scholarly journals Exercise training intensity determination in cardiovascular rehabilitation: Should the guidelines be reconsidered?

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 1921-1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Hansen ◽  
Kim Bonné ◽  
Toon Alders ◽  
Ann Hermans ◽  
Katrien Copermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Cardiovascular Rehabilitation ◽  
Correct Determination ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

Aims In the rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease patients a correct determination of the endurance-type exercise intensity is important to generate health benefits and preserve medical safety. It remains to be assessed whether the guideline-based exercise intensity domains are internally consistent and agree with physiological responses to exercise in cardiovascular disease patients. Methods A total of 272 cardiovascular disease patients without pacemaker executed a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on bike (peak respiratory gas exchange ratio >1.09), to assess peak heart rate (HRpeak), oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and cycling power output (Wpeak). The first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2, respectively) was determined and extrapolated to %VO2peak, %HRpeak, %heart rate reserve (%HRR) and %Wpeak for comparison with guideline-based exercise intensity domains. Results VT1 was noted at 62 ± 10% VO2peak, 75 ± 10% HRpeak, 42 ± 14% HRR and 47 ± 11% Wpeak, corresponding to the high intensity exercise domain (for %VO2peak and %HRpeak) or low intensity exercise domain (for %Wpeak and %HRR). VT2 was noted at 84 ± 9% VO2peak, 88 ± 8% HRpeak, 74 ± 15% HRR and 76 ± 11% Wpeak, corresponding to the high intensity exercise domain (for %HRR and %Wpeak) or very hard exercise domain (for %HRpeak and %VO2peak). At best (when using %Wpeak) in only 63% and 72% of all patients VT1 and VT2, respectively, corresponded to the same guideline-based exercise intensity domain, but this dropped to about 48% and 52% at worst (when using %HRR and %HRpeak, respectively). In particular, the patient’s VO2peak related to differently elicited guideline-based exercise intensity domains ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The guideline-based exercise intensity domains for cardiovascular disease patients seem inconsistent, thus reiterating the need for adjustment.

Low-intensity exercise training decreases cardiac output and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (6) ◽  
pp. H2627-H2631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Acácio Salvador Véras-Silva ◽  
Katt Coelho Mattos ◽  
Nilo Sérgio Gava ◽  
Patricia Chakur Brum ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Negrão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

The decrease in cardiac sympathetic tone and heart rate after low-intensity exercise training may have hemodynamic consequences in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The effects of exercise training of low and high intensity on resting blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were studied in sedentary ( n = 17), low- ( n = 17), and high-intensity exercise-trained ( n = 17) SHR. Exercise training was performed on a treadmill for 60 min, 5 times per week for 18 weeks, at 55% or 85% maximum oxygen uptake. Blood pressure was evaluated by a cannula inserted into the carotid artery, and cardiac output was evaluated by a microprobe placed around the ascending aorta. Low-intensity exercise-trained rats had a significantly lower mean blood pressure than sedentary and high-intensity exercise-trained rats (160 ± 4 vs. 175 ± 3 and 173 ± 2 mmHg, respectively). Cardiac index (20 ± 1 vs. 24 ± 1 and 24 ± 1 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ 100 g−1, respectively) and heart rate (332 ± 6 vs. 372 ± 14 and 345 ± 9 beats/min, respectively) were significantly lower in low-intensity exercise-trained rats than in sedentary and high-intensity exercise-trained rats. No significant difference was observed in stroke volume index and total peripheral resistance index in all groups studied. In conclusion, low-intensity, but not high-intensity, exercise training decreases heart rate and cardiac output and, consequently, attenuates hypertension in SHR.

scholarly journals Exercise Intensity and Technical Involvement in U9 Team Handball: Effect of Game Format

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5663
Author(s):  
Georgios Ermidis ◽  
Rasmus C. Ellegard ◽  
Vincenzo Rago ◽  
Morten B. Randers ◽  
Peter Krustrup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Team Handball ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Game Format

