scenes. Adults with TBI used labels not seen in students’ responses, talked more overall, and often gave multiple labels for one photo. Results suggest benefits of moving beyond forced-choice tests of faces in isolation to fully characterise affect recognition in adults with and without TBI.

Expression Without Recognition: Contributions of the Human Amygdala to Emotional Communication

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam K. Anderson ◽  
Elizabeth A. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emotional Appraisal ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion

A growing body of evidence from humans and other animals suggests the amygdala may be a critical neural substrate for emotional processing. In particular, recent studies have shown that damage to the human amygdala impairs the normal appraisal of social signals of emotion, primarily those of fear. However, effective social communication depends on both the ability to receive (emotional appraisal) and the ability to send (emotional expression) signals of emotional state. Although the role of the amygdala in the appraisal of emotion is well established, its importance for the production of emotional expressions is unknown. We report a case study of a patient with bilateral amygdaloid damage who, despite a severe deficit in interpreting facial expressions of emotion including fear, exhibits an intact ability to express this and other basic emotions. This dissociation suggests that a single neural module does not support all aspects of the social communication of emotional state.

scholarly journals Emotional model for a multi-robot system with emergent behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Angel Gil ◽  
Jose Aguilar ◽  
Eladio Dapena ◽  
Rafael Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Robot System ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Emotional Process ◽  
Emotional Model ◽  
Multi Robot

<p>This article describes an emotional model for a general-purpose robot operating in a multi-robot system with emergent behavior. The model considers four basic emotions: anger, rejection, sadness and joy, plus  a neutral emotional state, which affect the behavior of the robot,  both individually and collectively. The emotional state of each robot in  the system is constructed through the conjunction of a series of factors related to their individual and collective actions, which are: safety, load, acting and interaction, which serve as input to an emotional process that results in an index of satisfaction of the robot that establishes the emotional state in which it is in a certain moment. The emotional state of a robot influences its interactions with the other robots and with the environment, that is, it determines its emergent behavior in the system. This paper  presents the design of this model, and establishes some considerations for its implementation.</p>

scholarly journals Preserving Right Pre-motor and Posterior Prefrontal Cortices Contribute to Maintaining Overall Basic Emotion

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riho Nakajima ◽  
Masashi Kinoshita ◽  
Hirokazu Okita ◽  
Zhanwen Liu ◽  
Mitsutoshi Nakada
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Part ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Awake Surgery ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Intraoperative Assessment ◽  
Positive Mapping ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Prefrontal Cortices

Basic emotions such as happiness, sadness, and anger are universal, regardless of the human species, and are governed by specific brain regions. A recent report revealed that mentalizing, which is the ability to estimate other individuals’ emotional states via facial expressions, can be preserved with the help of awake surgery. However, it is still questionable whether we can maintain the ability to understand others’ emotions by preserving the positive mapping sites of intraoperative assessment. Here, we demonstrated the cortical regions related to basic emotions via awake surgery for patients with frontal glioma and investigated the usefulness of functional mapping in preserving basic emotion. Of the 56 consecutive patients with right cerebral hemispheric glioma who underwent awake surgery at our hospital, intraoperative assessment of basic emotion could be successfully performed in 22 patients with frontal glioma and were included in our study. During surgery, positive responses were found in 18 points in 12 patients (54.5%). Of these, 15 points from 11 patients were found at the cortical level, mainly the premotor and posterior part of the prefrontal cortices. Then, we focused on cortical 15 positive mappings with 40 stimulations and investigated the types of emotions that showed errors by every stimulation. There was no specific rule for the region-emotional type, which was beyond our expectations. In the postoperative acute phase, the test score of basic emotion declined in nine patients, and of these, it decreased under the cut-off value (Z-score ≤ −1.65) in three patients. Although the total score declined significantly just after surgery (p = 0.022), it recovered within 3 months postoperatively. Our study revealed that through direct electrical stimulation (DES), the premotor and posterior parts of the prefrontal cortices are related to various kinds of basic emotion, but not a single one. When the region with a positive mapping site is preserved during operation, basic emotion function might be maintained although it declines transiently after surgery.

