Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides From Bupleurum chinense DC

© 2019 American Chemical Society. Pectic polysaccharides from New Zealand (NZ) spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and karaka berries (Corynocarpus laevigatus) were extracted and analyzed. NZ spinach polysaccharides comprised mostly homogalacturonan (64.4%) and rhamnogalacturonan I (5.8%), with side chains of arabinan (8.1%), galactan (2.2%), and type II arabinogalactan (7.1%); karaka berry polysaccharides comprised homogalacturonan (21.8%) and rhamnogalacturonan I (10.0%), with greater proportions of side chains (arabinan, 15.6%; galactan, 23.8%; and type II arabinogalactan, 19.3%). Screening of gut commensal Bacteroides showed that six were able to grow on the NZ spinach extract, while five were able to grow on the karaka berry extract. Analysis of the polysaccharides remaining after fermentation, by size-exclusion chromatography and constituent sugar analysis, showed that the Bacteroides species that grew on these two substrates showed preferences for the different pectic polysaccharide types. Our data suggest that, to completely degrade and utilize the complex pectin structures found in plants, members of Bacteroides and other bowel bacteria work as metabolic consortia.

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Utilization of complex pectic polysaccharides from new zealand plants (tetragonia tetragonioides and corynocarpus laevigatus) by gut bacteroides species

10.26686/wgtn.12585632.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M Centanni ◽

Susan Carnachan ◽

Tracey Bell ◽

Alison Daines ◽

Simon Hinkley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

American Chemical Society ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Side Chains ◽

Type Ii ◽

Pectic Polysaccharides ◽

Pectic Polysaccharide ◽

Bacteroides Species ◽

Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽

Tetragonia Tetragonioides

© 2019 American Chemical Society. Pectic polysaccharides from New Zealand (NZ) spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and karaka berries (Corynocarpus laevigatus) were extracted and analyzed. NZ spinach polysaccharides comprised mostly homogalacturonan (64.4%) and rhamnogalacturonan I (5.8%), with side chains of arabinan (8.1%), galactan (2.2%), and type II arabinogalactan (7.1%); karaka berry polysaccharides comprised homogalacturonan (21.8%) and rhamnogalacturonan I (10.0%), with greater proportions of side chains (arabinan, 15.6%; galactan, 23.8%; and type II arabinogalactan, 19.3%). Screening of gut commensal Bacteroides showed that six were able to grow on the NZ spinach extract, while five were able to grow on the karaka berry extract. Analysis of the polysaccharides remaining after fermentation, by size-exclusion chromatography and constituent sugar analysis, showed that the Bacteroides species that grew on these two substrates showed preferences for the different pectic polysaccharide types. Our data suggest that, to completely degrade and utilize the complex pectin structures found in plants, members of Bacteroides and other bowel bacteria work as metabolic consortia.

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Comparative Studies on Polysaccharides, Triterpenoids, and Essential Oil from Fermented Mycelia and Cultivated Sclerotium of a Medicinal and Edible Mushroom, Poria Cocos

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25061269 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 1269

Author(s):

Dongdong Wang ◽

Chonggui Huang ◽

Ye Zhao ◽

Lin Wang ◽

Yongcheng Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Edible Mushroom ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Uv Spectrophotometry ◽

Market Demand ◽

Active Components ◽

Poria Cocos ◽

Edible Fungus

Poria cocos, an important medicinal and edible fungus, is well known in East Asia. The main active components are water-soluble polysaccharides (WPS) and triterpenoids. Due to the growing market demand, long cultivation period, and consumption of pine trunk during cultivation, alternative methods for producing P. cocos or its active components should be investigated. In this study, WPS, triterpenoids, monosaccharide composition, and essential oil in fermented mycelia and cultivated sclerotium were analyzed using UV spectrophotometry, HPLC, pre-column derivatization, and HS-GC/MS, respectively. Our results showed that the WPS and triterpenoids in mycelia are several times higher than those in sclerotium. Among the 62 compounds identified by HS-GC/MS analysis from the essential oil obtained from the fermentation media and a fresh external layer, the two main fragrances in common were linalool and methyl phenylacetate. Our results suggested that it is applicable to produce polysaccharides and triterpenoids by the fermentation of P. cocos, and a strategy to improve triterpenoid production in the fermentation process was proposed.