The purpose of this study was to quantify the exercise intensity and technical involvement of U9 boys’ and girls’ team handball during different game formats, and the differences between genders. Locomotor activity (total distance, distance in speed zones, accelerations, and decelerations), heart rate (HR), and technical involvement (shots, goals, and duels) metrics were collected during various 15 min game formats from a total of 57 Danish U9 players (37 boys and 20 girls). Game formats were a small size pitch (20 × 13 m) with 3 vs 3 players and offensive goalkeepers (S3 + 1) and 4 vs 4 players (S4), a medium size pitch (25.8 × 20 m) with 4 vs 4 (M4) and 5 vs 5 (M5) players, and a large size pitch (40 × 20 m) with 5 vs 5 (L5) players. Boys and girls covered a higher total distance (TD) of high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting during L5 games compared to all other game formats (p < 0.05; ES = (−0.9 to −2.1), (−1.4 to −2.8), and (−0.9 to −1.3) respectively). Players covered the highest amount of sprinting distance in L5 games compared to all other game formats (p < 0.01; ES = 0.8 to 1.4). In all the game formats, players spent from 3.04 to 5.96 min in 180–200 bpm and 0.03 min to 0.85 min in >200 bpm of the total 15 min. In addition, both genders had more shots in S3 + 1 than M5 (p < 0.01; ES = 1.0 (0.4;1.7)) and L5 (p < 0.01; ES = 1.1 (0.6;2.2)). Team handball matches have high heart rates, total distances covered, and high-intensity running distances for U9 boys and girls irrespective of the game format. Locomotor demands appeared to be even higher when playing on larger pitches, whereas the smaller pitch size and fewer players led to elevated technical involvement.

Noninvasive ventilation can modulate heart rate variability during high-intensity exercise in COPD-CHF patients

Heart & Lung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-614
Author(s):  
Giovana Salgado Baffa ◽  
Cássia da Luz Goulart ◽  
Flávia Rossi Caruso ◽  
Adriana S. Garcia de Araújo ◽  
Polliana Batista dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Noninvasive Ventilation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise

Phenylephrine decreases frontal lobe oxygenation at rest but not during moderately intense exercise

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1472-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Brassard ◽  
Thomas Seifert ◽  
Mads Wissenberg ◽  
Peter M. Jensen ◽  
Christian K. Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

Whether sympathetic activity influences cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygenation remains controversial. The influence of sympathetic activity on CBF and oxygenation was evaluated by the effect of phenylephrine on middle cerebral artery (MCA) mean flow velocity ( Vmean) and the near-infrared spectroscopy-derived frontal lobe oxygenation (ScO2) at rest and during exercise. At rest, nine healthy male subjects received bolus injections of phenylephrine (0.1, 0.25, and 0.4 mg), and changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), MCA Vmean, internal jugular venous O2 saturation (SjvO2), ScO2, and arterial Pco2 (PaCO2) were measured and the cerebral metabolic rate for O2 (CMRO2) was calculated. In randomized order, a bolus of saline or 0.3 mg of phenylephrine was then injected during semisupine cycling, eliciting a low (∼110 beats/min) or a high (∼150 beats/min) heart rate. At rest, MAP and MCA Vmean increased ∼20% ( P < 0.001) and ∼10% ( P < 0.001 for 0.25 mg of phenylephrine and P < 0.05 for 0.4 mg of phenylephrine), respectively. ScO2 then decreased ∼7% ( P < 0.001). Phenylephrine had no effect on SjvO2, PaCO2, or CMRO2. MAP increased after the administration of phenylephrine during low-intensity exercise (∼15%), but this was attenuated (∼10%) during high-intensity exercise ( P < 0.001). The reduction in ScO2 after administration of phenylephrine was attenuated during low-intensity exercise (−5%, P < 0.001) and abolished during high-intensity exercise (−3%, P = not significant), where PaCO2 decreased 7% ( P < 0.05) and CMRO2 increased 17% ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that the administration of phenylephrine reduced ScO2 but that the increased cerebral metabolism needed for moderately intense exercise eliminated that effect.

