Aggression predicts Cortisol Awakening Response in healthy young adults

Few studies have examined therelationship between the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and aggression inhealthy youth adults. This study analyzes this relationship in 83 women (38 inluteal phase and 45 in follicular phase of menstrual cycle) and 20 men.Salivary-free cortisol measures of the CAR were obtained immediately followingawakening and 30, 45, and 60 minutes afterwards. Additionally, participantscompleted a self-report of aggression. Men presented lower levels of CAR thanwomen in luteal phase. Men were also liable to present more physical aggressionthan women, independently of their menstrual phase. General aggression andspecifically verbal aggression are predictors of CAR in men. In women, verbalaggression predicts CAR during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle;whereas anger and physical aggression do so during the luteal phase. CAR may beused as a valid marker of proneness to aggression – but must be considered differentlydepending on gender and menstrual cycle of women. This study offers relevantinformation on the hormonal bases of aggression and so contributes to theliterature on alleviating problems related to violence.

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EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i2.1032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shehnaz Shaikh

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Sample Size ◽

Young Women ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Uterine Wall ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Granulose Cells ◽

Efficiency Test

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle. Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test. Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people. Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people. Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

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Menstrual Cycle and Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer: Findings From the NCCTG N9431 Study

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2008.21.3603 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (22) ◽

pp. 3620-3626 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Clive S. Grant ◽

James N. Ingle ◽

Vera J. Suman ◽

Daniel A. Dumesic ◽

D. Lawrence Wickerham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Adjuvant Radiation ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽

Hormone Levels ◽

Menstrual History

Purpose For nearly two decades, multiple retrospective reports, small prospective studies, and meta-analyses have arrived at conflicting results regarding the value of timing surgical intervention for breast cancer on the basis of menstrual cycle phase. We present the results of a multi–cooperative group, prospective, observational trial of menstrual cycle phase and outcome after breast cancer surgery, led by the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) in collaboration with the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) and the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Patients and Methods Premenopausal women age 18 to 55 years, who were interviewed for menstrual history and who were surgically treated for stages I to II breast cancer, had serum drawn within 1 day of surgery for estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone levels. Menstrual history and hormone levels were used to determine menstrual phase: luteal, follicular, and other. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were determined by Kaplan-Meier method and were compared by using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard modeling. Results Of 1,118 women initially enrolled, 834 women comprised the study cohort: 230 (28%) in luteal phase; 363 (44%) in follicular phase; and 241 grouped as other. During a median follow-up of 6.6 years, and in analysis that accounted for nodal disease, estrogen receptor status, adjuvant radiation therapy or chemotherapy, neither DFS nor OS differed with respect to menstrual phase. The 5-year DFS rates were 82.7%, 82.1%, and 79.2% for follicular, luteal, or other phases, respectively. Corresponding OS survival rates were 91.9%, 92.2%, and 91.8%, respectively. Conclusion When menstrual cycle phases were strictly defined, neither DFS nor OS differed between women who underwent surgery during the follicular phase versus the luteal phase. Nearly 30% of the patients did not meet criteria for either follicular- or luteal-phase categories.

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A - 22 Post-Concussive Changes in Menstrual Cycle Reporting: Comparing Self-Report Versus Blood Plasma Concentrations

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acab035.22 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 662-662

Author(s):

Ott S ◽

Gonzalez L ◽

Redell J ◽

Duran J ◽

Schatz P ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentration ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Female Adolescent ◽

Self Report ◽

Stimulating Hormone

Abstract Objective Few studies have addressed serum levels of hypothalamic hormones, as a consequence of sports-related concussion, in concussed, female adolescent athletes. Methods Female athletes, ages 14–18, were assigned to two study groups: 1) 18 diagnosed with a sports-related concussion (SRC) and evaluated within 7 days of injury, and 2) 18 healthy participants matched on age, education, and sport. Participants self-reported menstrual cycle status, with Days 1–15 of the menstrual cycle corresponding to the Follicular phase and days >15 to the Luteal phase. Blood samples were drawn for Plasma concentration measurement of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), prolactin, growth hormone (GH) and progesterone. Using progesterone plasma concentration, <=2 ng/mL corresponding to the Follicular phase and > 2 ng/mL corresponding to the Luteal phase. Results Across both groups, there was agreement between self-reported and progesterone plasma concentrations menstrual cycle Follicular (71.4%) or Luteal phase (52.9%) [X2(1) = 2.33, p = 0.13, phi = 0.25] in identifying menstrual cycle phases. Within the non-concussed controls, there was 90% agreement for Follicular phase and only 33.3% agreement for Luteal phase [X2(1) = 1.55, p = 0.30, phi = 0.29], and for the concussed athletes there was 54.5% agreement for Follicular phase and 75% agreement for Luteal phase [X2(1) = 1.66, p = 0.35, phi = 0.30] Conclusions We provide preliminary evidence of disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary-axis (HPA) following mTBI as there was a 90% agreement between self-reported follicular phase and follicular phase determined by Progesterone levels for non-concussed females as compared to 54% agreement between the same measures for concussed females.