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Influence of Partial Acid Hydrolysis on Size, Dispersity, Monosaccharide Composition, and Conformation of Linearly-Branched Water-Soluble Polysaccharides

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25132982 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (13) ◽

pp. 2982

Author(s):

Cristina Lupo ◽

Samy Boulos ◽

Laura Nyström

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Average Molecular Weight ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Partial Hydrolysis ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Hydrolysis Time ◽

Partial Acid Hydrolysis

The effect of partial acid hydrolysis on the physical and chemical properties of galactomannan, arabinoxylan, and xyloglucan was investigated. Polysaccharides were treated at 50 °C with hydrochloric acid for 3–48 h. Portions of isopropanol (i-PrOH) were added sequentially to the hydrolyzates, resulting in fractions that were collected by centrifugation. As expected, a significant reduction of weight-average molecular weight (Mw) was observed with increasing hydrolysis time. Fractional precipitation was successfully applied to collect at least one polymer fraction with dispersity (Đ) close to one for each polysaccharide. The monosaccharide composition analysis showed that the partial hydrolysis usually lowered the relative amount of side chains, with the exception of galactomannan, where the composition remained largely unaffected. Estimation of the polymer conformation in solution, through evaluation of the Mark-Houwink parameter coefficient (α), confirmed that acid hydrolysis influenced the polysaccharides’ conformation. It was demonstrated that acid treatment in dilute solution followed by fractional isopropanol precipitation is a method, extendible to a variety of polysaccharides, to obtain materials of decreased molecular weight and low dispersity with slightly altered overall composition and conformation.

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Polysaccharides Extracted From Panax Ginseng C.A. Mey Enhance Complement Component 4 Biosynthesis in Human Hepatocytes

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.734394 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Shuang Liu ◽

Fangbing Liu ◽

Tingting Wang ◽

Jianzeng Liu ◽

Cheng Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Characteristics ◽

Gene Promoter ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Complement Component ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Active Components ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Core Components ◽

Immune Capacity ◽

Complement Component 4

Panax ginseng C.A. Mey (ginseng) is a classic medicinal plant which is well known for enhancing immune capacity. Polysaccharides are one of the main active components of ginseng. We isolated water-soluble ginseng polysaccharides (WGP) and analyzed the physicochemical properties of WGP including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and structural characteristics. WGP had minimal effect on the growth of hepatocytes. Interestingly, WGP significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of complement component 4 (C4), one of the core components of the complement system. Promoter reporter gene assays revealed that WGP significantly enhanced activity of the C4 gene promoter. Deletion analyses determined that the E-box1 and Sp1 regions play key roles in WGP-induced C4 transcription. Taken together, our results suggest that WGP promotes C4 biosynthesis through upregulation of transcription. These results provide new explanation for the intrinsic mechanism by which ginseng boosts human immune capacity.

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The Antitumor and Immunostimulating Activities of Water Soluble Polysaccharides from Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Lateralis and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1000500322 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 1934578X1000500 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tingting Gao ◽

Hongtao Bi ◽

Shuai Ma ◽

Jingmei Lu

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Nk Cell ◽

Tumor Therapy ◽

Cell Activity ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽

Tumor Growth Inhibition ◽

Pectic Polysaccharides ◽

Pectic Polysaccharide ◽

Radix Aconiti

In the present study, the water-soluble polysaccharides of Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Lateralis and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, were extracted and fractionated into four fractions of each material. The FT-IR and chemical analyses indicated the water-soluble polysaccharides of the three materials were all mainly composed of starch, non-starch type α-D-glucans and pectic polysaccharides with different molecular weight distributions and monosaccharide composition ratios. The antitumor assay showed that all the non-starch type polysaccharide fractions had good antitumor activities, and the tumor growth inhibition ratios were 37.24-70.42%. Specifically the inhibition ratios of pectic polysaccharides were over 60%. Moreover, the immunological tests using the Cyclophosphamide (Cy) induced immunosuppressive mice, including phagocytosis of macrophage, NK cell activity, concanavalin A (ConA)-induced T-cell proliferation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B-cell proliferation, quantitative haemolysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response assays, exhibited that all the non-starch type polysaccharides, especially the pectic polysaccharide fractions, not only had remarkable immunostimulating activities including nonspecific immunity, cellular immunity and humoral immunity, but also could restore the antitumor drug-suppressed immune function. Therefore, the polysaccharides from Aconitum species might be conveniently exploited to be good immune stimulating modifiers and had the potential to apply in the tumor therapy.

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Structural and rheological studies of a polysaccharide mucilage from lacebark leaves (Hoheria populnea A. Cunn.)

