scholarly journals Labor market integration of non-Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2011: Structure of global market or White privilege?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Tong ◽  
Wenyang Su ◽  
Eric Fong
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
White Privilege ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The North ◽  
Dominant Society

Previous studies of Hong Kong immigrants have largely focused on those Chinese from the mainland, and less attention has been paid to non-Chinese immigrants. As exceptions to this, a few studies have focused on the channels of non-Chinese immigrants to Hong Kong, but less research has examined their labor market outcomes. This is partly because theories about immigrants in Asia’s global city are underdeveloped, and the traditional labor market assimilation theory based on the North American and European experience may not easily translate to the case of global cities in Asia. In this research, we examine the employment status, occupational rank, and earnings outcomes of Chinese and non-Chinese immigrants from the perspectives of global economic structure and White privilege. Using 5% Hong Kong census/by-census data from 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011, we draw two major conclusions. First, in the Hong Kong labor market, immigrants from more developed countries enjoy a labor market advantage, which demonstrates the advantages of core-nation origin. In contrast, their counterparts from peripheral nations are penalized. The labor market gap between immigrants from core nations and peripheral nations grew at the turn of the 21st century but narrowed in 2006. Second, White immigrants are privileged in the Hong Kong labor market, showing that White privilege has been transmitted to a non-White-dominant society.

scholarly journals WORLD TRENDS AND UKRAINIAN REALITIES OF THE STARTUP MARKET

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Perminova
Keyword(s):  
Private Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
The North ◽  
National Market ◽  
State Initiatives ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Investment Agreements

The article analyzes the trends of the global market of startups as an important factor in economic growth. The reasons for the leadership of the North American, European and Asian startup markets are outlined.Emphasis is placed on the most attractive areas of investment and technology, which according to expert estimates in the near future will be actively developed and bring significant profits, as well as have an impact on global processes of transformation of life and activities. Priority domestic industries are outlined: IT, which is constantly growing and in recent years brings significant profits, attracting the attention of the world's largest companies from the United States, Europe and Canada; agro-sphere, which, provided the involvement of startup projects has every chance to compete with developed countries in terms of productivity, complexity of approach and speed of development. The source of development of the domestic market of startups has been identified, which was the expansion and strengthening of the investment attractiveness of Ukrainian developments, which led to an increase in venture and private investment, which reached more than half a billion dollars. An analysis of the national market of startups, which shows recovery, especially in the technology sector due to the conclusion of a significant number of investment agreements, the interest of world leaders opening R&D centers, offices and domestic companies and foundations in Ukraine that actively support Ukrainian startups by investing millions of dollars. Based on the study of world experience in supporting innovative projects, the reasons that hinder the development of both domestic startups and priority industries for the country are outlined. The state initiatives on: launching the Startup Fund, which provides assistance to domestic entrepreneurs-innovators in the form of grants as a result of competitive selection; launch of the 360 Tech Ecosystem Overview platform by the Ministry of Digital Transformation to search for business information about IT companies, startups, investors and the entire technological ecosystem of Ukraine; development of draft laws for the development of the Ukrainian IT sector. Stimulating mechanisms have been identified that successfully work in the orientation of the economy to innovative development.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC ON THE FORMS AND STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
JOSEPH ARCHVADZE
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Double Digit

The coronavirus pandemic almost immediately led to a global narrowing of the global economy, a sharp reduction in aggregate supply and demand. The decline in production was especially felt in the second quarter of 2020, when the recession in most countries of the world had a double-digit value. According to IMF forecasts, in general, the economy in developed countries, even in 2021, will not reach the level of 2019. The global economic downturn is accompanied by a massive reduction in jobs, rising unemployment, especially in industries that are focused on foreign markets and serving foreign consumers (export production, reception and service of foreign tourists, international transportation, etc.). The economic crisis caused by the coronavirus also hit global economic and technological ties, led to their widespread fail in many geographical points of the planet, and increased the risk of fragmentation and regionalization of the global market. All this was adequately reflected in change of global demand for labor, in a significant transformation of the structure, size and location of employment, and the state of the labor market as a whole. At the same time, the global crisis did not equally affect the level of employment in different types of activity, the formation of demand for labor, the labor market as a whole; the structure of jobs and employment in individual professions, instead of a proportional change, was uneven - mainly in an asymmetric form.

scholarly journals Self-Employment Among Chinese Immigrants in New Zealand

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsie Ho ◽  
Richard Bedford ◽  
Joanne Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Barriers To Employment ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Force Data

This paper examines the self-employment patterns of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand, using labour force data provided in the 1996 Census of Population and Dwellings and survey data from interviews in New Zealand and Hong Kong. As expected, the census data show that the propensities to enter self-employment increase with age and length of residence in New Zealand. Amongst the Chinese immigrants who came to New Zealand after 1986, the pursuit of self-employment is unlikely to be confined to immigrants approved under the business immigration schemes. Structural barriers to employment, such as non-recognition of overseas qualifications and experiences, can also drive many contemporary Chinese immigrants into self-employment. The second part of the paper reflects on the business experiences of recent Chinese migrants in New Zealand, drawing on research carried out on the migration of entrepreneurs to New Zealand from Hong Kong during the 1990's. We conclude our paper by discussing some of the implications of the Government's recent business immigration policy changes. We emphasize the need for a post-settlement policy and other initiatives that will ensure that immigrants are able to maximize their opportunities to contribute effectively to New Zealand's economy and society.