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Menstrual phase-dependent differences in neurobehavioral performance: the role of temperature and the progesterone/estradiol ratio

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsz227 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Leilah K Grant ◽

Joshua J Gooley ◽

Melissa A St Hilaire ◽

Shantha M W Rajaratnam ◽

George C Brainard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Sleep Loss ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Nighttime Light

Abstract Study objectives Women in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle exhibit better cognitive performance overnight than women in the follicular phase, although the mechanism is unknown. Given the link between core body temperature (CBT) and performance, one potential mechanism is the thermoregulatory role of progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2), and their ratio (P4/E2), which change across the menstrual cycle. We examined the role of P4/E2 in modulating performance during extended wake in premenopausal women. Additionally, we compared the acute effects of nighttime light exposure on performance, CBT, and hormones between the menstrual phases. Methods Participants were studied during a 50 h constant routine and a 6.5 h monochromatic nighttime light exposure. Participants were 16 healthy, naturally cycling women (eight follicular; eight luteal). Outcome measures included reaction time, attentional failures, self-reported sleepiness, CBT, melatonin, P4, and E2. Results As compared to women in the luteal phase, women in the follicular phase exhibited worse performance overnight. CBT was significantly associated with performance, P4, and P4/E2 but not with other sex hormones. Sex hormones were not directly related to performance. Light exposure that suppressed melatonin improved performance in the follicular phase (n = 4 per group) to levels observed during the luteal phase and increased CBT but without concomitant changes in P4/E2. Conclusions Our results underscore the importance of considering menstrual phase when assessing cognitive performance during sleep loss in women and indicate that these changes are driven predominantly by CBT. Furthermore, this study shows that vulnerability to sleep loss during the follicular phase may be resolved by exposure to light.

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Chorionic gonadotropin regulation of intracellular potassium levels in human blood immunocompetent cells, a role of phases of a menstrual cycle

Problems of Endocrinology ◽

10.14341/probl11441 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 41-44

Author(s):

S. V. Shirshev ◽

O. G. Lyalina

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Human Blood ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Human Peripheral Blood ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Immunocompetent Cells ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Monocytes And Lymphocytes

The effect of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) on intracellular potassium ion( [K+]) levels in human blood immunocompetent cells was studied by taking into account the phases of a menstrual cycle. CG was used in doses of 10, 50, and 100 IU/ml. Plasma photometry was used to measure the level of [K+] ‘ in the fractionated peripheral monocytes and lymphocytes from males, as well as from females in the late follicular and luteal phases of a menstrual cycle. CG used in a dose of 100 IU/ml was found to lower flCf in the monocytes and lymphocytes of males and in a dose of 50 IU in the lymphocytes of females in the luteal phase of a menstrual cycle. The hormone used in large doses stabilized the level of [K+] in both types of cell of female in the follicular phase. It is concluded that CG can modulate the level of [K+] in human peripheral blood immunocompetent cells, and the directionality of its effects depends on a type of hormone-accepting cells and it is determined by a menstrual phase.

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Influence of Menstrual Cycle Estradiol-β-17 Fluctuations on Energy Substrate Utilization-Oxidation during Aerobic, Endurance Exercise

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18137209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 7209

Author(s):

Hannah N. Willett ◽

Kristen J. Koltun ◽

Anthony C. Hackney

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Athletic Performance ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Substrate Utilization ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Future Research ◽

Physically Active ◽

Energy Substrate ◽

Fat Utilization

This study examined the effect of estradiol-β-17 across the menstrual cycle (MC) during aerobic exercise on energy substrate utilization and oxidation. Thirty-two eumenorrheic (age = 22.4 ± 3.8 y (mean ± SD)), physically active women participated in two steady-state running sessions at 65% of VO2max, one during the early follicular and one during the luteal phase of the MC. Blood samples were collected at rest before each exercise session and analyzed for Estradiol-β-17 to confirm the MC phase. Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the luteal (utilization: 51.6 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 1.22 ± 0.56 g/min; effect size (ES) = 0.45, 0.27) than follicular phase (utilization: 58.2 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 1.38 ± 0.60 g/min) exercise sessions. Conversely, fat utilization and oxidation values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the luteal (utilization: 48.4 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 0.49 ± 0.19 g/min; ES = 0.45,0.28) than follicular phase (utilization: 41.8 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 0.41 ± 0.14 g/min). Estradiol-β-17 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the luteal (518.5 ± 285.4 pmol/L; ES = 0.75) than follicular phase (243.8 ± 143.2 pmol/L). Results suggest a greater use of fat and reduced amount of CHO usage during the luteal versus follicular phase, directly related to the change in resting estradiol-β-17. Future research should investigate the role these changes may play in female athletic performance.

