scholarly journals Developing robots: The need for an ethical framework

European View ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Leveringhaus
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Policy Level ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ethical Approaches ◽  
Robotic Technologies

This article discusses the need for an ethical framework for emerging robotic technologies. The temptation, arguably driven by sci-fi treatments of artificial intelligence, is to ask whether future robots should be considered quasi-humans. This article argues that such sci-fi scenarios have little relevance for current technological developments in robotics, nor for ethical approaches to the subject: for the foreseeable future robots will merely be useful tools. In response to emerging robotic technologies, this article proposes an ethical framework that makes a commitment to human rights, human dignity and responsibility a central priority for those developing robots. At a policy level, this entails (1) assessing whether the use of particular robots would result in human rights violations and (2) creating adequate institutions through which human individuals can be held responsible for what robots do.

scholarly journals Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence in Migration and Mobility: Transnational Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Marie McAuliffe ◽  
Jenna Blower ◽  
Ana Beduschi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Development ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Systemic Risks ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Systems

Digitalization and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in migration and mobility have incrementally expanded over recent years. Iterative approaches to AI deployment experienced a surge during 2020 and into 2021, largely due to COVID-19 forcing greater reliance on advanced digital technology to monitor, inform and respond to the pandemic. This paper critically examines the implications of intensifying digitalization and AI for migration and mobility systems for a post-COVID transnational context. First, it situates digitalization and AI in migration by analyzing its uptake throughout the Migration Cycle. Second, the article evaluates the current challenges and, opportunities to migrants and migration systems brought about by deepening digitalization due to COVID-19, finding that while these expanding technologies can bolster human rights and support international development, potential gains can and are being eroded because of design, development and implementation aspects. Through a critical review of available literature on the subject, this paper argues that recent changes brought about by COVID-19 highlight that computational advances need to incorporate human rights throughout design and development stages, extending well beyond technical feasibility. This also extends beyond tech company references to inclusivity and transparency and requires analysis of systemic risks to migration and mobility regimes arising from advances in AI and related technologies.

Liberdade e Direitos Humanos no Pensamento de Richard Price

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 119-145
Author(s):  
José Gomes André ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Expression ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

This paper is concerned with the political philosophy of Richard Price, analysing the way this author has developed the concept of liberty and the problem of human rights. The theme of liberty will be interpreted in a double perspective: a) in a private dimension, that sets liberty in the inner side of the individual; b) in a public dimension, that places it in the domain of a manifest action of the individual. We will try to show how this double outlook of liberty is conceived under the optics of a necessary complementarity, since liberty, which is primarily understood as a feature of the subject taken as an individual, acquires only a full meaning when she becomes efective in a comunitary field, as a social and political expression. The concept of human rights will appear located in this analysis, being defined simultaneously as condition and expression of the human dignity and happiness, at the same time natural attributes of an individual that should be cultivated and public effectiveness that contributes to the development of society.

scholarly journals Inteligencia y derechos humanos en la sociedad digital | Intelligence and Human Rights in Digital Society

2019 ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Jesús Ignacio Martínez García
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cognitive Dimension ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
Different Types

Resumen: Se efectúa una aproximación a los derechos humanos desde la perspectiva de la inteligencia en sus distintas facetas, especialmente desde la inteligencia artificial pero también desde la inteligencia institucional y la emocional. Aparecen como derechos inteligentes, que desarrollan la inteligencia de los individuos y hacen a las sociedades más inteligentes. Se presenta su dimensión cognitiva y su capacidada para cuestionar programas. Son instancias críticas que preservan la dignidad de los seres humanos en su compleja interacción con las máquinas inteligentes y estimulan un pensamiento no mecánico. Absrtact: This article aims to give an approach to the human rights from the point of view of intelligence in their different types, especially from artificial intelligence, but also from institutional and emotional intelligence. They appear as smart rights that develop the intelligence of the individuals and make societies more intelligent. Their cognitive dimension is shown, as well as their capacity to question programs. They are critical instances that preserve the human dignity in their complex interaction with intelligent machines and stimulate a not-mechanical thinking.

scholarly journals Human dignity: an illusory limit for the evolutive interpretation of the ECHR?

