Olfactory Perception and Different Decongestive Response of the Nasal Mucosa During Menstrual Cycle

2021 ◽  
pp. 194589242199030
Author(s):  
Maja S. Bogdan ◽  
Danijel O. Slavic ◽  
Sinisa S. Babovic ◽  
Biljana S. Zvezdin ◽  
Violeta P. Kolarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Odor Intensity ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nasal Function

Background Sex hormones are known to have some influence on nasal functions, but their effect on the decongestive response of the nasal mucosa during menstrual cycle is still undetermined. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the nasal physiology, the interconnectedness of olfactory and respiratory nasal function and the decongestive response of the nasal mucosa during menstrual cycle. Methods This study included 101 healthy women aged 23.26 ± 4.81 years with a regular menstrual cycle. The nasal respiratory function and the decongestive response of the nasal mucosa were examined by rhinomanometry. Subjective sense of nasal obstruction and the subjective odor intensity were assessed by standardized questionnaires. The odor identification ability was assessed by Sniffin’ Sticks test. Results Statistically significant higher values of nasal resistance (0.311 ± 0.107 Pa/cm3/s) and NOSE score (11.893 ± 13.83) were observed in the ovulatory phase compared to the luteal (0.281 ± 0.084 Pa/cm3/s and 9.029 ± 11.12). An odor identification test score was significantly higher in luteal phase (12.476 ± 1.48) compared to the ovulatory phase (11.971 ± 1.51), opposite of odor intensity. The difference of nasal resistance before and after decongestion was significantly higher in ovulatory phase (0.105 ± 0.097 Pa/cm3/s) compared to the luteal (0.084 ± 0.079 Pa/cm3/s). Correlation between subjective and objective parameters of the examinated nasal functions was not statistically significant in any menstrual phase. Conclusion In the population of women studied, total nasal resistance and NOSE score were significantly lower in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Odor identification was significantly higher in the luteal phase but odor intensity significantly higher in the ovulatory phase. The decongestive response of nasal mucosa was better in the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle.

EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehnaz Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Uterine Wall ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Granulose Cells ◽  
Efficiency Test

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle.   Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test. Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people. Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people. Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

scholarly journals Menstrual Cycle and Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer: Findings From the NCCTG N9431 Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (22) ◽  
pp. 3620-3626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive S. Grant ◽  
James N. Ingle ◽  
Vera J. Suman ◽  
Daniel A. Dumesic ◽  
D. Lawrence Wickerham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Adjuvant Radiation ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Menstrual History

Purpose For nearly two decades, multiple retrospective reports, small prospective studies, and meta-analyses have arrived at conflicting results regarding the value of timing surgical intervention for breast cancer on the basis of menstrual cycle phase. We present the results of a multi–cooperative group, prospective, observational trial of menstrual cycle phase and outcome after breast cancer surgery, led by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) in collaboration with the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) and the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Patients and Methods Premenopausal women age 18 to 55 years, who were interviewed for menstrual history and who were surgically treated for stages I to II breast cancer, had serum drawn within 1 day of surgery for estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone levels. Menstrual history and hormone levels were used to determine menstrual phase: luteal, follicular, and other. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were determined by Kaplan-Meier method and were compared by using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard modeling. Results Of 1,118 women initially enrolled, 834 women comprised the study cohort: 230 (28%) in luteal phase; 363 (44%) in follicular phase; and 241 grouped as other. During a median follow-up of 6.6 years, and in analysis that accounted for nodal disease, estrogen receptor status, adjuvant radiation therapy or chemotherapy, neither DFS nor OS differed with respect to menstrual phase. The 5-year DFS rates were 82.7%, 82.1%, and 79.2% for follicular, luteal, or other phases, respectively. Corresponding OS survival rates were 91.9%, 92.2%, and 91.8%, respectively. Conclusion When menstrual cycle phases were strictly defined, neither DFS nor OS differed between women who underwent surgery during the follicular phase versus the luteal phase. Nearly 30% of the patients did not meet criteria for either follicular- or luteal-phase categories.