Impact of a combined diet and progressive exercise intervention for overweight and obese children: the B.E. H.I.P. study

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia K. Doyle-Baker ◽  
Allison A. Venner ◽  
Martha E. Lyon ◽  
Tak Fung
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Intervention Programme ◽  
Progressive Exercise ◽  
Exercise Class ◽  
Health Intervention Programme

The Biochemical Evaluation of a Health Intervention Programme (B.E. H.I.P.) investigated the impact of progressive exercise intensity in overweight and obese children. A 5-month prospective randomized crossover design (XA, immediate intervention; OB, control group; XB, delayed intervention, OA, postintervention follow-up) with a 10-week health intervention programme was employed. The intervention utilized a progressive increase in high-intensity exercise (≥75% maximum heart rate) and included 3 nutrition and 2 parent education sessions. Primary analysis was completed with (i) XA versus OB and (ii) all intervention participants (collapsed XA and XB = XAXB). Prepubertal overweight and obese male and female children (n = 27) between 5 and 10 years of age were randomly allocated to XA (n = 16; 11 females; waist circumference = 80.0 ± 10.6 cm) or OB (n = 11; 3 females; waist circumference = 76.6 ± 7.5 cm). The primary variables were heart rate and percent fat mass. All variables, including body composition, habitual activity, and serum lipids, were repeatedly measured for up to a maximum of 7 time points. Energy expenditure was quantitatively measured throughout each exercise class (n = 20). A significantly longer time in the exercise sessions was spent in high-intensity (35.1%–60.0%) versus low- to moderate-intensity (64.9%–40.0%) exercise as the intervention progressed from the first to the last attended exercise class (Fisher exact test, p < 0.0001). The percent fat mass decreased in all intervention participants (–2.2%, p < 0.0001). XA had a greater slope decrease than OB for percent fat mass (p = 0.00051) and triglycerides (p = 0.0467). In conclusion, high-intensity exercise, within a comprehensive health programme that includes nutrition education, improved the lipid and physiological health profiles of obese children.

scholarly journals Psychological distress and its associated risk factors among university students

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-418
Author(s):  
Tingting Li ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Mingming Chen ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Lianping He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
University Students ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Education Level ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Psychological distress is an important mental health problem among university students. The goal of this study was to determine psychological distress and its associated risk factors among students in the Anhui province. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 1304 students. In this study, a self-administered questionnaire consisting of the general demography and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was completed. Psychological distress was assessed using the GHQ-12-item questionnaire. A dichotomous category split was imposed on the GHQ-12 for the purpose of analysis. A GHQ-12 score of 4 or higher indicated psychological distress. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0 system. RESULTS A total of 1304 samples were analyzed in this study. The results indicated that the education level of the father and mother was associated with the students’ psychological distress (P<0.001). A significant association was found between high-intensity exercise and low-intensity exercise and psychological distress. However, no significant difference was identified between gender and psychological distress (P=0.173). CONCLUSION The education level of parents, high-intensity exercise, and low-intensity exercise were associated with psychological distress. Our results suggest that it is indispensable to raise awareness of psychological disorders and its associated risk factors among university students. Further studies are required to develop appropriate interventions for high-risk groups.

scholarly journals Defining the contribution of skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase α1 to exercise performance and insulin action

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. E1034-E1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Svensson ◽  
Jessica R. Dent ◽  
Shahriar Tahvilian ◽  
Vitor F. Martins ◽  
Abha Sathe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Muscle Contractile

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and is an important control point for carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation. However, the importance of the PDC and CHO oxidation to muscle metabolism and exercise performance, particularly during prolonged or high-intensity exercise, has not been fully defined especially in mature skeletal muscle. To this end, we determined whether skeletal muscle-specific loss of pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 ( Pdha1), which is a critical subunit of the PDC, impacts resting energy metabolism, exercise performance, or metabolic adaptation to high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. For this, we generated a tamoxifen (TMX)-inducible Pdha1 knockout (PDHmKO) mouse, in which PDC activity is temporally and specifically ablated in adult skeletal muscle. We assessed energy expenditure, ex vivo muscle contractile performance, and endurance exercise capacity in PDHmKO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Additionally, we studied glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in muscle after 12 wk of HFD feeding. TMX administration largely ablated PDHα in skeletal muscle of adult PDHmKO mice but did not impact energy expenditure, muscle contractile function, or low-intensity exercise performance. Additionally, there were no differences in muscle insulin sensitivity or body composition in PDHmKO mice fed a control or HFD, as compared with WT mice. However, exercise capacity during high-intensity exercise was severely impaired in PDHmKO mice, in parallel with a large increase in plasma lactate concentration. In conclusion, although skeletal muscle PDC is not a major contributor to resting energy expenditure or long-duration, low-intensity exercise performance, it is necessary for optimal performance during high-intensity exercise.

