scholarly journals Learning a Lesson from Taiwan? A Comparison of Changes and Continuity of Labour Policies in Taiwan and China

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-70
Author(s):  
Chun-Yi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Labour Policy ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Over Time

This paper argues that the comparison of labour policies in Taiwan and China has an important bearing on the interaction between state and society. The fact that labour policies have changed over time illustrates a process of bargaining between the state and society. The core question of this paper is whether the development of labour policies in Taiwan can provide China a good example to learn from. In order to answer this question more systematically, the first part of this paper provides theoretical reviews of the state-society relationship, while the second part aims to verify whether those labour-favouring policies in Taiwan have changed under a different party's governance. The third part of the paper further investigates labour policy in China; this section mainly focuses on the historical background to the new labour contract law. Based on the preceding two sections’ literature review of the changing path of labour policies, the fourth section scrutinises fundamental issues reflected in the development of Taiwan's labour policies, then compares how those issues are reflected in the case of China. The conclusion of this paper is that although Taiwan, like China, formerly had a one-party system, the changes in Taiwan's labour policies are not completely comparable to China, though both societies had some similarities.

Reconsidering the state

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-74
Author(s):  
Kate Crowley ◽  
Jenny Stewart ◽  
Adrian Kay ◽  
Brian W. Head
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
The State ◽  
Binary Choice ◽  
Policy Effectiveness ◽  
Comparative Public Policy ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
The Core ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Public Policy Analysis

State-centred and society-centred explanations in comparative public policy analysis disagree markedly on the extent to which the state has autonomy or is essentially a clearing-house for outside forces. In this chapter, we reconsider the position of the state in policy studies by investigating the interactions and inter-dependency between the state and society rather than making a binary choice between state-centred and society-centred perspectives on governance. The core argument is that policy studies can improve its ability to apprehend the position of the state in dilemmas of contemporary policy-making by acknowledging that the state is, at once, both critical to collective action and reliant on crucial elements of societal support for its policy effectiveness. In such terms, governance is a useful label for the variety of ways in which society is not simply acted upon by the state, but actively shapes the actions of and outcomes of state activity.

Levitsky and Way and Competitive Authoritarianism: Leverage, Linkage and Organisational Power

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N.C. Hill
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Regime Transition ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Competitive Authoritarianism ◽  
The Third

This chapter charts and explains Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way’s celebrated model for explaining regime transition. It is divided into four sections. The first provides an overview of the dimensions of leverage, linkage and organisational power focusing, in particular, on the inter-play between them; how the strength of one renders the others more or less important. The second section examines the dimension of leverage – the principal ways in which it is exercised and how it is quantified – and defines a Black Knight patron (what a state or regime must do to qualify as one). The third section examines the dimension of linkage; the main forms it takes and how its strength is measured and categorised. And the fourth section examines organisational power; the state and other structures on which it is based.

Bajla Gelblung und Johannes Bobrowskis Gedicht BERICHT

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-383
Author(s):  
Eduard R. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Woman ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
The Third ◽  
Over Time ◽  
German Wehrmacht

Johannes Bobrowski’s iconic poem BERICHT (REPORT) refers to an historical photograph showing the interrogation of a young Polish Jewish woman by officers of the German Wehrmacht in Brest-Litovsk. It has long been assumed that the woman referred to as Bajla Belblung was a resistance fighter who escaped from the Warsaw ghetto in 1943. But further research has shown that the interrogation took place in September 1939 after the end of the third week of the war. This work examines the historical background of the photos of Bajla Gelblung taken at that time as well how the photograph captions have changed over time. It also raises questions about the development of a legend, to which Bobrowski’s poem has made a decisive contribution.

