scholarly journals Implicit Ambivalence: A Driving Force to Improve Relationship Problems

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110342
Author(s):  
Ruddy Faure ◽  
James K. McNulty ◽  
Andrea L. Meltzer ◽  
Francesca Righetti
Keyword(s):  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Marital Problems ◽  
Relationship Problems ◽  
Longitudinal Investigation

Implicit ambivalence involves holding strong positive and negative implicit evaluations toward the same object. This state is common in close relationships because even the most satisfying partnerships involve in conflicts and other frustrating experiences that can be explained away through effortful motivated reasoning yet remain in memory as mental representations involving the partner. In fact, it appears normative for implicit measures of partner attitudes to reveal implicit ambivalence. Despite being common, however, little is known about the consequences of implicit ambivalence. The present longitudinal investigation provides initial evidence that implicit ambivalence can motivate relationship improvements. Across two studies of newlywed couples ( N = 448 individuals), multilevel dyadic modeling revealed that higher implicit ambivalence was associated with higher motivation to make efforts to improve current marital problems, which predicted reduced marital-problems severity reported by the partner and increased marital satisfaction reported by both spouses 4 months later.

scholarly journals The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Pamela D. Waterman ◽  
Emry Breedlove ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Christian Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract Background To date, research assessing discrimination has employed primarily explicit measures (i.e., self-reports), which can be subject to intentional and social desirability processes. Only a few studies, focusing on sex and race/ethnicity discrimination, have relied on implicit measures (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT), which permit assessing mental representations that are outside of conscious control. This study aims to advance measurement of discrimination by extending the application of implicit measures to multiple types of discrimination and optimizing the time required for the administration of these instruments. Methods Between September 27th 2019 and February 9th 2020, we conducted six experiments (984 participants) to assess implicit and explicit discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. Implicit discrimination was measured by using the Brief-Implicit Association Test (B-IAT), a new validated version of the IAT developed to shorten the time needed (from ≈15 to ≈2 min) to assess implicit mental representations, while explicit discrimination was assessed using self-reported items. Results Among participants (mean age = 37.8), 68.6% were White Non-Hispanic; 69% were females; 76.1% were heterosexual; 90.7% were gender conforming; 52.8% were medium weight; and 41.5% had an advanced level of education. Overall, we found implicit and explicit recognition of discrimination towards all the target groups (stronger for members of the target than dominant groups). Some exceptions emerged in experiments investigating race/ethnicity and weight discrimination. In the racism experiment, only people of Color showed an implicit recognition of discrimination towards the target group, while White people were neutral. In the fatphobia experiment, participants who were not heavy showed a slight implicit recognition of discrimination towards the dominant group, while heavy participants were neutral. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the B-IAT is a valuable tool for quickly assessing multiple types of implicit discrimination. It shows also that implicit and explicit measures can display diverging results, thus indicating that research would benefit from the use of both these instruments. These results have important implications for the assessment of discrimination in health research as well as in social and psychological science.

Who shapes the self of independents and interdependents? Explicit and implicit measures of the self's relatedness to family, friends and partner

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 525-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Pöhlmann ◽  
Bettina Hannover
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
The Self ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Interdependent Self ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
Explicit Study

We suggest that social relationships shape the self in different ways, depending on whether persons define themselves as independent or interdependent. While the self of independents is most strongly associated with mental representations of others to whom they are related because of their own deliberate action (e.g. friends), the self of interdependents is most strongly connected with representations of others with whom they share allocated group memberships (e.g. family members). We took both explicit (Study 1) and implicit measures (Studies 2, 3 and 4) on how strongly independent and interdependent selves are associated with self‐chosen versus allocated close others. In Studies 3 and 4, we additionally primed the independent or interdependent self. Both explicit and implicit measures indicated that mental representations of family members were more strongly associated with the interdependent self than with the independent self, while romantic partners and friends were connected with both the independent and interdependent self. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Response latency in social psychological research

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Methodological Tool ◽  
Social Psychological Research