Plasma free and sulfoconjugated catecholamine responses to varying exercise intensity

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 654-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Sothmann ◽  
A. B. Gustafson ◽  
M. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Circulating Levels

Plasma free catecholamines rise during exercise, but sulfoconjugated catecholamines reportedly fall. This study examined the relationship between exercise intensity and circulating levels of sulfoconjugated norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Seven exercise-trained men biked at approximately 30, 60, and 90% of their individual maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) for 8 min. The 90% VO2max period resulted in significantly increased plasma free norepinephrine (rest, 219 +/- 85; exercise, 2,738 +/- 1,149 pg/ml; P less than or equal to 0.01) and epinephrine (rest, 49 +/- 49; exercise, 555 +/- 516 pg/ml; P less than or equal to 0.05). These changes were accompanied by consistent increases in sulfoconjugated norepinephrine at both the 60% (rest, 852 +/- 292; exercise, 1,431 +/- 639; P less than or equal to 0.05) and 90% (rest, 859 +/- 311; exercise, 2,223 +/- 1,015; P less than or equal to 0.05) VO2max periods. Plasma sulfoconjugated epinephrine and dopamine displayed erratic changes at the three exercise intensities. These findings suggest that sulfoconjugated norepinephrine rises during high-intensity exercise.

Effect of Exercise Intensity on Exogenous Glucose Requirements to Maintain Stable Glycemia At High Insulin Levels in Type 1 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. e83-e93
Author(s):  
Vinutha B Shetty ◽  
Paul A Fournier ◽  
Nirubasini Paramalingam ◽  
Wayne Soon ◽  
Heather C Roby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
High Insulin

Abstract Context Under basal insulin levels, there is an inverted U relationship between exercise intensity and exogenous glucose requirements to maintain stable blood glucose levels in type 1 diabetes (T1D), with no glucose required for intense exercise (80% V̇O2 peak), implying that high-intensity exercise is not conducive to hypoglycemia. Objective This work aimed to test the hypothesis that a similar inverted U relationship exists under hyperinsulinemic conditions, with high-intensity aerobic exercise not being conducive to hypoglycemia. Methods Nine young adults with T1D (mean ± SD age, 22.6 ± 4.7 years; glycated hemoglobin, 61 ± 14 mmol/mol; body mass index, 24.0 ± 3.3 kg/m2, V̇O2 peak, 36.6 ± 8.0 mL·kg–1 min–1) underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to maintain stable glycemia (5-6 mmol·L−1), and exercised for 40 minutes at 4 intensities (35%, 50%, 65%, and 80% V̇O2peak) on separate days following a randomized counterbalanced study design. Main Outcome Measures Glucose infusion rates (GIR) and glucoregulatory hormones levels were measured. Results The GIR (± SEM) to maintain euglycemia was 4.4 ± 0.4 mg·kg–1 min–1 prior to exercise, and increased significantly by 1.8 ± 0.4, 3.0 ± 0.4, 4.2 ± 0.7, and 3.5 ± 0.7 mg·kg–1 min–1 during exercise at 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80% V̇O2 peak, respectively, with no significant differences between the 2 highest exercise intensities (P &gt; .05), despite differences in catecholamine levels (P &lt; .05). During the 2-hour period after exercise at 65% and 80% V̇O2 peak, GIRs did not differ from those during exercise (P &gt; .05). Conclusions Under hyperinsulinemic conditions, the exogenous glucose requirements to maintain stable glycemia during and after exercise increase with exercise intensity then plateau with exercise performed at above moderate intensity ( &gt; 65% V̇O2 peak). High-intensity exercise confers no protection against hypoglycemia.

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