The Influence of Defendant Race/Ethnicity and Police Body-Worn Cameras on Traffic Case Processing

2021 ◽  
pp. 215336872110046
Author(s):  
Jessica Huff ◽  
Michael D. White ◽  
Kathleen E. Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Case Processing ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Municipal Court ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
White Defendants

The current study evaluates the impact of defendant race/ethnicity and police body-worn cameras (BWCs) on dismissals and guilty pleas in traffic violations. Despite the frequency of traffic violations and the potential for racial/ethnic bias in these incidents, researchers have yet to examine the outcomes of these violations in court. Research is also needed to assess the potential for BWCs to provide evidence and reduce charging disparities and differential pleas for minority defendants. Traffic violations processed in the Tempe, Arizona Municipal Court before and after BWC deployment were examined using logistic regression. Black and Hispanic defendants were less likely to have their violations dismissed than White defendants, regardless of the presence of a BWC. Hispanic defendants were significantly more likely to plead guilty to traffic violations than White defendants, and BWCs did not eliminate this disparity. BWCs did significantly reduce the likelihood of a guilty plea for Black and White defendants, but the finding was not robust to the inclusion of an interaction term between race and BWCs. BWCs did not significantly moderate the impact of defendant race/ethnicity on either dismissals or guilty pleas. Overall, the results suggest that BWCs have little impact on reducing racial/ethnic disparities in traffic violation processing.

scholarly journals Race/ethnicity in systemic AL amyloidosis: perspectives on disease and outcome disparities

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Staron ◽  
Lawreen H. Connors ◽  
Luke Zheng ◽  
Gheorghe Doros ◽  
Vaishali Sanchorawala
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Al Amyloidosis ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract In marked contrast to multiple myeloma, racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented in publications of systemic light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. The impact of race/ethnicity is therefore lacking in the narrative of this disease. To address this gap, we compared disease characteristics, treatments, and outcomes across racial/ethnic groups in a referred cohort of patients with AL amyloidosis from 1990 to 2020. Among 2416 patients, 14% were minorities. Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs) comprised 8% and had higher-risk sociodemographic factors. Hispanics comprised 4% and presented with disproportionately more BU stage IIIb cardiac involvement (27% vs. 4–17%). At onset, minority groups were younger in age by 4–6 years. There was indication of more aggressive disease phenotype among NHBs with higher prevalence of difference between involved and uninvolved free light chains >180 mg/L (39% vs. 22–33%, P = 0.044). Receipt of stem cell transplantation was 30% lower in Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic White (NHWs) on account of sociodemographic and physiologic factors. Although the age/sex-adjusted hazard for death among NHBs was 24% higher relative to NHWs (P = 0.020), race/ethnicity itself did not impact survival after controlling for disease severity and treatment variables. These findings highlight the complexities of racial/ethnic disparities in AL amyloidosis. Directed efforts by providers and advocacy groups are needed to expand access to testing and effective treatments within underprivileged communities.

Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion does not reduce guideline concordant cancer care disparities in vulnerable populations.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2039-2039
Author(s):  
Michelle Ju ◽  
James-Michael Blackwell ◽  
Patricio Polanco ◽  
John C. Mansour ◽  
Sam C. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

2039 Background: The receipt of timely, guideline concordant cancer amongst racial/ethnic and socioeconomic vulnerable populations remains a significant health policy issue. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) with implementation of Medicaid Expansion sought to reduce cancer disparities by reducing uninsured rates, theoretically improving healthcare access and delivery. We assessed the impact of Medicaid expansion on racial/ethnic disparities in the receipt of timely guideline concordant cancer care. Methods: We identified patients between 40-64 years of age with all stages of cancer (lung, colorectal, breast, uterine, and cervical) in the National Cancer Database, 2012-2015. Patients were assigned to Medicaid expansion cohort based on state of residence and whether Medicaid expansion was enacted at date of diagnosis in that state. Guideline concordant care was defined based on NCCN guidelines. We constructed an ecological model with multivariate regression analysis on rate of guideline concordant care receipt with covariates including race/ethnicity, Medicaid expansion, SES, gender, Charlson-Deyo score, and treatment facility type. Results: We identified 445,952 patients, 12% Black, 6% Hispanic white, median age 55 years. Patients in the lowest SES quartile following Medicaid expansion had the greatest increase in rates of insured status, although all SES quartiles had increased insured rates compared to non-Medicaid expansion regardless of race/ethnicity. In our ecological model, the rate of receipt of guideline concordant care declined by 0.5% per year between 2012-2015. After adjusting for covariates, Asians were 2.8% less likely to receive guideline concordant care than non-Hispanic whites, Blacks 3.8% less likely, and Hispanics 6.3% less likely (p < 0.0001). Racial/ethnic disparities in receipt of guideline concordant cancer care remained after Medicaid expansion with no differential benefit. Conclusions: Insurance gains under the ACA Medicaid expansion did not affect the rate of guideline concordant care receipt. Significant racial disparities persist in the likelihood of receiving guideline concordant care, particularly among Hispanics. Further studies are needed to determine additional barriers to cancer care access/delivery and identify key targets aimed at improving equity.