With the rise of social cognition, use of response latency as a dependent variable has become common in social psychological research. Response latency has been used by researchers to investigate processes that are not easily testable with other methodologies, such as self-report. Response latency’s usefulness as a methodological tool is notable due to its broad application in social psychology, from research on close relationships and attribution to investigations of the self and attitudes. This paper reviews the breadth of social psychological research that has used response latency to inform about mental representations, cognitive processes, and motivational tendencies.

scholarly journals Bimbingan dan Konseling Islami dan Problem Mayarakat

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadzmi Akbar, S.Pd., M.Pd.I
Keyword(s):  
Social Problems ◽  
Guidance And Counseling ◽  
Relationship With God ◽  
Marital Problems ◽  
Relationship Problems ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Physical Problems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Problem

Broadly speaking, the human problem consists of problems associated with itself, problems relating to others, problems related to the environment and the problem of the relationship with God. The inability of humans to adapt to the components mentioned above, causes people in trouble. Islamic Guidance is the process of providing assistance from a mentor (counselor / helper) to a client / helpee. In the implementation of the aid, a mentor / helper should not be overbearing or require client / helpee to follow what he suggested, but merely provide direction, guidance and assistance, and the assistance provided was more focused to help yag relating to psychiatric / mental and not relating to material or financial directly. Problems that occur in society in general are: personal problems, social problems, family problems, marital problems, problems of education, health and physical problems, problems of employment and careers, economic problems, problems of religion, relationship problems young couple. Guidance and counseling is an attempt to avoid and alleviate problems in the community. Guidance and counseling have a function that is a function of prevention, alleviation, understanding, preservation and distribution, and advocacy.

The Paradox of Love in Adolescent Romantic Relationships

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thao Ha ◽  
Hanjoe Kim
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Romantic Partners ◽  
Hazard Models ◽  
Adolescent Romantic Relationships ◽  
Relationship Problems ◽  
Adolescent Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Males And Females

We investigate whether the amplification of positive affect during conflict discussions or “up regulation” between adolescent romantic partners functions to prevent or terminate interpersonal conflict. Unfortunately, this up regulation strategy may also result in unresolved relationship problems, and ultimately increase adolescent depressive symptoms. The concept of coercion is reviewed as it applies to conflict resolution and avoidance in a sample of 80 adolescent romantic relationships. Results from multilevel hazard models showed that longer durations of observed upregulation states predicted increases in depressive symptoms in both males and females over the course of 2 years. In addition, female depression predicted slower exits from coercive states, which in turn predicted higher levels of males’ depressive symptoms. Implications of these findings are discussed, as well as the possibility that positive affect can be negatively reinforced when it functions to avoid conflict in recently formed close relationships.

ASSESSMENT OF MARITAL COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF TWO SCALES

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
SIU-KAU CHEUNG
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Marital Communication ◽  
Satisfaction Scale ◽  
Marital Problems ◽  
Psychometric Data ◽  
Communication Scale

Preliminary psychometric data are presented for two Chinese self-report scales that assess marital communication and conflict resolution. These scales were based on English versions of the scales but adapted to fit the local cultural context. Results showed that the 11-item Marital Communication Scale and the 8-item Chinese Ineffective Arguing Scale produced scores that were internally consistent. Their correlations with the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale were high and significant. There was moderate evidence to support that the scales distinguished between respondents with and without marital problems. 本文报导关於两个婚姻关系量表的发展过程和检订结果。量表之一名为「婚姻沟通量表」，它的内容主要取材于西方有关的量表。在检订前，研究员已按本地文化修订其项目，亦就其原内容不足之处增添了两条题目。第二个量表名为「无效的争辩方式」量表，它有八条题目，亦是按有关的西方量表经修订后采用的。检订结果显示，婚姻沟通量表在删除一条题目后，有颇高的内在一致性信度，而无效的争辩方式量表中八题的分数亦有很高的内在一致性。两个量表的分数和肯萨斯州婚姻满意程度量表有很高的相关，量表的分数亦有助区分带有婚姻问题者和没带婚姻问题者。这些结果都为量表的信度和效度，提供初步的支持。

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