Amicus Curiae ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Pavel Bureš
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Senior Lecturer ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

In this article Pavel Bureš (Senior Lecturer in Public International Law in the Faculty of Law at Palacky University, Czech Republic) aims to portray some basic elements of the relationship between the concepy of human dignity and the evolutive interpretation, setting out key elements, notions and considerations for further thoughts. The article presents some basic issues related to the subject matter, then focuses on the evolutive interpretation, and finally outlines the role of human dignity in the case law related to the evolutive interpretation. Index keywords: Human rights, human dignity, European Court of Human Rights

scholarly journals Identity and dignity within the human rights discourse: An anthropological and praxis approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Louw
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Imago Dei ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Practical Theological ◽  
Human Rights Discourse

The theological discourse mostly focuses on the moral and ethical framework for human rights and human dignity. In order to give theological justification to the value and dignity of human beings, most theologians point to the imago Dei as theological starting point for the design of an anthropology on human dignity. Within the paradigmatic framework of democracy, human dignity and human rights have become interchangeable concepts. This article aimed to focus not on ethics but on aesthetics: man as homo aestheticus, as well as the praxis question regarding the quality of human dignity within the network of human relationships. It was argued that human dignity is more fundamental than human rights. Dignity as an anthropological construct should not reside in the first place in the imago Dei and its relationship to Christology and incarnation theology. Human dignity, human rights and human identity are embedded in the basic human quest for meaning (teleology). As such, human dignity should, in a practical theological approach to anthropology, be dealt with from the aesthetic perspective of charisma, thus the option for inhabitational theology. As an anthropological category, human dignity should be viewed from the perspective of pneumatology within the networking framework of a �spiritual humanism�. In this regard, the theology of the Dutch theologian A.A. van Ruler, and especially his seminal 1968 work Ik geloof, should be revisited by a pneumatic anthropology within the parameters of practical theology.

Contemporary Traditionalists and Reformists Iranian Jurists and the Subject of Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Rad Goudarzi ◽  
Alireza Najafinejad
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Universal Human Rights ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Human Rights Standards ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The inability of traditional Shi’a jurisprudents to respond to the challenges in the field of human rights and the rights of religious minorities, which is rooted in the denial of human dignity and the emphasis on religious dignity, has led to the emergence of a new discourse among contemporary Shi’a jurisprudents in Iran in recent years. This group of jurists known as reformist jurists seeks to re-evaluate the jurisprudential laws, re-interpret the Shari’a and find a way out of the religion to reduce the existing conflict with the universal human rights standards. The opinions of this group of jurists, albeit criticized by the traditional scholars, have been welcomed by young clerics. To understand the main aspects of this jurisprudential dispute, two main questions have been considered by the researchers: What are the main principles of human rights in the thoughts of traditionalist and reformist jurists in Iran? And how differently have the reformist jurists conceptualized the subject of human rights? To answer these questions, the impact of traditional jurisprudents on the formulation of the current constitution of Iran is studied and the main differences between the views of traditional and modern jurists are evaluated.

scholarly journals THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: IS IT PLAUSIBLE TO HITHERTO INDONESIAN CRIMINAL SYSTEM?

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Rofi Aulia Rahman ◽  
Rizki Habibulah
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Person ◽  
Autonomous Agent ◽  
Criminal Sanction ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Industrial Health

The pace of technology evolution is very fast. The technology has brought us to the limitless world and becoming our ally in every daily life. The technology has created a visionary autonomous agent that could surpass human capability with little or without human intervention, called by Artificial Intelligence (AI). In the implementation of AI in every area that could be in industrial, health, agriculture, artist, etc. Consequently, AI can damage individual or congregation life that is protected by criminal law. In the current Indonesian criminal system, it just acknowledges natural person and legal person (recht persoon) as the subject of law that can be imposed by criminal sanction. Hitherto and near foreseeable future AI has a notable role in every aspect, which affects also criminal aspects due to the damage resulted. AI has no sufficient legal status to be explained in the Indonesian criminal system. In this paper, the author will assess whether the current criminal system of Indonesia can sue the criminal liability of artificial intelligence, and also will make it clear to whom the possibility of criminal liability of artificial intelligence shall be charged.