Unemployment Patterns of Local-Born and Migrant Youth in a Postcolonial Society: A Double Cohort Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 688 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumiko Shibuya ◽  
Hua Guo ◽  
Eric Fong
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Labor Market Participation ◽  
Migration Literature ◽  
Migrant Youth ◽  
British Colony ◽  
And Migration

In this study, we use postcolonial and migration literature to discuss the differences in the labor market participation of the local-born and migrant youth populations in Hong Kong. Hong Kong was a British colony until it was returned to China in 1997. Drawing on the 1996, 2006, and 2016 Hong Kong Census data, we use the “double cohort” method to compare how the birth and migration cohorts are related to the patterns of unemployment in Hong Kong. We find that the birth and migration cohorts are independently related to the unemployment rate, that they strongly interact with the likelihood of youth unemployment, and that migrant youths have benefited from the postcolonial environment and have lower rates of unemployment. Specifically, those who are younger and who arrived in Hong Kong after 1997 are less likely to be unemployed than those who are older and resided in Hong Kong before 1997.

WTO SUCCESSOR TO GATT

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-187
Author(s):  
Arif Sultan
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

Within a short span of time a number of economic blocs have emergedon the world horizon. In this race, all countriedeveloped, developingand underdeveloped-are included. Members of the North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAITA) and the European Economic Community(EEC) are primarily of the developed countries, while the EconomicCooperation Organization (ECO) and the Association of South EastAsian Nations (ASEAN) are of the developing and underdevelopedAsian countries.The developed countries are scrambling to create hegemonies throughthe General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT). In these circumstances,economic cooperation among Muslim countries should be onthe top of their agenda.Muslim countries today constitute about one-third of the membershipof the United Nations. There are around 56 independentMuslim states with a population of around 800 million coveringabout 20 percent of the land area of the world. Stretchingbetween Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, the Muslim Worldstraddles from North Africa to Indonesia, in two major Islamicblocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africa to Indonesia,in two major blocs, they are concentrated in the heart of Africaand Asia and a smaller group in South and Southeast Asia.'GATT is a multilateral agreement on tariffs and trade establishing thecode of rules, regulations, and modalities regulating and operating internationaltrade. It also serves as a forum for discussions and negotiations ...

scholarly journals Monitoring Urban Sprawl Using Time-Series Data: Famagusta Region of Northern Cyprus

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110074
Author(s):  
Kamyar Fuladlu ◽  
Müge Riza ◽  
Mustafa Ilkan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Great Success ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Northern Cyprus

Monitoring urban sprawl is a controversial topic among scholars. Many studies have tried to employ various methods for monitoring urban sprawl in cases of North American and Northern and Western European cities. Although numerous methods have been applied with great success in various developed countries, they are predominantly impractical for cases of developing Mediterranean European cities that lack reliable census data. Besides, the complexity of the methods made them difficult to perform in underfunded situations. Therefore, this study aims to develop a new multidimensional method that researchers and planners can apply readily in developing Mediterranean European cities. The new method was tested in the Famagusta region of Northern Cyprus, which has been experiencing unplanned growth for the past half-century. In support of this proposal, a detailed review of the existing literature is presented with an emphasis on urban sprawl characteristics. Four characteristics were chosen to monitor urban sprawl’s development in the Famagusta region. The method was structured based on a time-series (2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016) dataset that used remote sensing data and geographical information systems to monitor the urban sprawl. Based on the findings, the Famagusta region experienced rapid growth during the last 15 years. The lack of a masterplan resulted in the uncontrolled expansion of the city in the exurban areas. The development configuration was polycentric and linear in form with single-use composition. Together, the expansion and configuration manifested as more built-up area, scattered development, and increased automobile dependency.

Through the Lens of Recession 2.0: Diversification Dynamics Between the Leading Asian Stock Markets

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226292098395
Author(s):  
Manu K. S. ◽  
Surekha Nayak ◽  
Rameesha Kalra
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Stock Market Integration ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Causality Tests

The focus of this article is to analyse the inter-linkages between eight leading stock markets in Asian continent from the period of July 2011 to February 2018. This period holds relevance as this was the time when Recession 2.0 set in, which adversely affected the developed economies; however, the developing economies withstood the crisis without much of an impact. Co-integration and Granger causality tests were conducted to probe the inter-linkages. Study revealed a positive impact on Asian stock market indices collectively on each of the indexes. The highest number of unidirectional causalities was to KOPSI and NIFTY from rest of the stock indices. Results confirmed that no co-integration relationship existed among the selected indices indicating favourable diversification opportunities. Thus, the study fosters global market participants and policymakers to consider the nitty-gritties of stock market integration so as to benefit from international stock market diversification in the Asian region.

scholarly journals Globalization Impact on Multinational Enterprises

World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-230
Author(s):  
Justine Kyove ◽  
Katerina Streltsova ◽  
Ufuoma Odibo ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Excellent Starting Point ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020. A scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies were categorized and conclusions were drawn regarding the influence and performance (i.e., positive or negative effects) of globalization. Developed countries show more saturated markets than developing countries that favor developing country multinational enterprises to rely heavily on foreign sales for revenue growth. Developed country multinationals are likely to use more advanced factors of production to create revenue, whereas developing country multinationals are more likely to use less advanced forms. A number of common trends and issues showed corporate social responsibility, emerging markets, political issues, and economic matters as key to global market production. Recommendations signal a strong need for more research that addresses contributive effects in the different economies, starting with the emerging to the developed. Limitations of data availability and inconsistency posed a challenge for this review, yet the use of operationalization, techniques, and analyses from the business literature enabled this study to be an excellent starting point for additional work in the field.

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