Polio Supplementary Immunization Activities During COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience from Penampang District, Sabah, Malaysia

Background: Polio Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) were carried out in the State of Sabah in response to the Vaccine Derived Poliovirus outbreak declared in December 2019. Prior to this, Malaysia had been polio-free over the past 27 years. This paper reported on the successful implementation of SIAs in the district of Penampang, Sabah, adapting (vaccine administration) to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A series of meticulous planning, healthcare staff training, advocacy, and community engagement activities were conducted by the Penampang District Health Office. Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (bOPV) and monovalent Oral Polio Vaccine were administered over the period of 1 year via these methods: house to house, drive-through, static, and mobile posts. The targeted group was 22 096 children aged 13 years and below. Results: Polio SIAs in Penampang managed to achieve more than 90% coverage for both bOPV and mOPV. The overall vaccine wastage was reported to be 1.63%. No major adverse reaction was reported. Conclusion: High vaccine uptake during Polio SIAs in Penampang was attributed to good inter-agency collaboration, community engagement, intensified health promotion activities, and drive-through vaccination campaign.

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Post-vaccination campaign coverage evaluation of oral cholera vaccine, oral polio vaccine and measles–rubella vaccine among Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals in Bangladesh

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics ◽

10.1080/21645515.2019.1616502 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 2882-2886

Author(s):

Ashraful Islam Khan ◽

Md. Taufiqul Islam ◽

Shah Alam Siddique ◽

Shakil Ahmed ◽

Nurnabi Sheikh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Cholera Vaccine ◽

Rubella Vaccine ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Campaign Coverage ◽

Oral Cholera Vaccine

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Protecting investments in polio eradication: the past, present and future of surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268804002638 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 132 (5) ◽

pp. 779-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. L. HEYMANN ◽

E. M. DE GOURVILLE ◽

R. B. AYLWARD

Keyword(s):

Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Policy Decision ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Global Policy ◽

Wild Poliovirus ◽

The Road ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

The Past ◽

Consultation Group

In September 2003 a WHO consultation group on vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) concluded that in order to prevent future generations of paralytic polio after interruption of transmission of wild poliovirus, the use of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) must be stopped [1]. Another important global policy decision along the road to polio eradication thus became possible – cessation of OPV use at some time after eradication. The question now is not whether OPV must be stopped, but rather when.

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Clustered lot quality assurance sampling: a tool to monitor immunization coverage rapidly during a national yellow fever and polio vaccination campaign in Cameroon, May 2009

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268811000331 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (1) ◽

pp. 14-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L. PEZZOLI ◽

R. TCHIO ◽

A. D. DZOSSA ◽

S. NDJOMO ◽

A. TAKEU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Assurance ◽

Yellow Fever ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Vaccination Strategy ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccination ◽

Lot Quality Assurance Sampling ◽

Low Coverage

SUMMARYWe used the clustered lot quality assurance sampling (clustered-LQAS) technique to identify districts with low immunization coverage and guide mop-up actions during the last 4 days of a combined oral polio vaccine (OPV) and yellow fever (YF) vaccination campaign conducted in Cameroon in May 2009. We monitored 17 pre-selected districts at risk for low coverage. We designed LQAS plans to reject districts with YF vaccination coverage <90% and with OPV coverage <95%. In each lot the sample size was 50 (five clusters of 10) with decision values of 3 for assessing OPV and 7 for YF coverage. We ‘rejected’ 10 districts for low YF coverage and 14 for low OPV coverage. Hence we recommended a 2-day extension of the campaign. Clustered-LQAS proved to be useful in guiding the campaign vaccination strategy before the completion of the operations.

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Moving from oral poliovirus vaccine to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: The rationale and challenges

Bangladesh Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjm.v31i1.44749 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazi Zulfiquer Mamun ◽

Nabeela Mahboob ◽

Kazi Taib Mamun ◽

Hasina Iqbal

Keyword(s):

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Sole Source ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

The Past ◽

Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) has served as the cornerstone of polio eradication efforts over the past 30 years, trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) has re-ascended to prominence in the past year, now acting as the sole source of protective immunity against type 2 poliovirus in routine immunization programmes. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic plan 2013–2018, developed by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) outlines the phased removal of OPVs, starting with type 2 poliovirus–containing vaccines and introduction of inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization to mitigate against risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 22-28

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The Community Opinions on Vaccine Issues and Decisions (COVID) Survey: Using a rapid Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) survey in supporting a community engagement approach to address COVID-19 vaccine uptake initiatives.

10.1101/2021.04.11.21255260 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Najeeb Rahman

Keyword(s):

Health Promotion ◽

Community Engagement ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Vaccine Uptake ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Attitude And Practice ◽