Party Systems in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Wills-Otero
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Party System ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
The Third ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Political Configuration ◽  
American Party ◽  
Over Time

Since the beginning of the third wave of democratization in the late 1970s, Latin American party systems have confronted several challenges, and they have frequently been transformed. There have been various types of changes. While some systems collapsed in the 1990s (e.g., Venezuela and Peru), others realigned (Colombia, Chile, and Uruguay), or expanded (Argentina and Mexico), or were able to become consolidated and ensure their stability over time (e.g., Brazil). What factors explain the transformations in party systems during the past three decades, and how can Latin American party systems be classified according to their attributes? In trying to answer these questions, scholars of Latin America have undertaken studies that are both theoretically and empirically rich. Their work has increased our knowledge of the party systems and representative democracies in the region. Different factors have been highlighted in order to explain the changes these systems have undergone since the third wave of democratization. Some works emphasize the importance of institutional reforms introduced by politicians or by constitutional assemblies. The questions they address are the following: What political reforms have been introduced into Latin American political systems, and what effects have they had on the party systems in different countries? The researchers do not limit their attention to reforms of electoral systems. For example, some of them also study decentralization processes and their effects on party systems. From a different perspective, other authors focus on changes in electoral preferences and their effects on the configuration of political power, exploring how regional economic, political, and social changes have affected voter preferences and the political configuration of party systems. Still others consider the crises of democratic representation in these countries, underlining the decline in the programmatic character of parties as an explanatory variable for the crises and noting that the level of institutionalization of a party system declines when parties abandon this distinctive feature and become clientelistic or personalistic instead. On the other hand, in order to describe party systems and to observe the changes they have undergone, academics have proposed a set of concepts and measurements that make it possible to identify their levels of institutionalization (i.e., stability vs. volatility), nationalization, and programmatic structuration, among other aspects. The operationalization of these concepts has provided researchers with useful data for describing, comparing, and analyzing the party systems of the region transversely over time. Understanding the transformation and characteristics of Latin American party systems over time sheds light on both the progress democratic regimes have made and the setbacks they have suffered within specific countries and in the region at large.

Ethics and Sovereignty

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Weinert
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Literature ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Power And Authority

Literature concentrated on sovereignty’s location laid the groundwork for the distinctive sort of ethical detachment that has characterized sovereignty in international relations (IR). While it is customary to refer to sovereign absolutism as linking a logic of prerogative with sovereignty, mainstream IR theory has reproduced its own variation on the theme and done little until recently to decouple the two. Yet beginning in the late 1970s, the literature began to entertain the idea that interdependence and globalization impede, constrain, corrode, or diminish the core assumptions of sovereignty: the centralization of power and authority, the supremacy of the state, the state’s capabilities to achieve its objectives, and the degree of permissiveness afforded by an anarchical system. Put differently, the space within which sovereignty could operate unencumbered rapidly diminished in size and scope, and the sovereign state, by losing control over various functions, was becoming incoherent at minimum, and irrelevant at maximum. If these arguments focused on a narrow question, then a new literature emerged in the mid to late 1990s that focused on, and questioned, sovereignty as authority. Moreover, the debates about globalization underscored sovereignty’s disjunctive nature. Yet by linking it so closely with material structures and factors, the literature generally elided consideration of the constitutive effect of international norms on sovereignty and the ways the institution of sovereignty has changed over time.

criminal law, Roman

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Riggsby
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Public Office ◽  
The Core ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Agreed Definition ◽  
Personal Crimes

“Crime” lacks a fully agreed definition across modern societies, but competing versions tend to stress notions like punishment, protection of public or collective interests, and a pervasive role for the state in proceedings. Over time the Romans used a series of different procedures (successively, trial before the assemblies, by specialized juries, or by imperial inquisitors) to try most of their offences that would be more or less recognizably criminal today. Substantively, the core of this group were offences against the state in an institutional sense (e.g., sedition, electoral malpractice, abuse of public office, forgery). Over time it also came to include an increasing number of (personal) crimes of violence. Some core modern criminal offences such as forms of theft and forgery of private documents came to be grouped in with these only at a very late date and incompletely. “Moral” offences that are treated as criminal more sporadically today (e.g., use of intoxicants, gambling, prostitution) were not criminalized. Penalties in earlier periods included fines, civic disgrace, and exile; later periods introduced finer differentiation of penalties, as well as execution. Imprisonment was not a formal penalty. Roman criminal law had a deeper and more complicated relationship to politics than did the private, civil law. This is true both in the sense that the jurists were relatively uninterested in the criminal law, especially before the late 2nd century ce, and that known trials in the criminal courts seem to have been little governed by niceties of the law. Common-sense notions of guilt and innocence were relevant, but not legal technicalities.