scholarly journals RACIAL-ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN HEALTHCARE SATISFACTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S819-S819
Author(s):  
Collin Mueller ◽  
Heather Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Everyday Discrimination

Abstract This paper explores how perceptions of unfair treatment shape healthcare satisfaction across race/ethnicity. We investigate the overall impact of life course exposure to healthcare discrimination on current healthcare satisfaction across race/ethnicity among a sample of midlife and older Black, Latinx, and White Americans age 50+ in the Health and Retirement Study. We then test whether everyday healthcare discrimination mediates the impact of major medical discrimination on healthcare satisfaction, controlling for sociodemographic factors, mental and physical health characteristics, functional status, life course stress exposure, and lifetime and everyday discrimination in contexts beyond healthcare settings. Black Americans had poorer healthcare satisfaction than White Americans. Everyday discrimination in healthcare settings mediated a modest amount of the relationship between lifetime healthcare discrimination and healthcare satisfaction, and this association varied in strength across White, Black, and Latinx Americans. Results underscore the need for future work identifying and addressing mechanisms shaping healthcare satisfaction.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Virologic Failure and Tolerability During Firstline HIV Antiretroviral Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Bhagwat ◽  
Shashi N Kapadia ◽  
Heather J Ribaudo ◽  
Roy M Gulick ◽  
Judith S Currier
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Virologic Failure ◽  
Virologic Suppression ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Background Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV outcomes have persisted despite effective antiretroviral therapy. In a study of initial regimens, we found viral suppression varied by race/ethnicity. In this exploratory analysis, we use clinical and socioeconomic data to assess factors associated with virologic failure and adverse events within racial/ethnic groups. Methods Data were from AIDS Clinical Trial Group A5257, a randomized trial of initial regimens with either atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir (each combined with tenofovir DF and emtricitabine). We grouped participants by race/ethnicity and then used Cox-proportional hazards regression to examine the impact of demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors on the time to virologic suppression and time to adverse event reporting within each racial/ethnic group. Results We analyzed data from 1762 participants: 757 self-reported as non-Hispanic black (NHB), 615 as non-Hispanic white (NHW), and 390 as Hispanic. The proportion with virologic failure was higher for NHB (22%) and Hispanic (17%) participants compared with NHWs (9%). Factors associated with virologic failure were poor adherence and higher baseline HIV RNA level. Prior clinical AIDS diagnosis was associated with virologic failure for NHBs only, and unstable housing and illicit drug use for NHWs only. Factors associated with adverse events were female sex in all groups and concurrent use of medications for comorbidities in NHB and Hispanic participants only. Conclusions Clinical and socioeconomic factors that are associated with virologic failure and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy vary between and within racial and ethnic groups. Further research may shed light into mechanisms leading to disparities and targeted strategies to eliminate those disparities.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2921
Author(s):  
Jay J. Xu ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Thomas R. Belin ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

scholarly journals Reductions in US life expectancy from COVID-19 by Race and Ethnicity: Is 2021 a repetition of 2020?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Andrasfay ◽  
Noreen Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
White Population ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Black And Latino