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Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1160145 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 145-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Jocelyne Brun ◽

Bruno Claustrat ◽

Michel David

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Oral Contraceptives ◽

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

The Other ◽

Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

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Haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress during the menstrual cycle

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0810017 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Karin Manhem ◽

Christina Jern ◽

Martin Pilhall ◽

Guy Shanks ◽

Sverker Jern

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Psychosocial Stress ◽

Mental Stress ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Two Phases ◽

Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

1. The haemodynamic effects of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle were examined in 11 normotensive women (age 20–46 years). The subjects were studied on days 2–8 (follicular phase) and days 18–26 (luteal phase) in a randomized order. A standardized mental stress test and a 24 h recording of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were performed. 2. Pre-stress resting levels of heart rate and blood pressure were similar during the two phases of the menstrual cycle. 3. During mental stress, the heart rate response was significantly greater during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase (14.7 versus 9.7 beats/min; P < 0.05). 4. Blood pressure, plasma catecholamine concentrations and subjective stress experience increased significantly in response to stress, without any significant differences between the two phases. 5. During 24 h ambulatory monitoring, higher levels of systolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). 6. These data indicate that cyclic variations in female sex hormones not only affect systolic blood pressure and heart rate, but also alter the haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress.

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Analysis of the physical performance of women in different motor skills during the phases of the menstrual cycle

Revista dos Trabalhos de Iniciação Científica da UNICAMP ◽

10.20396/revpibic262018637 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Isadora Cristina Ribeiro ◽

Joao Paulo Borin

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Skill ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Performance Tests ◽

Several Variables ◽

The One

The training of a motor skill promotes physical performance and depends on several variables. For women, the menstrual cycle is the one to be highlighted. Studies have focused on the analysis motor skills during this period and emphasize hormonal issues with low attention to the physcal performance. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the physical performance in different motor skills during the phases of the menstrual cycle in two different cycles. During eight weeks, twelve women, divided into a trained and begginer group, underwent training for different motor skills, and at each stage of the menstrual cycle performed performance tests. The results suggest a higher strength of the lower limbs and a greater capacity of endurance in the Luteal phase in relation to the Follicular phase, but for the flexibility there were no significant differences, suggesting that there is no influence of the menstrual cycle on this motor skill.

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Injury Incidence Across the Menstrual Cycle in International Footballers

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living ◽

10.3389/fspor.2021.616999 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Dan Martin ◽

Kate Timmins ◽

Charlotte Cowie ◽

Jon Alty ◽

Ritan Mehta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Tendon Injuries ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Late Follicular Phase

Objectives: This study aimed to assess how menstrual cycle phase and extended menstrual cycle length influence the incidence of injuries in international footballers.Methods: Over a 4-year period, injuries from England international footballers at training camps or matches were recorded, alongside self-reported information on menstrual cycle characteristics at the point of injury. Injuries in eumenorrheic players were categorized into early follicular, late follicular, or luteal phase. Frequencies were also compared between injuries recorded during the typical cycle and those that occurred after the cycle would be expected to have finished. Injury incidence rates (per 1,000 person days) and injury incidence rate ratios were calculated for each phase for all injuries and injuries stratified by type.Results: One hundred fifty-six injuries from 113 players were eligible for analysis. Injury incidence rates per 1,000 person-days were 31.9 in the follicular, 46.8 in the late follicular, and 35.4 in the luteal phase, resulting in injury incidence rate ratios of 1.47 (Late follicular:Follicular), 1.11 (Luteal:Follicular), and 0.76 (Luteal:Late follicular). Injury incident rate ratios showed that muscle and tendon injury rates were 88% greater in the late follicular phase compared to the follicular phase, with muscle rupture/tear/strain/cramps and tendon injuries/ruptures occurring over twice as often during the late follicular phase compared to other phases 20% of injuries were reported as occurring when athletes were “overdue” menses.Conclusion: Muscle and tendon injuries occurred almost twice as often in the late follicular phase compared to the early follicular or luteal phase. Injury risk may be elevated in typically eumenorrheic women in the days after their next menstruation was expected to start.

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