The Warring States Period: Historical Background

2020 ◽  
pp. 579-594
Author(s):  
Yuri Pines
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Warring States ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Subsequent Rise ◽  
Inter State

This chapter starts with introducing major textual, archeological, and paleographical sources for the history of the Warring States period. It then focuses on the inter-state dynamics following the de facto dissolution of the state of Jin in 453 bce and up to the Qin unification of 221 bce. In particular, the chapter explores the rise and fall of the state of Wei as the major hegemonic power in the end of the fifth and the first half of the fourth centuries bce; the subsequent rise of Qin and attempts to block it through formation of anti-Qin alliances; and, finally, the collapse of these alliances and the acceleration of Qin’s territorial expansion in the third century bce.

Why is Exit So Hard? Positive Feedback and Institutional Persistence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor St John
Keyword(s):  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Competitive Dynamics ◽  
Law Firms ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
New Politics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Institutional Persistence ◽  
Capacity Constrained ◽  
Over Time

Chapter eight analyzes why institutions persist, even when they generate unintended consequences for the states that created them. The chapter sets out a typology of possible actions that governments can take to exit from investor–state arbitration. To date, governments have engaged in remarkably little exit. The second section explores how positive feedback has created a new constituency of law firms and investors with an interest in arbitration and therefore has led to a new politics of ISDS. The third section discusses other types of feedback that have stabilized and developed a dense web of commitments enshrining investor–state arbitration. The fourth section observes that over time, competitive dynamics emerged and define investor–state arbitration today: competition between law firms, arbitration organizations, and even jurisdictions hoping to host arbitrations makes exit and reform more difficult. The barriers to exit may be highest for capacity-constrained states.

Corruption as one of the obstacles to political stability in Iraq

2019 ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Zainab Taleb Salman ◽  
Noura Kattaf Hidan
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Current Stage ◽  
Over Time

Corruption in the current stage of the most prominent phenomena that invade the state in all joints, especially vital and strategic; because it became a culture more common than the theories and trends of study and even become a large part of the various social life, economic, political and even cultural and moral, and despite calls from different The need to eliminate corruption and reduce it, but over time rather than weaken and decompose, and ends up increasing strength and immunity, and in this sense, this research includes the definition of corruption and types and causes, and frameworks for study in order to know the weaknesses, Rhea in order to eliminate it and strengths in order to weaken and break through its extensions and perform In order to weaken them, and to break the path of its extensions and to reduce it and eradicate it from its roots. Accordingly, our research, which is characterized by; (corruption as one of the obstacles to political stability in Iraq), was divided into three sections, the first defining the roots of corruption, the second focusing on its causes and forms, and the third dealing with visions and mechanisms to combat corruption in Iraq.

‘Disguised slavery’: debt peonage in Chiapas, 1876–1914

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Washbrook
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Local Politicians ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Legal Foundations ◽  
Domestic Servitude ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Debt Peonage

This chapter analyzes the institution of debt peonage in Chiapas during the Porfiriato. The first section examines Porfirian debates regarding the relationship between debt peonage, slavery, and market development in Chiapas. The second section addresses the economics and economic rationality of debt peonage. The third section focuses on the legal foundations of rural peonage and domestic servitude in the state. The fourth section tackles the issue of coercion and consent and the ‘popular legitimacy’ of debt peonage. The final section looks at the issue of debt peonage in Chiapas after the resignation of President Díaz, comparing the legislative proposals of local politicians with those of the Constitutionalists who descended on the state in 1914, and underlining the significance of the institution during the years of Mexico's armed Revolution (1910–20).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document