Community Organisations ◽

Kap Survey ◽

The Uk ◽

Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Background In the UK, it is acknowledged that ethnic minority communities have lower vaccination uptake rates compared with their White ethnic counterparts. It is additionally recognised that the UK Muslim community represents diverse ethnicities, which is reflected through their places of worship, namely mosques. Given the current pandemic and the rollout of the COVID-19 Vaccination campaign, mosques, in their capacity as community organisations, have been involved in health promotion initiatives such as webinars. The objective of this project was to support and improve COVID-19 Vaccine related health promotion activities being delivered by mosques in the UK city of Leeds by using a rapidly administered KAP survey. Methods A short survey was developed, reviewed for appropriateness by relevant mosque leaders, and distributed electronically to 2 mosque congregations. Analysis involved cumulative average scores for key domains with adjustment for key demographics, as well as a review of engagement preferences. Findings were fed back during an engagement webinar hosted by one of the mosques. Results There were a total of 151 participants, majority were male (95), between the ages of 31-50 (88) and of Asian ethnicity (102). Average Knowledge, Attitude and Practice scores for participants from Leeds Grand Mosque were 67,69 and 74% respectively, with participants from Leeds Makkah Mosque scoring 65, 62 and 67% respectively. Female participants as well as those aged less than 30 years scored poorer across all domains compared with the group average. The most important sources of information in relation to the vaccine were considered to be General Practitioners (GP) and National Health Service (NHS) or Government Websites. Conclusions A KAP survey is a useful tool to develop insights on community perspectives to the COVID-19 Vaccine, and can be rapidly deployed through community organisations such as mosques. Survey findings can then be used to improve the nature of health promotion, community engagement and service delivery in relation to mosques and their congregations. Adapting the survey for other groups and communities, as well as scaling up the partnership-based approaches to survey administration would support the development of multi-component strategies to address vaccine concerns and uptake.

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Polio Outbreak Investigation and Response in The Horn of Africa: 2013-2016

Journal of Immunological Sciences ◽

10.29245/2578-3009/2021/s2.1104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol Special Issue (2) ◽

pp. 14-21

Author(s):

Samuel Okiror ◽

Abraham Mulugeta ◽

Iheoma Onuekwusi ◽

Fiona Braka ◽

Sylvesta Malengemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Sudden Onset ◽

Horn Of Africa ◽

Civil Strife ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Supplementary Immunization Activities ◽

Breeding Grounds ◽

Immunization Services ◽

Stool Specimens

Background: There has been civil strife, spanning more than two decades in some countries and recurrent natural disasters in the Horn of Africa (HoA). This has consistently maintained these countries in chronic humanitarian conditions. More important however is the fact that these crises have also denied populations of these countries access to access to lifesaving health services. Children in the difficult terrains and security compromised areas are not given the required immunization services to build their immunity against infectious diseases like the poliovirus. This was the situation in 2013 when the large outbreaks of poliovirus occurred in the HoA. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk, and programme response to what is now famed as the 2013-204 poliovirus outbreaks in the HoA and highlights the challenges that the programme faced in interrupting poliovirus transmission here. Methods: A case of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) was defined as a child <15 years of age with sudden onset of fever and paralysis. Polio cases were defined as AFP cases with stool specimens positive for WPV. Results: Between 2013 and 2016, when transmission was interrupted 20,266 polio viruses were in the Horn of Africa region. In response to the outbreak, several supplementary immunization activities were conducted with oral polio vaccine (OPV) The trivalent OPV was used initially, followed subsequently by bivalent OPV, and targeting various age groups, including children aged <5 years, children aged <10 years, and individuals of any age. Other response activities were undertaken to supplement the immunization in controlling the outbreak. Some of these activities included the use of various communication strategies to create awareness, sensitize and mobilize the populations against poliovirus transmission. Conclusions: The outbreaks were attributed to the existence of clusters of unvaccinated children due to inaccessibility to them by the health system, caused by poor geographical terrain and conflicts. The key lesson therefore is that the existence of populations with low immunity to infections will necessary constitutes breeding grounds for disease outbreak and of course reservoirs to the vectors. Though brought under reasonable control, the outbreaks indicate that the threat of large polio outbreaks resulting from poliovirus importation will remain constant unless polio transmission is interrupted in the remaining polio-endemic countries of the world.

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Classifying the Past: Discriminant Analysis and its Application to Medieval Farming Systems

History and Computing ◽

10.3366/hac.1996.8.1.1 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ken Bartley

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Discriminant Analysis ◽

Processing Time ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Frame Of Reference ◽

Analytical Models ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Medieval Period ◽

The Past ◽

Livestock Management

This paper discusses the need for nationally based analytical models of the medieval period. The use of cluster analysis as a method for classifying demesne farms, by the crops they grew and their livestock management, is explained. Successful implementation of cluster analysis requires both the existence of a large base sample, to permit isolation of specific groupings within the data, and access to considerable processing time. The paper concludes by demonstrating how discriminant analysis can provide an efficient and systematic way of classifying even a single manor within a national frame of reference.

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Towards Polio Eradication in Nigeria: Identifying at Risk Population for Low Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) Uptake

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.137.supplement_3.389a ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 137 (Supplement 3) ◽

pp. 389A-389A

Author(s):

Oluyemisi O. Falope ◽

Korede K. Adegoke ◽

Chukwudi O. Ejiofor ◽

Nnadozie C. Emechebe ◽

Taiwo O Talabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Oral Polio Vaccine ◽

Polio Eradication ◽

Risk Population ◽

Polio Vaccine

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E-Projects Challenges in India – Role of Human Resource Management and Technology

International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology ◽

10.23956/ijermt.v6i8.149 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 263

Author(s):

Ramnik Kaur

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Public Administration ◽

Paradigm Shift ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

The Public ◽

Government Services ◽

The Past ◽

The Government ◽

Traditional Approaches

E-governance is a paradigm shift over the traditional approaches in Public Administration which means rendering of government services and information to the public by using electronic means. In the past decades, service quality and responsiveness of the government towards the citizens were least important but with the approach of E-Government the government activities are now well dealt. This paper withdraws experiences from various studies from different countries and projects facing similar challenges which need to be consigned for the successful implementation of e-governance projects. Developing countries like India face poverty and illiteracy as a major obstacle in any form of development which makes it difficult for its government to provide e-services to its people conveniently and fast. It also suggests few suggestions to cope up with the challenges faced while implementing e-projects in India.

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