scholarly journals Human Rights and Surrogacy – Association between Human Rights Approaches and Ethical Approaches

2019 ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Kalomoira K. Sakellaraki
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Moral Integrity ◽  
Surrogate Motherhood ◽  
Ethical Approaches

The main problems that Modern Bioethics faces concern mainlythe terms of rights, which feature prominently in the theoreticalisttheories. If classical theories of deontocracy and utilitarianism areapplied to surrogate motherhood, we will be led not only to different butalso opposing decisions. Bioethics, nevertheless, ought to make the bestpossible decisions and take into consideration moral aspects and valuesby prioritizing the importance of rights. The correlation between humanrights and ethical approaches is particularly convoluted. Both of them areestablished on the respect of human dignity, the individual’s importanceand the moral integrity of human existence. As regards the moral dilemmasthat arise as to the moral permissiveness of surrogacy, it behoves us toapply a particular ethical theory that wil be uesd as a method of justifyinga certain decison. Therefore, in the case of surrogate motherhood, basicethical theories refer to Intuitionism and Ethical Ethics. A morality whichis reliant foremost on the notion of duty, imperative and obligation. Itexamines the ethical dilemmas and answers the question of what one hasto do based on their individual imperatives and duties.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION AND THE INTRODUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-668
Author(s):  
G.G. Kamalova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Further Development

The article discusses the issues of further development of the human rights system in the context of digital transformation and modern scientific and technological progress. It is noted that at present there is an evolution of human rights, the peculiarities of their implementation, the formation of new ones. The right to access the Internet has been recognized in a number of foreign countries. In Russia, digital rights, the "right to oblivion" and other rights have been legally enshrined. It is proved that at present there is a transition to the next level of both understanding of recognized rights and freedoms, the peculiarities of their implementation, and the formation of new rights that are unthinkable in the so-called pre-digital era. As the most significant factor in the evolution of human rights, the introduction of artificial intelligence systems and biotechnologies is highlighted, which will change not only society and the state, but also the daily life of a person and his essence, which will require the modernization of the conceptual established provisions of law, including the understanding of the subject who possesses them. Modernity allows us to state the accomplished symbiosis of man and technology, which is increasingly called a cyborg in law. At the same time, it should be recognized that the legal aspects of cyborgization are still poorly studied. The experience of legal regulation of relations connected with the introduction of digital technological solutions into the human body is not enough. The author believes that the preliminary regulation in this area should be to a certain extent ahead of the curve, and without a scientific understanding of the emerging legal problems, it is difficult to develop a balanced legal regulation.

scholarly journals Problems of innovation-oriented development of Russia at the present stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 637-644
Author(s):  
Andrey P. Garnov ◽  
Victoria Yu. Garnova ◽  
Elena V. Zakharova ◽  
Natalia A. Prodanova ◽  
Galina A. Rybina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Economic Phenomenon ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Working Day

The subject of the study is the features of such a socio-economic phenomenon as self-employment in the context of digitalization. It is revealed that the rapid development of digitalization has led to the spread of such atypical forms of employment as freelancing. Also, a comparison of different approaches to labor rationing was made: the classical approach to conducting photos of the working day and timekeeping and the modern digitalized approach, their strengths and weaknesses were considered. The possible foreseeable future of labor rationing and the ways of its development and integration of such technology as artificial intelligence are analyzed. The authors consider the possibility of creating an automated program for taking photos of the working day and timekeeping, the use of which would require the presence of a specialist only at the very beginning, when setting up a program for viewing video recordings and identifying individual labor operations.

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