scholarly journals Aggression predicts Cortisol Awakening Response in healthy young adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Sariñana-González ◽  
Sara Vitoria-Estruch ◽  
Ángel Romero-Martínez ◽  
Luis Moya-Albiol
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Verbal Aggression ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
Do So

Few studies have examined therelationship between the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and aggression inhealthy youth adults. This study analyzes this relationship in 83 women (38 inluteal phase and 45 in follicular phase of menstrual cycle) and 20 men.Salivary-free cortisol measures of the CAR were obtained immediately followingawakening and 30, 45, and 60 minutes afterwards. Additionally, participantscompleted a self-report of aggression. Men presented lower levels of CAR thanwomen in luteal phase. Men were also liable to present more physical aggressionthan women, independently of their menstrual phase. General aggression andspecifically verbal aggression are predictors of CAR in men. In women, verbalaggression predicts CAR during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle;whereas anger and physical aggression do so during the luteal phase. CAR may beused as a valid marker of proneness to aggression – but must be considered differentlydepending on gender and menstrual cycle of women. This study offers relevantinformation on the hormonal bases of aggression and so contributes to theliterature on alleviating problems related to violence.

Hypothalamus pituitary-ovarian axis in menstrual migraine: effect of dihydroergotamine retard prophylactic treatment

Cephalalgia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 159-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Facchinetti ◽  
G. Sances ◽  
A. Volpe ◽  
D. Sola ◽  
G. D'ambrogio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Menstrual Migraine ◽  
Ovarian Steroids ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Sono Stati ◽  
Before And After

LH, FSH, Prolactin (PRL), Estradiol (E) and Progesterone (P) plasma levels were measured in different periods of the menstrual cycle in 15 control subjects and in 9 women suffering from perimenstrual migraine before and after prophylactic treatment with 10 mg/day dihydroergotamine (DHE) retard. LH, FSH and PRL plasma levels were similar between patients and controls and were unaffected by DHE therapy. Migraineurs showed markedly reduced P levels in the entire luteal phase, concomitantly with higher E levels, leading to a P/E ratio significantly interfering with ovarian steroids secretion. These data indicate the presence of ovarian impairment in women suffering from perimenstrual migraine, whose symptoms could be successfully treated with DHE retard without interfering with the endocrine state. Les variations cicliques de LH, FSH, Prolactine (PRL) de la Estradiol (E) et de la Progesterone (P) ont ete evaluèes chez 15 subjets temoins et chez 9 femmes souffrant de la maladie migraineuse, en conditions de base et au cours d'un traitment prophilactique avec 10 mg par jour de Dihydroergotamine (DHE) rètard. LH, FSH et PRL etaient au meme niveau chez les temoins et les patients et n'ont pas ètè modifiès par le traitment avec DHE rètard; tandis que les taux plasmatiques de la P etaient rèduites et, au contraire, ceux de la E eatient elevèes pendant toute la phase luteale des migraineuses. Par consequence le rapport P/E les patientes etait significativement inferieur que chez les temoins. Le traitment avec la DHE rètard a presque totalement prevenue les accès migraineux, sans modifier le status normonal. Les femmes souffrant de maladie migraineuse au cours du cicle menstruel, notament dans la periode premenstruelle, montrent des affections de la secretion ovarienne qui doivent etre ancore expliquées. En tous cas las symptomatologie peut etre convenablement rèlevèe par le traitment prophilactique avec DHE rètard qui d'ailleur n'a aucune influence sur les secretions hypophisaires et ovariennes. I tassi plasmatici di LH, FSH, Prolattina (PRL), Estradiolo (E) e Progesterone (P) sono stati studiati nel corso del ciclo mestruale in 15 soggetti di controllo e in 9 pazienti affette da emicrania premestruale prima e dopo un trattamento profilattico con Diidroergotamina (DHE) ritardo (10 mg/die). LH, FSH e PRL sono risultati simili nei due gruppi e non ha mostrato variazioni in seguito al trattamento. Durante l'intera fase luteale, i tassi di P delle pazienti sono risultati significativamente ridotti, mentre quelli di E al contrario, erano più elevati, rispetto a quelli dei soggetti di controllo. La terapia con DHE ha pressoché abolito l'insorgenza degli attacchi emicranici, senza interferire con le concentrazioni di E e P. In conclusione, questi dati indicano che le pazienti affette da emicrania perimestruale presentano un'alterazione della funzione ovarica che resta da definire. Il trattamento profilattico conDHE ritardo però, è risultato efficacie nella abolizione delle crisi, senza interferire con le secrezioni ormonali.

