scholarly journals Investigating Emotions as Functional States Distinct From Feelings

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Adolphs ◽  
Daniel Andler
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Causal Connections ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Philosophy Of Emotion ◽  
Functional States ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Functionalist Approach ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroscience Of Emotion

We defend a functionalist approach to emotion that begins by focusing on emotions as central states with causal connections to behavior and to other cognitive states. The approach brackets the conscious experience of emotion, lists plausible features that emotions exhibit, and argues that alternative schemes (e.g., focusing on feelings or on neurobiology as the starting point) are unpromising candidates. We conclude with the benefits of our approach: one can study emotions in animals; one can look in the brain for the implementation of specific features; and one ends up with an architecture of the mind in which emotions are fully accommodated through their relations to the rest of cognition. Our article focuses on arguing for this general approach; as such, it is an essay in the philosophy of emotion rather than in the psychology or neuroscience of emotion.

scholarly journals Strengthened beliefs under psychedelics (SEBUS)? A Commentary on “REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Safron
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Energy Principle ◽  
Free Energy Principle ◽  
Free Energy Landscapes ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

In introducing a model of “relaxed beliefs under psychedelics” (REBUS), Carhart-Harris and Friston (2019) have presented a compelling account of the effects of psychedelics on brain and mind. This model is contextualized within the Free Energy Principle (Friston et al., 2006; Friston, 2010), which may represent the first unified paradigm in the mind and life sciences. By this view, mental systems adaptively regulate their actions and interactions with the world via predictive models, whose dynamics are governed by a singular objective of minimizing prediction-error, or “free energy.” According to REBUS, psychedelics flatten the depth of free energy landscapes, or the differential attracting forces associated with various (Bayesian) beliefs, so promoting flexibility in inference and learning. Here, I would like to propose an alternative account of the effects of psychedelics that is in many ways compatible with REBUS, albeit with some important differences. Based on considerations of the distributions of 5-HT2a receptors within cortical laminae and canonical microcircuits for predictive coding, I propose that 5-HT2a agonism may also involve a strengthening of beliefs, particularly at intermediate levels of abstraction associated with conscious experience (Safron, 2020).

scholarly journals The Mathematical Structure of Integrated Information Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Kleiner ◽  
Sean Tull
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Axiomatic Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Integrated Information Theory ◽  
Integrated Information

Integrated Information Theory is one of the leading models of consciousness. It aims to describe both the quality and quantity of the conscious experience of a physical system, such as the brain, in a particular state. In this contribution, we propound the mathematical structure of the theory, separating the essentials from auxiliary formal tools. We provide a definition of a generalized IIT which has IIT 3.0 of Tononi et al., as well as the Quantum IIT introduced by Zanardi et al. as special cases. This provides an axiomatic definition of the theory which may serve as the starting point for future formal investigations and as an introduction suitable for researchers with a formal background.

scholarly journals The Miraculous Left Hand – On Leonardo da Vinci and the Search for a Common Understanding of Man and Nature

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Erik Fenstad
Keyword(s):  
Da Vinci ◽  
Leonardo Da Vinci ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Broad Understanding

Is a common approach to knowledge about man and nature possible? With Leonardo da Vinci as our starting point we will explore this question. Leonardo was much more than a painter; he was a sharp observer of man and nature. What he saw (structures) and what he did (using his miraculous left hand as syntax) was translated into insights and methods of constructions as recorded in his notebooks. His view was holistic, as witnessed by his study of the eye; from the anatomy of the eye he proceeded outwards to a theory of perspective, and inwards to an understanding how perception and the mind are grounded in the brain. In this we see similarities to current studies of language, mind and brain. It is possible to see a kind of proto-version of the art and science of mathematical modelling in Leonardo. This is a methodology of wide scope, extending far beyond physics and engineering. With a sufficiently broad understanding of the key concepts of structure, syntax and algorithms we have a method strong enough to allow for a common approach to knowledge of man and nature, to what there is and how we know.

Towards the Synergy of Cognitive Informatics, Neural Informatics, Brain Informatics, and Cognitive Computing

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
External Information ◽  
Cognitive Computing ◽  
Cognitive Informatics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cognitive Knowledge ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

The contemporary wonder of sciences and engineering recently refocused on the starting point: how the brain processes internal and external information autonomously rather than imperatively as those of conventional computers? This paper explores the interplay and synergy of cognitive informatics, neural informatics, abstract intelligence, denotational mathematics, brain informatics, and computational intelligence. A key notion recognized in recent studies in cognitive informatics is that the root and profound objective in natural, abstract, and artificial intelligence, and in cognitive informatics and cognitive computing, is to seek suitable mathematical means for their special needs. A layered reference model of the brain and a set of cognitive processes of the mind are systematically developed towards the exploration of the theoretical framework of cognitive informatics. A wide range of applications of cognitive informatics and denotational mathematics are recognized in the development of highly intelligent systems such as cognitive computers, cognitive knowledge search engines, autonomous learning machines, and cognitive robots.

scholarly journals Grounding Aesthetic Preference in the Bodily Conditions of Meaning Constitution