COVID-19 had a huge mortality impact in the US in 2020 and accounted for the majority of the 1.5-year reduction in 2020 life expectancy at birth. There were also substantial racial/ethnic disparities in the mortality impact of COVID-19 in 2020, with the Black and Latino populations experiencing reductions in life expectancy at birth over twice the reduction experienced by the White population. Despite continued vulnerability of the Black and Latino populations, the hope was that widespread distribution of effective vaccines would mitigate the overall impact and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in 2021. In this study, we use cause-deleted life table methods to estimate the impact of COVID-19 mortality on 2021 US period life expectancy. Our partial-year estimates, based on provisional COVID-19 deaths for January-early October 2021 suggest that racial/ethnic disparities have persisted and that life expectancy at birth in 2021 has already declined by 1.2 years from pre-pandemic levels. Our projected full-year estimates, based on projections of COVID-19 deaths through the end of 2021 from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, suggest a 1.8-year reduction in US life expectancy at birth from pre-pandemic levels, a steeper decline than the estimates produced for 2020. The reductions in life expectancy at birth estimated for the Black and Latino populations are 1.6-2.4 times the impact for the White population.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among US Adolescents, 2010-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah S. Webb ◽  
Benjamin Dowd-Arrow ◽  
Miles G. Taylor ◽  
Amy M. Burdette
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Black Adolescents ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
White Adolescents ◽  
Hispanic Adolescents ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Objective: Although research suggests racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination and mortality rates, few studies have examined racial/ethnic trends among US adolescents. We used national cross-sectional data to determine (1) trends in influenza vaccination rates among non-Hispanic white (hereinafter, white), non-Hispanic black (hereinafter, black), and Hispanic adolescents over time and (2) whether influenza vaccination rates among adolescents varied by race/ethnicity. Methods: We analyzed provider-reported vaccination histories for 2010-2016 from the National Immunization Survey–Teen. We used binary logistic regression models to determine trends in influenza vaccination rates by race/ethnicity for 117 273 adolescents, adjusted for sex, age, health insurance, physician visit in the previous 12 months, vaccination facility type, poverty status, maternal education level, children in the household, maternal marital status, maternal age, and census region of residence. We calculated adjusted probabilities for influenza vaccination for each racial/ethnic group, adjusted for the same demographic characteristics. Results: Compared with white adolescents, Hispanic adolescents had higher odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.16) and black adolescents had lower odds (aOR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-1.00) of vaccination. Compared with white adolescents, Hispanic adolescents had significantly higher adjusted probabilities of vaccination for 2011-2013 (2011: 0.22, P < .001; 2012: 0.23, P < .001; 2013: 0.26, P < .001). Compared with white adolescents, black adolescents had significantly lower probabilities of vaccination for 2016 (2016: 0.21, P < .001). Conclusions: Targeted interventions are needed to improve adolescent influenza vaccination rates and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in adolescent vaccination coverage.

Trends in breast cancer survival by race-ethnicity in Florida.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18556-e18556
Author(s):  
Robert Brooks Hines ◽  
Asal Johnson ◽  
Eunkyung Lee ◽  
Stephanie Erickson ◽  
Saleh M.M. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Cancer Death ◽  
Cancer Outcomes ◽  
Subdistribution Hazard ◽  
Breast Cancer Death ◽  
Breast Cancer Outcomes ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Hispanic White

e18556 Background: Considerable efforts to improve disparities in breast cancer outcomes for underserved women have occurred over the past 3 decades. This study was conducted to evaluate trends in survival, by race-ethnicity, for women diagnosed with breast cancer in Florida over a 26-year period to assess potential improvement in racial-ethnic disparities. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in Florida between 1990-2015. Data were obtained from the Florida Cancer Data System. Women in the study were categorized according to race (white/black) and Hispanic ethnicity (yes/no) as non-Hispanic white (NHW), non-Hispanic black (NHB), Hispanic white (HW), and Hispanic black (HB). Cumulative incidence estimates of 5- and 10-year breast cancer death with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by race-ethnicity, according to diagnosis year. Subdistribution hazard models were used to obtain subdistribution hazard ratios (sHR) for the relative rate of breast cancer death accounting for competing causes. Results: Compared to NHW women, minority women were more likely to be younger, be uninsured or have Medicaid as health insurance, live in high poverty neighborhoods, have more advanced disease at diagnosis, have high grade tumors, have hormone receptor negative tumors, and receive chemotherapy as treatment. Minority women were less likely to receive surgery. Over the course of the study, breast cancer mortality decreased for all racial-ethnic groups, and racial-ethnic minorities had greater absolute and relative improvement in breast cancer survival for nearly all metrics compared to non-Hispanic white (NHW) women. However, for the most recent time period (2010-2015), black women still experienced significant survival disparities with non-Hispanic black (NHB) women having twice the rate of 5-year (sHR = 2.04: 95% CI; 1.91-2.19) and 10-year (sHR = 2.02: 95% CI; 1.89-2.16) breast cancer death. Conclusions: Despite efforts to improve disparities in breast cancer outcomes for underserved women in Florida, additional targeted approaches are needed to reduce the poorer survival in black (especially NHB) women. Our next step is to conduct a mediation analysis of the most important factors driving racial/ethnic disparities in breast cancer outcomes for women in Florida.