Changes in Scores on the Mental Rotations Test during the Menstrual Cycle

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Suzanne Moody
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
College Women ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Educational Psychology ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Mental Rotations

The purpose of the study was to examine changes in performance on Vandenberg's Mental Rotations Test during the menstrual cycles of college women. Participants were 12 male and 34 female students recruited from undergraduate educational psychology and nursing classes at a large southeastern university. Each woman was tested once during the menstrual phase and once during the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle. Phases in which the testings occurred were counterbalanced. Men were also tested twice. For all participants, the two testing sessions were held exactly 14 days apart. Women who were contraceptive pill users did not perform significantly differently during either phase from women who were nonusers, and there was no interaction for pill use by phase. Therefore, users and nonusers were combined for a paired-sample t test which indicated that women scored significantly higher during the menstrual phase (Days 2–7) than during the luteal phase (Days 16–22 for 31 women and Days 24–26 for three women with longer cycles). The 12 men scored significantly higher than the 34 women during the initial testing; but not significantly higher than the 17 women who were in the menstrual phase during the first testing. Therefore, that the effect of the phase of menstrual cycle influences the sex difference in performance on the Mental Rotations Test was supported.

scholarly journals Menstrual phase-dependent differences in neurobehavioral performance: the role of temperature and the progesterone/estradiol ratio

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilah K Grant ◽  
Joshua J Gooley ◽  
Melissa A St Hilaire ◽  
Shantha M W Rajaratnam ◽  
George C Brainard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Nighttime Light

Abstract Study objectives Women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle exhibit better cognitive performance overnight than women in the follicular phase, although the mechanism is unknown. Given the link between core body temperature (CBT) and performance, one potential mechanism is the thermoregulatory role of progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2), and their ratio (P4/E2), which change across the menstrual cycle. We examined the role of P4/E2 in modulating performance during extended wake in premenopausal women. Additionally, we compared the acute effects of nighttime light exposure on performance, CBT, and hormones between the menstrual phases. Methods Participants were studied during a 50 h constant routine and a 6.5 h monochromatic nighttime light exposure. Participants were 16 healthy, naturally cycling women (eight follicular; eight luteal). Outcome measures included reaction time, attentional failures, self-reported sleepiness, CBT, melatonin, P4, and E2. Results As compared to women in the luteal phase, women in the follicular phase exhibited worse performance overnight. CBT was significantly associated with performance, P4, and P4/E2 but not with other sex hormones. Sex hormones were not directly related to performance. Light exposure that suppressed melatonin improved performance in the follicular phase (n = 4 per group) to levels observed during the luteal phase and increased CBT but without concomitant changes in P4/E2. Conclusions Our results underscore the importance of considering menstrual phase when assessing cognitive performance during sleep loss in women and indicate that these changes are driven predominantly by CBT. Furthermore, this study shows that vulnerability to sleep loss during the follicular phase may be resolved by exposure to light.

scholarly journals Blood Glucose Levels at Two Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle: A Study on a Group of Bengali-speaking Hindu Ethnic Populations of West Bengal, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Saheli Dey ◽  
Doyel Dasgupta ◽  
Subho Roy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Sugar Levels