scholarly journals Influence Assessment of Emotional Asymmetry on Consumer Perception of Tourist Video Advertisement (On the Example of Crimean Peninsula)

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Ella Mitina ◽  
◽  
Zinaida Zhavoronkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Consumer Perception ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Advertising Effect ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Third Stage

Consumer perception of advertising media is a rather complex process of selection, organization and interpretation of signals coming in the consciousness of an individual from the senses. However, based on the main provisions of information theory, corresponding feedback is the result of advertising impact, i.e. advertising review or advertising effect, which causes a lot of discussion not only in the scientific, but also in the practical sphere. A survey was conducted to determine the profiles of emotions towards tourist areas and to identify the most visited areas and factors influencing consumer behavior when choosing tourist sites for visit. Evaluation of the emotional perception of video materials was made by the method of summary assessments. The calculation method and methodology of K. Izard were used to determine the dominant emotional state of consumers of a tourist product. The study took place in several stages. At the first stage in order to assess the emotional state of respondents, they watched advertisement videos. At the second stage we conducted a score assessment of the emotional perception of video materials. At the third stage we gave a total assessment of basic emotions. At the fourth stage generalized indicators were calculated for enlarged groups of emotions. At the final stage we interpreted the obtained data. The study showed that an average assessment of the emotion of “interest” in the resorts of the eastern and western Crimea is higher than in the Crimean foothills and the southern coast. In all areas of the peninsula, there is a weak degree of experience of acute negative and anxious-depressive emotions. Tourists and residents of Crimea are focused on visiting the southern coast of Crimea. The most unpopular areas for tourism are eastern and western parts of Crimea.

scholarly journals Эмотивные глаголы в калмыцком героическом эпосе «Джангар»

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1103-1120
Author(s):  
Nina M. Mulaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Physical Manifestation ◽  
Cultural Features

Introduction. In modern linguistics much attention is paid to the study of national/cultural features of functioning and semantics of emotive vocabulary. Still, Kalmyk emotive vocabulary has been no subject to any special research. Goals. The paper seeks to identify and classify lexicalsemantic groups of emotive verbs in texts of the Jangar epic, analyze functioning patterns of verbs denoting ‘basic’ emotions, namely: joy (Kalm. җирһх ‘be happy blissful’, байрлх ‘rejoice’), fear (әәх ‘be afraid, frightened, have a dread of, fear’, ичх ‘be ashamed, embarrassed’), and one verb of external (physical) manifestation of emotions (инәх ‘laugh’). Materials. The study analyzes emotive verbs traced in 28 Jangar texts recorded at different times (occasions) and either included in repertory cycles or once recited as separate songs. Results. The study reveals emotive verbs of the epic can be divided into six lexical and semantic groups. So, ‘verbs of negative emotional states’ are more frequently used than ‘verbs of positive emotional states’. The latter are represented by two verbs, the verb җирһх definitely dominates throughout narratives examined, reflecting the state of utmost happiness that consists in peace, tranquility and well-being of the blessed Bumba in general; the verb байрлх is used to denote the short-term emotional state of joy of a particular character. As for ‘verbs of negative emotional states’, the verb әәх prevails in frequency. And it is revealed that the emotion of fear may occur for a number of reasons as follows: fear of failure to execute an order of the Bogdo; fear of breaking an oath; fear of name shaming. The paper observes only scarce cases of the use of verbs naming emotions of sadness (энлх), embarrassment (эмәх), and vexation (һундх). The analyzed epic texts contain no emotive verbs that belong to semantic groups of fascination, love and hatred, worship or self-abasement.

scholarly journals Development during Adolescence of the Neural Processing of Social Emotion