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonsina Scarinzi
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Lived Body ◽  
Aesthetic Preference ◽  
Enactive Approach ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Mind

Mark Johnson’s work The Meaning of the Body presents John Dewey’s pragmatism and pragmatist aesthetics as the forerunners of the anti-Cartesian embodied enactive approach to human experience and meaning. He rejects the Kantian noncognitive character of aesthetics and emphasizes that aesthetics is the study of the human capacity to experience the bodily conditions of  meaning constitution that grows from our bodily conditions of life. Using Mark Johnson’s view as a starting-point, this paper offers the beginning of an enactive approach to aesthetic preference  contributing to bringing human aesthetic behavior research closer to the enactive approach to human experience. Following enactive studies on bodily sense-making and embodied emotions, I identify the bodily conditions of meaning constitution in which aesthetic preference is grounded with the subject’s self-regulatory visceral embodied constitution of viable degrees of value of the environmental factors according to her bodily structure. Unlike mainstream aesthetic preference research in empirical aesthetics, I claim that the subject’s aesthetic preference constitution requires the lived experience of the bodily conditions of meaning constitution through the conscious experience of the subjectively aroused lived body. The implausibility of the mind/body dichotomy of current aesthetic preference research is highlighted.

1. Facts as to Brain-Work; in Illustration of the New and Old Methods of Philosophical Inquiry in Scotland

1872 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Laycock
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Psychology ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The University ◽  
The Brain

A few words in explanation are needed. In my summer course of lectures on Medical Psychology and Mental Diseases delivered in the University, I have to investigate the human mind in its practical relations to the body, and especially I have to teach how each influences the other, so that the physician, or any intelligent person, may be able to modify these relations beneficially. The starting-point in these inquiries is the fundamental fact of experience, that no changes in the mind or the consciousness of whatever kind can or do arise, or continue, without a corresponding series of changes somewhere in the brain-tissue.

Lighting Up the Brain to Illuminate the Mind

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-716
Author(s):  
Ellen S. Berscheid
Keyword(s):  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

How Does the Brain Make the Mind? We Do Not Know.

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Was
Keyword(s):  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Revaluations through Dance: Friedrich Nietzsche's Thought in Isadora Duncan's Speech The Dance of the Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-219
Author(s):  
Meindert E. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Eternal Recurrence ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mind

Friedrich Nietzsche's influence on Isadora Duncan's work, in particular his idea of the Dionysian, has been widely discussed, especially in regard to her later work. What has been left underdeveloped in critical examinations of her work, however, is his influence on her earlier choreographic work, which she defended in a famous speech held in 1903 called The Dance of the Future. While commentators often describe this speech as ‘Nietzschean’, Duncan's autobiography suggests that she only studied Nietzsche's work after this speech. I take this incongruity as a starting point to explore the connections between her speech and Nietzsche's work, in particular his Thus Spoke Zarathustra. I argue that in subject and language Duncan's speech resembles Nietzsche's in important ways. This article will draw attention to the ways in which Duncan takes her cues from Nietzsche in bringing together seemingly conflicting ideas of religion and an overturning of morality; Nietzsche's notion of eternal recurrence and the teleology present in his idea of the Übermensch; and a renegotiation of the body's relation to the mind. In doing so, this article contributes not only to scholarship on Duncan's early work but also to discussions of Nietzsche's reception in the early twentieth century. Moreover, the importance Duncan ascribes to the body in dance and expression also asks for a new understanding of Nietzsche's own way of expressing his philosophy.

TEORI KECERDASAN, PENDIDIKAN ANAK, DAN KOMUNIKASI DALAM KELUARGA

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muskinul Fuad
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Howard Gardner ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Family ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spatial Logics

The education system in Indonesia emphasize on academic intelligence, whichincludes only two or three aspects, more than on the other aspects of intelligence. For thatreason, many children who are not good at academic intelligence, but have good potentials inother aspects of intelligence, do not develop optimally. They are often considered and labeledas "stupid children" by the existing system. This phenomenon is on the contrary to the theoryof multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner, who argues that intelligence is theability to solve various problems in life and produce products or services that are useful invarious aspects of life.Human intelligence is a combination of various general and specific abilities. Thistheory is different from the concept of IQ (intelligence quotient) that involves only languageskills, mathematical, and spatial logics. According to Gardner, there are nine aspects ofintelligence and its potential indicators to be developed by each child born without a braindefect. What Gardner suggested can be considered as a starting point to a perspective thatevery child has a unique individual intelligence. Parents have to treat and educate theirchildren proportionally and equitably. This treatment will lead to a pattern of education that isfriendly to the brain and to the plurality of children’s potential.More than the above points, the notion that multiple intelligences do not just comefrom the brain needs to be followed. Humans actually have different immaterial (spiritual)aspects that do not refer to brain functions. The belief in spiritual aspects and its potentialsmeans that human beings have various capacities and they differ from physical capacities.This is what needs to be addressed from the perspective of education today. The philosophyand perspective on education of the educators, education stakeholders, and especially parents,are the first major issue to be addressed. With this step, every educational activity andcommunication within the family is expected to develop every aspect of children'sintelligence, especially the spiritual intelligence.

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