Aim: We aimed to find out the blood sugar levels at two different phases of menstrual cycle and the factors associated with the change in blood sugar level at these different phases. Material and methods: A total of 60 Bengali-speaking Hindu participants, who were married, aged between 30 and 45 years, have regular menstruation, and not diagnosed as diabetic, were selected for this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, menstrual, reproductive, and lifestyle variables. Height (cm), weight (kg), and blood glucose level (mg/dl) were measured at two intervals of time: (a) during menstrual phase (between the 1st and 4th day) and (b) during luteal phase (between 19th and 22nd day of the cycle) following standard protocol. Bivariate analyses showed that majority of participants have increased blood glucose level at luteal phase as compared to their menstrual phase. Results: Results reveal that although BMI did not differ significantly between menstrual and luteal phases, there was a positive correlation between changed BMI value and changed blood glucose level measured during menstrual and luteal phases. Multivariate analysis revealed that blood glucose level increased with the increase in BMI level between two phases of menstrual cycle.

scholarly journals Aromatase is differentially expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes from children, and adult female and male subjects

2006 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Vottero ◽  
V Rochira ◽  
M Capelletti ◽  
I Viani ◽  
L Zirilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Aromatase Gene ◽  
Aromatase Mrna ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Testosterone Administration

Objective: Aromatase, the key enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis, is expressed in a variety of cells and tissues including human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). The present study was designed to evaluate PBL aromatase gene expression in male and female subjects of different age groups. In addition, differences in gene expression during the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women, and before and after testosterone administration in men, were estimated. Design: Aromatase mRNA and protein were measured in PBLs obtained from young (n = 10) and postmenopausal women (n = 10), men (n = 15), and prepubertal children (n = 10). Aromatase mRNA and protein were also measured during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women, and before and after the intramuscular administration of 250 mg testosterone enanthate in men. Methods and Results: Aromatase mRNA measured by real-time PCR in PBLs from women during the follicular phase was significantly higher than during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). In men, PBL aromatase mRNA values increased significantly following testosterone administration (P < 0.05). PBL mRNA aromatase levels in women during the follicular phase and men after testosterone administration were significantly higher (one-way ANOVA; P < 0.05) than in any other group. Children, postmenopausal women, and women during the luteal phase showed the lowest aromatase mRNA expression. The results of the immunoblot analysis confirmed the data obtained by real-time PCR. A positive correlation between PBL aromatase mRNA values and plasma estradiol and estrone levels during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was observed in the group of adult women. No other correlations were found. Conclusions: The aromatase gene is differentially expressed in PBLs from women, men, and prepubertal children, indicating a sexual dimorphism in the enzyme expression and an important role of sex steroids in the modulation of aromatase gene expression.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Pengetahuan Remaja Putri tentang Premenstruasi Syndrom Sebelum dan Sesudah Diberikan Pembelajaran Menggunakan Media Gadget

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evin Noviana Sari
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
Before And After

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), which is a cycle disorder that is common in young and middle women, is characterized by consistent physical and emotional symptoms, occurring during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This study aims to determine differences in knowledge of young women about premenstrual syndrome before and after being given learning using media gadgets. This study uses an experimental method, which is a study by conducting experimental activities, which aims to find out the symptoms of the effects that arise, as a result of certain treatments with one group pretest-posttest only design.

scholarly journals Chorionic gonadotropin regulation of intracellular potassium levels in human blood immunocompetent cells, a role of phases of a menstrual cycle

2003 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
S. V. Shirshev ◽  
O. G. Lyalina
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Immunocompetent Cells ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Monocytes And Lymphocytes

The effect of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) on intracellular po­tassium ion( [K+]) levels in human blood immunocompetent cells was studied by taking into account the phases of a menstrual cy­cle. CG was used in doses of 10, 50, and 100 IU/ml. Plasma photometry was used to measure the level of [K+] ‘ in the frac­tionated peripheral monocytes and lymphocytes from males, as well as from females in the late follicular and luteal phases of a menstrual cycle. CG used in a dose of 100 IU/ml was found to lower flCf in the monocytes and lymphocytes of males and in a dose of 50 IU in the lymphocytes of females in the luteal phase of a menstrual cycle. The hormone used in large doses stabilized the level of [K+] in both types of cell of female in the follicular phase. It is concluded that CG can modulate the level of [K+] in human peripheral blood immunocompetent cells, and the direc­tionality of its effects depends on a type of hormone-accepting cells and it is determined by a menstrual phase.

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