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1736-1750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Burnett ◽  
Geoffrey Bird ◽  
Jorge Moll ◽  
Chris Frith ◽  
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Social Emotion ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Temporal Pole

In this fMRI study, we investigated the development between adolescence and adulthood of the neural processing of social emotions. Unlike basic emotions (such as disgust and fear), social emotions (such as guilt and embarrassment) require the representation of another's mental states. Nineteen adolescents (10–18 years) and 10 adults (22–32 years) were scanned while thinking about scenarios featuring either social or basic emotions. In both age groups, the anterior rostral medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) was activated during social versus basic emotion. However, adolescents activated a lateral part of the MPFC for social versus basic emotions, whereas adults did not. Relative to adolescents, adults showed higher activity in the left temporal pole for social versus basic emotions. These results show that, although the MPFC is activated during social emotion in both adults and adolescents, adolescents recruit anterior (MPFC) regions more than do adults, and adults recruit posterior (temporal) regions more than do adolescents.

What are emotions and how are they created in the brain?

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. Lindquist ◽  
Tor D. Wager ◽  
Eliza Bliss-Moreau ◽  
Hedy Kober ◽  
Lisa Feldman Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Brain Localization ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn our response, we clarify important theoretical differences between basic emotion and psychological construction approaches. We evaluate the empirical status of the basic emotion approach, addressing whether it requires brain localization, whether localization can be observed with better analytic tools, and whether evidence for basic emotions exists in other types of measures. We then revisit the issue of whether the key hypotheses of psychological construction are supported by our meta-analytic findings. We close by elaborating on commentator suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging Support for Discrete Neural Correlates of Basic Emotions: A Voxel-based Meta-analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2864-2885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Vytal ◽  
Stephan Hamann
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Basic Emotion ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
Meta Analyses

What is the basic structure of emotional experience and how is it represented in the human brain? One highly influential theory, discrete basic emotions, proposes a limited set of basic emotions such as happiness and fear, which are characterized by unique physiological and neural profiles. Although many studies using diverse methods have linked particular brain structures with specific basic emotions, evidence from individual neuroimaging studies and from neuroimaging meta-analyses has been inconclusive regarding whether basic emotions are associated with both consistent and discriminable regional brain activations. We revisited this question, using activation likelihood estimation (ALE), which allows spatially sensitive, voxelwise statistical comparison of results from multiple studies. In addition, we examined substantially more studies than previous meta-analyses. The ALE meta-analysis yielded results consistent with basic emotion theory. Each of the emotions examined (fear, anger, disgust, sadness, and happiness) was characterized by consistent neural correlates across studies, as defined by reliable correlations with regional brain activations. In addition, the activation patterns associated with each emotion were discrete (discriminable from the other emotions in pairwise contrasts) and overlapped substantially with structure–function correspondences identified using other approaches, providing converging evidence that discrete basic emotions have consistent and discriminable neural correlates. Complementing prior studies that have demonstrated neural correlates for the affective dimensions of arousal and valence, the current meta-analysis results indicate that the key elements of basic emotion views are reflected in neural correlates identified by neuroimaging studies.

scholarly journals Analytical Method of Assessing Psycho-Emotional State

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
V.V. Volov ◽  
H.V. Zalevsky
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Chiral Effects

The article presents the results of series of myographic studies. On the basis of diagnostics of mimic reactions and use of matrix method the analytical method of research of the psycho-emotional state was developed. The basic emotions are considered as connected matrix elements of the psychic self-organization, determining the necessary state. Specially organized monitoring of the facial reaction when expression and perception of an emotion revealed the work of the afferent and efferent synthesis of the mimic apparatus as an effector of the emotional regulation. As the result of the probe’s comparison of healthy and epileptics the signs of excessive stability, the chiral effects, blocks and emotions imposition were revealed. As shown the ones connected with the self-regulation mechanisms in the different conditions of brain’s functioning.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document