Abstract 13150: Racial/Ethnic Disparities of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in Texas

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 144 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Summer Chavez ◽  
Ryan Huebinger ◽  
Kevin Schulz ◽  
Hei Kit Chan ◽  
Micah Panczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Hispanic Patients ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Introduction: Prior research shows a greater disease burden, lower BCPR rates, and worse outcomes in Black and Hispanic patients after OHCA. The CDC has declared that the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected many racial and ethnic minority groups. However, the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on OHCA incidence and outcomes in different races and ethnicities is unknown. Purpose: To describe racial/ethnic disparities in OHCA incidence, processes of care and outcomes in Texas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data from the Texas Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) comparing adult OHCA from the pre-pandemic period (March 11 - December 31, 2019) to the pandemic period (March 11- December 31, 2020). The racial and ethnic categories were White, Black, Hispanic or Other. Outcomes were rates of BCPR, AED use, sustained ROSC, prehospital termination of resuscitation (TOR), survival to hospital admission, survival to discharge and good neurological outcomes. We fit a mixed effect logistic regression model, with EMS agency designated as the random intercept to obtain aORs. We adjusted for the pandemic and other covariates. Results: A total of 8,070 OHCAs were included. The proportion of cardiac arrests increased for Blacks (903 to 1, 113, 24.9% to 25.5%) and Hispanics (935 to 1,221, 25.8% to 27.5%) and decreased for Whites (1 595 to 1,869, 44.0% to 42.1%) and Other (194 to 220, 5.4% to 5.0%) patients. Compared to Whites, Black (aOR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.65-0.82) and Hispanic patients (aOR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.68-0.87) were less likely to receive BCPR. Compared to Whites, Blacks were less likely to have sustained ROSC (aOR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.70-0.93%), with lower rates of survival to hospital admission (aOR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.0), and worse neurological outcomes (aOR = 0.45, 95% 0.28-0.73). Hispanics were less likely to have prehospital TOR compared to Whites (aOR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.99). The Utstein bystander survival rate was worse for Blacks (aOR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.97) and Hispanics (aOR = 0.71, 95% 0.53-0.95) compared to Whites. Conclusion: Racial and ethnic disparities persisted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mortality: Contributions and Variations by Rurality in the United States, 2012–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Hall ◽  
Ramal Moonesinghe ◽  
Karen Bouye ◽  
Ana Penman-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
Asian Pacific Islanders ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Asian Pacific ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The value of disaggregating non-metropolitan and metropolitan area deaths in illustrating place-based health effects is evident. However, how place interacts with characteristics such as race/ethnicity has been less firmly established. This study compared socioeconomic characteristics and age-adjusted mortality rates by race/ethnicity in six rurality designations and assessed the contributions of mortality rate disparities between non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) in each designation to national disparities. Compared to NHWs, age-adjusted mortality rates for: (1) NHBs were higher for all causes (combined), heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular disease; (2) American Indian and Alaska Natives were significantly higher for all causes in rural areas; (3) Asian Pacific islanders and Hispanics were either lower or not significantly different in all areas for all causes combined and all leading causes of death examined. The largest contribution to the U.S. disparity in mortality rates between NHBs and NHWs originated from large central metropolitan areas. Place-based variations in mortality rates and disparities may reflect resource, and access inequities that are often greater and have greater health consequences for some racial/ethnic populations than others. Tailored, systems level actions may help eliminate mortality disparities existing at intersections between race/ethnicity and place.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document