10.26686/wgtn.12585695 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ian Sims ◽

AM Smith ◽

GA Morris ◽

MU Ghori ◽

Susan Carnachan

Keyword(s):

Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

High Performance ◽

13C Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽

Exchange Chromatography ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Rhamnogalacturonan I

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. A water-soluble mucilage extracted from the leaves of Hoheria populnea was chemically and physically studied. Monosaccharide composition and linkages were determined by high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Lacebark mucilage was composed of rhamnose, galactose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid (2:1:2:1). Proton and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and linkage analysis, revealed a predominantly rhamnogalacturonan I-type (RG I-type) structure comprising of a backbone of → 4]-α-D-GalpA-[1 → 2]-α-L-Rhap-[1 →. Data indicated the mucilage likely comprises of a polymer containing several structurally discrete domains or possibly more than one discrete polymer. One domain contains a RG I-type backbone with branching at O-3 of GalpA residues to terminal β-D-GlcpA residues, another similarly contains a RG I-type backbone but is branched at O-4 of the Rhap residues to terminal GalpA residues or oligosaccharides containing α-linked 4-Galp and terminal GalpA residues. A possible third domain contains contiguous 2-Rhap residues, some branched at O-3. Hydrated mucilage exhibited pseudoplastic flow behaviour and viscoelastic properties of an entangled biopolymer network. These rheological behaviours were only slightly affected by pH and may prove advantageous in potential end-product applications including oral pharmaceuticals or as a food ingredient.

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Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted ‘Liberty’ Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.623723 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Marlee A. Trandel ◽

Suzanne Johanningsmeier ◽

Jonathan Schultheis ◽

Chris Gunter ◽

Penelope Perkins-Veazie

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Interspecific Hybrid ◽

Hollow Heart ◽

Placental Tissue ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽

Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽

Polysaccharide Composition

Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids has been found to increase fruit firmness. Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. Grafting “Liberty” watermelon to “Carnivor” (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. The CSF was lower in fruit with HH (24.5%) compared to those without HH (27.1%). AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg–1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg–1). Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. In watermelon, 34 carbohydrate linkages were identified with galactose, glucose, and arabinose linkages in highest abundance. This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars.

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Isolation and Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharide Fraction from In Vitro Suspension Culture of Fumaria officinalis L.

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2018/5705036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Manol Ognyanov ◽

Yordan Georgiev ◽

Nadezhda Petkova ◽

Ivan Ivanov ◽

Ivelina Vasileva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suspension Culture ◽

Ammonium Oxalate ◽

Arabinogalactan Protein ◽

Pectic Polysaccharide ◽

Polysaccharide Fraction ◽

Acidic Polysaccharide ◽

Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Fumaria Officinalis

In the current study, an acidic polysaccharide from the in vitro suspension culture of Fumaria officinalis L. was obtained by extraction with 0.8% (w/v) aqueous ammonium oxalate. The polysaccharide fraction mainly consisted of galacturonic acid (41.0%), followed by galactose (7.3%) and arabinose (5.6%). This suggests the presence of arabinogalactan side chains in the rhamnogalacturonan-I segment of the studied pectin, which was mainly built up by homogalacturonan segments. The pectin was evaluated as low-methyl-esterified (45.0%) with degree of acetylation 3.4%. The polymer fraction was consisted of different molecular weight populations in the range of 6–600 kDa. The high amount of 4-L-hydroxyproline (11.7% of total protein) and the specific positive reaction to Yariv’s phenylglycoside reagent indicated the presence of an arabinogalactan protein in the cell walls. The functional properties of the polysaccharide fraction were evaluated, as it possessed better water-holding capacity than oil-holding capacity. The studied pectin demonstrated significant foaming ability and promising emulsifying properties in a concentration 1%. Therefore, the isolated polysaccharide fraction could be successfully used as emulsifier and foaming agent in food products and pharmaceutical supplements.

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Acceleration of yoghurt fermentation time by yeast extract and partial characterisation of the active components

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029914000429 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 81 (4) ◽

pp. 417-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Esti-Andrine Smith ◽

Jacobus Myburgh ◽

Gernot Osthoff ◽

Maryna de Wit

Keyword(s):

Yeast Extract ◽

Free Amino ◽

Microbial Growth ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Size Exclusion ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Active Components ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Exclusion Chromatography ◽

Partial Characterisation

Water soluble autolysate of yeast, usually utilised for microbial growth support, was used as additive in yoghurt fermentation. The yeast extract (YE) resulted in a decrease of fermentation time by 21% to reach a pH of 4·6. However, the YE resulted in unacceptable flavour and taste. By size exclusion chromatography, a fraction of the YE was obtained that could account for the observed 21% decrease in fermentation time. The fraction contained molecules of low molecular weight, consisting of minerals, free amino acids and peptides. The acceleration of the yoghurt fermentation was ascribed to the short peptides in the fraction. It is proposed that the application of this extract in industrial yoghurt manufacture would result in savings for both the industry and the consumer.

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